Stimuli microglia. Medical search. Frequent questions

The function of neural stem cell is enhanced by external stimuli, such as injury and inflammation. (nih.gov)
Migration of microglia, via extension of their processes, to the site of inflammation is a key step in the progression of the inflammatory brain diseases [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The pathogenesis of brain fog in these illnesses is presently unknown but may involve neuroinflammation via mast cells stimulated by pathogenic and stress stimuli to release mediators that activate microglia and lead to inflammation in the hypothalamus. (nih.gov)
Researchers suggest that these variations may prime microglia to cause inflammation in the brain. (medscape.com)
To connect the roles of chronic stress and brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease, the researchers proposed a "two-hit" hypothesis: Early or mid-life exposure to stress primes the microglia to enter an inflammatory state in response to a secondary stimulus later in life. (medscape.com)
A better understanding of the role of microglia and of inflammation in brain/spinal cord injuries is required to develop treatments to prevent nerve damage and improve repair. (scirp.org)
These factors are strong inflammatory stimuli and contribute to neuronal loss during chronic inflammation [5]. (scirp.org)
When microglia respond to CNS damage or disease, it is expected that their activation mechanisms and outcomes will depend on the type of injury and stimuli encountered, for example, sterile versus non-sterile inflammation [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuroinflammation refers to the inflammation of the nervous tissue, and is an immune response often initiated against a variety of harmful stimuli such as pathogens or trauma. (biolegend.com)
Angiogenesis, induced either by CNS inflammation or by hypoxic stimuli related to neurovascular uncoupling, appears to be ineffective in chronic MS due to a counterbalancing effect of vasoconstrictive mechanisms determined by the reduced axonal activity, astrocyte dysfunction, microglia secretion of free radical species and mitochondrial abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
17. Leptomeningeal cells activate microglia and astrocytes to induce IL-10 production by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines during systemic inflammation. (nih.gov)

Preclinical studies show that LPS-activated microglia enable the conversion of trophic to A1 astrocytes by releasing several cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interlukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), and complement component C1q. (frontiersin.org)
We show that LPS-activated microglia promote BBB disruption through injury to endothelial cells, and the specific blockade of JAK-STAT, NF-κB may prove to be especially useful anti-inflammatory strategies to confer cerebrovascular protection. (biomedcentral.com)

Objectives: Here, we sought to address the brain-region-specific effects of diesel exhaust (DE) and key cellular mechanisms underlying DE-induced microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic (DA) neurotoxicity. (nih.gov)
The innate immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, can either facilitate or inhibit neuroinflammation in response to peripherally applied inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS. (frontiersin.org)
Abundant data suggest that microglia are not only important for normal brain function but also crucial for neuroinflammation and pathogenesis in neurological diseases. (bmj.com)
A combination of responses from resident glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), which include microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, and non-glial resident myeloid cells including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as peripheral leukocytes, constitute the basis for neuroinflammation in the CNS. (biolegend.com)
Neuroinflammation involves the activation of the brain's immune cells, microglia, and astrocytes, in response to harmful stimuli or cellular damage. (seniorhomeplus.co.uk)
In the last years, my research interests are focusing on the impact of neuroinflammation in brain pathologies with major interest on the role played by microglia cells on neuron/microglial crosstalk with multidisciplinary approaches (electrophysiology, imaging, molecular and cellular biology, bio-fabrication). (uniroma1.it)

DMH-CBD downregulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and protects the microglial cells by inducing an adaptive cellular response against inflammatory stimuli and oxidative injury. (huji.ac.il)

Initial activation of CNS microglia results in an inflammatory cascade of cytokine and chemokine release and recruitment of immune cells leading to a persistent sensory neuron hypersensitivity to both normal and noxious stimuli. (nih.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: Microglial activation differentially impacted the dynamic scanning behavior of microglia in response to specific acute noxious stimuli, which may be an important feature of the adaptive behavior of microglia during pathophysiological conditions. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
In primary afferent sensory neurons , it cooperates with TRPA1 [9] [10] (a chemical irritant receptor) to mediate the detection of noxious environmental stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
The sensitivity of TRPV1 to noxious stimuli, such as high temperatures, is not static. (wikipedia.org)
These agents increase the sensitivity of nociceptors to noxious stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
The cleavage of PIP2 by PLC-beta can result in disinhibition of TRPV1 and, as a consequence, contribute to the sensitivity of TRPV1 to noxious stimuli. (wikipedia.org)

The device's pulsing lights and sounds are aimed at stimulating immune cells called microglia in an effort to clear out proteins that can lead to disease and dementia. (bostonglobe.com)
Rats with the morphine-induced sensitivity showed increased expression of inflammasomes within specialized central nervous system immune cells called microglia. (nih.gov)

Microglia are key cells in overall brain maintenance-they are constantly scavenging the CNS for plaques, damaged or unnecessary neurons and synapses, and infectious agents. (wikipedia.org)
Recent preclinical data suggests that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia may contribute to the elimination of viable neurons and synapses by promoting a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, defined as A1. (frontiersin.org)
During brain development, many newborn neurons undergo apoptosis and are engulfed by microglia, the tissue-resident phagocytes of the brain, in a process known as efferocytosis. (elifesciences.org)
Moreover, experimentally doubling centrosomal numbers in microglia increases the rate of engulfment and even allows microglia to remove two neurons simultaneously, providing direct supporting evidence for a model where centrosomal migration is a rate-limiting step in branch-mediated efferocytosis. (elifesciences.org)
Conversely, light-mediated depolymerization of microtubules causes microglia to lose their typical branched morphology and switch to an alternative mode of engulfment, characterized by directed migration towards target neurons, revealing unexpected plasticity in their phagocytic ability. (elifesciences.org)
Using the zebrafish system, we have shown that microglia become bloated when they cannot digest and process engulfed neurons. (elifesciences.org)
Here, ERK is stimulated in neurons, and several groups have shown that p38 is stimulated solely in microglia, the resident immune cells of the nervous system. (the-scientist.com)
1 2 Unlike cortical neurons, microglia have the potential to proliferate and can be replenished through self-renewal . (bmj.com)
In AMD pathogenesis, the primary death of retinal neurons always leads to the activation of resident microglia. (bvsalud.org)
We are interested in identifying the environmental, hormonal and neural stimuli that drive changes in the number, shape and size of neurons, astrocytes and microglia. (nih.gov)

Here we demonstrate that the maturation state of oligodendrocyte lineage cells has a profound effect on their response to microglia and microglial activation. (medscape.com)
We studied how microglial activation affected the motility of microglial processes, including basal motility, and their responses to local triggering stimuli. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

We recently reported the pattern of microglia colonization and activation, and microglia-Pax6 + cell interactions during normal pineal ontogeny. (nih.gov)
The activation of microglia and formation of ramified microglial clusters was first noted by Victor Babeş while studying a rabies case in 1897. (wikipedia.org)
It is especially significant that in both cases, activated microglia were able to reverse the baseline state of oligodendrocyte lineage cells: normally proliferating OPCs were lost as a consequence of microglia activation, and mature oligodendrocytes that are normally undergoing apoptosis are rescued by activated microglia. (medscape.com)
14 , 15 The maternal immune activation (MIA) in humans and animal models alike could impact on the fetal microglia and result in functional changes that are retained in adulthood. (nature.com)
There, Woolf says, p38 activation in microglia is "such a prominent feature in first week or so, it swamps all others. (the-scientist.com)
Following activation microglia and astrocytes cause PTN hyperexcitability and exaggerated release of substance P and EAAs from presynaptic termini. (the-scientist.com)
Iba-1 is specifically expressed in macrophages and microglia and is upregulated during cellular activation. (nih.gov)
The researchers found that ATP levels, astrogliosis, and microglia activation were reduced in the KO mice lacking Cx43. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
During alpha-synuclein-dependent degeneration, microglia and astrocytes experience context-dependent activation states with a different contribution to the inflammatory reaction. (unav.edu)
Ischaemic stroke can induce rapid activation of microglia. (bmj.com)
The activation of microglia after ischaemia involves several stereotypical events including morphological transformation, proliferation and polarisation. (bmj.com)
The activation of microglia involves several phenotypic changes in morphology and function including morphological transformation, proliferation and polarisation. (bmj.com)
In response to damage or disease, microglia undergo complex activation processes that can be modulated by environmental cues and culminate in either detrimental or beneficial outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Almost nothing is known about how these activation states affect the ability of microglia to migrate and degrade ECM, or the enzymes used for substrate degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
We confirmed that Tat-NTS-induced ANXA1 SUMOylation in microglia mediated IKKα degradation via NBR1-dependent selective autophagy, then blocking the activation of the NF-κB pathway. (thno.org)
Experiments revealed that the morphine-induced pain sensitivity depended on the activation of an inflammasome protein called NLRP3 in microglia. (nih.gov)
L , microglia, show multiple stages of neuroimmune activation. (nih.gov)
Activation of microglia and in the induction of innate immune genes in microglia and astrocytes also increases proinflammatory agents, including a other monocyte-like cells. (nih.gov)
Immune activation in the CNS involves microglia and astrocytes, as well as endothelial and perivascular cells. (sysy-histosure.com)
6. Infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells and activation of microglia in the CNS during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (nih.gov)

Photographs of microglia cells in the olfactory bulb 2 days after a standardized transection of the olfactory bulb sectioned and stained with Iba-1. (plos.org)
The drawing are tracings of the resting activated microglia starting in resting stage 1A, continue to an activated stage 6A (macrophage stage), transform to stage 6R (multinuclear cells), and then return to a resting stage 1R. (plos.org)
However, the number of Pax6 + /PCNA - cells and the percentage of Pax6 + cells contacted by and/or phagocytosed by microglia increased significantly only after SCGx. (nih.gov)
Microglia account for about 10-15% of cells found within the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Due to the lack of antibodies from the rest of the body (few antibodies are small enough to cross the blood-brain barrier), microglia must be able to recognize foreign bodies, swallow them, and act as antigen-presenting cells activating T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
The ability to view and characterize different neural cells including microglia began in 1880 when Nissl staining was developed by Franz Nissl. (wikipedia.org)
Babeş noted the cells were found in a variety of viral brain infections but did not know what the clusters of microglia he saw were. (wikipedia.org)
Pío del Río Hortega, a student of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, first called the cells "microglia" around 1920. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike activated or ameboid microglia, ramified microglia do not phagocytose cells and secrete fewer immunomolecules (including the MHC class I/II proteins). (wikipedia.org)
Our data support the growing appreciation of the differences between these cells, showing that OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes could undergo divergent fates in an environment where activated microglia are present. (medscape.com)
In recent years, microglia as the brain's intrinsic immune cells have emerged as having new roles in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. (nature.com)
The interaction between microglia and neural stem/precursor cells. (nih.gov)
Microglia, as the main immune modulating cells, play important roles in the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
Recently, select discoveries reported that microglia might influence the proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural precursor cells (NPCs). (nih.gov)
A hallmark of microglia is their highly branched morphology characterized by the presence of numerous dynamic extensions that these cells use for scanning the brain parenchyma and engulfing unwanted material. (elifesciences.org)
and 5) the role of activated microglia as antigen presenting cells influencing systemic immune cell interactions with the CNS. (nih.gov)
This section deals with the cellular responses of prominent reactive cells in the brain: microglia, capillary endothelial cells, and astrocytes. (nih.gov)
The microglia are early-responding cells and are apparent in and around an injured site within 12-24 hours. (nih.gov)
As well as resident microglia, mononuclear cells of blood and bone marrow origin cross the endothelium and migrate to the injured site, where they also take up phagocytic functions like those of resident microglia. (nih.gov)
Shown at high magnification, these activated microglial cells are migrating under chemotactic stimuli to a region of neural injury. (nih.gov)
It is not possible to say whether these cells are resident microglia or those derived from infiltrating monocytic cells carried to the nervous tissue by the blood stream. (nih.gov)
displays a mixed gliotic response to injury of the putamen, consisting of reactive astrocytes, macrophages, microglia, and mononuclear cells. (nih.gov)
Microglia are the first immune cells concerned within the immune response, irritation, and harm restore within the central nervous system. (holliseden.com)
Thus, the present work investigated the modulation of PPARγ expression and its functions in microglia cells by ANXA1. (usp.br)
In order to assess such, immortalized cells from cell line BV2 (murine microglia), either unadulterated or transfected for reduced expression of ANXA1, were treated with exogenous ANXA1 (recombinant protein - rANXA1) or either with PPARγ agonist or antagonist (pioglitazone and GW9662, respectively). (usp.br)
In the parkinsonian midbrain, CD11b(+) cells presented a unique anti-inflammatory transcriptomic profile that differed from degenerative microglia signatures described in experimental models for other neurodegenerative conditions. (unav.edu)
By contrast, striatal CD11b(+) cells showed a pro-inflammatory state and were similar to disease-associated microglia. (unav.edu)
This work examines whether microglia-conditioned medium (MCM) is beneficial in stressed spinal cord cells or tissues. (scirp.org)
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). (bmj.com)
Activated microglia send signals to Müller cells and promote them to react correspondingly to damaging stimulus. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the crosstalk between microglia and Müller cells plays a homeostatic role in maintaining the retinal environment, and this interaction is complicatedly modulated. (bvsalud.org)
For invasion, untreated microglia primarily used cysteine proteases, but IL4-treated cells used a wider range of enzymes (cysteine proteases, cathepsin S and K, heparanase, and matrix metalloproteases). (biomedcentral.com)
Dr. Bodea is a brain cell biologist focusing on the functional crosstalk between microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma, and the surrounding cell types in health and disease. (edu.au)
In monocultures, LPS induced death in microglia, but not brain derived endothelial cells (EC). (biomedcentral.com)
Since many insults are capable of damaging endothelial cells in the absence of microglia, we focused on a model of endothelial cell death that occurred only in the presence microglia to better understand their role in potentiating injury. (biomedcentral.com)
BACKGROUND: Microglia cells are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and are considered its first line of defense. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
The exposure of HMC3 cells to carnosine seems to ameliorate microglia energy state, as indicated by the increase in the adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio and energy charge potential. (unict.it)
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) receptors are expressed on T lymphocytes, microglia and hippocampal progenitor cells, hence this study was designed to investigate VIP's role in mediating neuro-immune modulation. (atsbio.com)
Microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, the glial cells ubiquitously distributed within the brain parenchyma, together with brain-associated macrophages (BAMs) contribute in a coordinated manner to initiate and modulate the brain's inflammatory response. (sysy-histosure.com)
Microglia are the resident innate immune cells of the CNS and account for approximately 10% of the cells in the CNS (Webers et al. (sysy-histosure.com)
Activated microglia communicate by releasing cytokines, which alert surrounding cells and affect their function. (sysy-histosure.com)
A research team headed by Prof. Dr. Frank Heppner, Director of Charité's Department of Neuropathology, had previously demonstrated that the brain's immune cells, known as microglia, are impaired in the course of AD. (charite.de)
These peripheral derived cells subsequently underwent further development in the brain that rendered them similar to microglia, however, without impacting AD pathology and, rather than clustering around Aβ deposits , they completely ignored their presence. (charite.de)
Concerning the role of microglia in brain immune surveillance, I am now focusing on the morphological and functional characterization of microglia cells in physiological and pathological conditions (using murine models of Alzheimer's disease, glioma brain tumor and neuropathic pain) in brain and retina slices. (uniroma1.it)
In particular, using patch clamp recordings, time lapse wide field imaging and confocal analysis, I am looking at the ability of microglia cells of monitoring tissue homeostasis and rearranging processes towards an injury. (uniroma1.it)
Applications are expected to define intracellular mechanisms that determine resistance or sensitivity of HIV reservoir cells to cytolytic stimuli. (nih.gov)

9 10 Microglia switch from homeostatic to the activated state in response to pathological stimuli. (bmj.com)
These new biological models are based on induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC), obtained from adult individuals with the goal to develop new physiologically relevant in vivo platforms for the study of physiological cell-cell interactions in physiological condition and challenged with pathological stimuli. (uniroma1.it)

Other studies revealed that NPCs might reversibly regulate the function of microglia. (nih.gov)
It is therefore of fundamental importance, not least in relation to the development of new treatment options, that we should gain a detailed insight into both the role and function of microglia and macrophages in AD. (charite.de)

The researchers found that in aging macrophages and microglia, PGE2 signaling through its EP2 receptor promotes the sequestration of glucose into glycogen, reducing glucose flow and mitochondrial respiration. (padiracinnovation.org)

The migration of activated microglia to the ongoing retinal lesion and their morphological transformation from branching to ameboid-like are recognized as hallmarks of AMD pathogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
Altered morphological dynamics of activated microglia after induction of status epilepticus. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

Examine pain response to different stimuli: fMRI response to pain and acute amelioration with single dose of different analgesics in PD patients. (kcl.ac.uk)
Beneath totally different stimuli, the twin polarization of classically-activated M1 microglia and anti inflammatory selectively-activated M2 microglia is noticed. (holliseden.com)

Microglia appear to use their processes as spider legs and move to the injured site. (plos.org)
A and B): Stage 1A, a microglia cell has processes that are ramified and spread out, with a small soma. (plos.org)
The microglia cell has a large round morphology with a large soma, with one short or no processes. (plos.org)
B): Stage 1R, the microglia cell had a small soma with processes that were ramified and spread. (plos.org)
Since these processes must be efficient to prevent potentially fatal damage, microglia are extremely sensitive to even small pathological changes in the CNS. (wikipedia.org)
This "resting" form of microglia is composed of long branching processes and a small cellular body. (wikipedia.org)
Several studies have shown that activated microglia attribute to destructtive processes leading to secondary neuronal degeneration. (scirp.org)
The fine processes of microglia are highly dynamic and actively monitor the microenvironment. (bmj.com)
Microglia residing in the brains of aged mice increase their soma volume but reduce the length of their processes, limiting their ability to interact and support neuron survival. (padiracinnovation.org)

ERK is activated with acute painful stimuli, but not with nonpainful stimuli. (the-scientist.com)
TRPV1 is involved in the transmission and modulation of pain ( nociception ), as well as the integration of diverse painful stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
This manifests as an increased sensitivity to painful stimuli ( hyperalgesia ) or pain sensation in response to non-painful stimuli ( allodynia ). (wikipedia.org)

The improvement of cell energy metabolism mediated by 10 mM carnosine could represent a useful protective weapon in the case of human microglia undergoing stressing conditions. (unict.it)

TRPs also exist in the dorsal nerves connecting to the skin, where heat and chemical stimuli are sensed. (nih.gov)
[12] It is a nonselective cation channel that may be activated by a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli. (wikipedia.org)

K-L): Stage 6A shows the transformation from microglia to macrophage. (plos.org)
Microglia/macrophage can become over-activated under certain circumstances and produce an excess of cytotoxic factors like superoxide, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) [4]. (scirp.org)
These phenotypes were referred to as M1/M2 for microglia and macrophages ( The M1 and M2 Paradigm of Macrophage and Microglia Polarization ), or A1/A2 for astrocytes. (sysy-histosure.com)

Microglia are the brain's resident immune cell, and are among the first to respond to brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)
However, even this additional stimulation did not render these peripheral macrophages any more effective than the brain's resident microglia. (charite.de)

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)

While reducing the survival of OPCs, LPS-activated microglia increase the survival of mature oligodendrocytes. (medscape.com)
[ 29 ] Our studies indicate that mature oligodendrocytes benefit from the presence of microglia, and presumably resist the deleterious effects that activated microglia exert on OPCs. (medscape.com)
[ 61 ] It is possible that mature oligodendrocytes in our study resisted microglia-mediated injury due to increased glutathione stores compared to OPCs, as reported by Fragoso and colleagues, [ 62 ] which would render them less susceptible to microglia-mediated oxidative injury. (medscape.com)

If OPC death is induced by short-acting substances such as free radicals, and OPC proliferation is induced by more stable proteins, it is possible that conditioned medium from activated microglia, as used by Filipovic and Zecevic, [ 63 ] would be more likely to isolate the proliferative effects of activated microglia. (medscape.com)
Using Mac-1-SAP to account for microglial involvement by depleting microglia, VIP proliferative effects were abolished. (atsbio.com)
Microglia mediates VIP proliferative effects. (atsbio.com)

Activated resident microglia and peripheral macrophages can display protective or detrimental phenotypes depending on the stimulus and environment. (nih.gov)
Right: "new" peripheral macrophages (blue) that migrated into the brain of AD mice upon ablation of resident microglia, but ignore Aβ plaques. (charite.de)
Prof. Dr. Frank Heppner explains that "in order to make these peripheral macrophages interested in Aβ peptides, AD mice harboring blood-borne macrophages instead of resident microglia in the brain were given an Aβ vaccine - an approach that is currently being investigated in several clinical trials, and remains the subject of intense discussion. (charite.de)
Obviously, motivating resident microglia or peripheral macrophages to realize their full potential will require a different, or additional, stimulus," says Prof. Heppner. (charite.de)

Astrocytes also exhibit considerable heterogeneity due to the developmental mechanisms they follow and stimulus-specific cellular responses influenced by CNS location, cell-cell interactions, and other factors. (springeropen.com)

He went on to characterize microglial response to brain lesions in 1927 and note the "fountains of microglia" present in the corpus callosum and other perinatal white matter areas in 1932. (wikipedia.org)
Microglia adopt a specific form, or phenotype, in response to the local conditions and chemical signals they have detected. (wikipedia.org)
This buildup of tau sends microglia and other mechanisms into overdrive, leading to the inflammatory immune response that many researchers believe harms brain vitality in Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)
It was observed that administration of Tat-NTS led to a shift of subcellular localization of ANXA1 in microglia from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to ischemic injury. (thno.org)
In response to potential pathogen invasion, microglia react to destroy infectious agents before they damage the neural tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
The task force acknowledged that it is not always possible to determine that absolutely no nociceptors are activated in response to a specific stimulus type. (nih.gov)
The better understanding of microglia characteristics under basal physiological conditions, as well as the possible modulation of the mechanisms related to its response to environmental challenges and/or pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidant stimuli, are of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies. (unict.it)

Although striatal microglia presented a phagocytic transcriptomic profile, morphology and cell density was preserved and no active phagocytosis was detected. (unav.edu)
3 4 Microglia in physiological conditions display ramified morphology. (bmj.com)
Thus, there are broad implications of the finding that classically and alternatively activated microglia differ in morphology, cytoskeleton, migratory and invasive capacity, and in the usage of ECM-degrading enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)

Notably, this shift was accompanied by an increase in ANXA1 SUMOylation in microglia and a transformation of microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. (thno.org)
Previously, it was believed that macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes underwent a simplistic polarization into either a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. (sysy-histosure.com)

Extensive evidence suggests that dysregulation of innate immunity and microglia/macrophages plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. (nih.gov)

By taking a live-imaging approach in zebrafish, we show that while microglia generate multiple microtubule-based branches, they only successfully engulf one apoptotic neuron at a time. (elifesciences.org)
Furthermore, we found that Tat-NTS peptide's protective effect on microglia relieved ischemic neuron apoptosis. (thno.org)

The levels of PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression were increased by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in both microglia and astrocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
The present study established the requirement of microglia for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated endothelial cell death, and explored pathways involved in this toxicity. (biomedcentral.com)

Several previous studies have shown that LPS-activated microglia are toxic to OPCs both in vitro and in vivo [ 23 , 24 , 48 ] and that this effect is mediated in part by oxidative stress. (medscape.com)
It is possible that proliferating OPCs in vivo , as in our in vitro study, are unable to withstand toxins produced by activated microglia after spinal cord injury. (medscape.com)
This work describes fundamental mechanisms of efferocytosis by microglia and uses impressive imaging in zebrafish, in combination with molecular manipulations, to provide compelling data of how centrosome movements synchronize with phagocytic cup formation during microglial efferocytosis of neuronal corpses in vivo. (elifesciences.org)
Confocal imaging and 3D reconstruction analyses for detecting the protein expression and subcellular localization of microglia in vivo. (thno.org)

He was the recipient of a University of Queensland Research Stimulus Fellowship (2022) and the Peter Hilton Early Career Fellowship in Ageing Dementia Research (2014-2019) under the mentorship of Prof. Jürgen Götz , a world-renowned leader in Alzheimer's disease. (edu.au)

Acta Neuropathologica Communications 2021), the use of artificial amino acids and de novo proteome analysis for the investigation of memory ( eLife 2020), and the role of neuronal PTEN enzyme in synaptic engulfment by microglia ( Acta Neuropathologica 2020). (edu.au)
Using combined electrophysiological and biochemical studies, I contributed to the understanding of the role of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis and adenosine system in microglia regulation of synaptic transmission and neuroprotection. (uniroma1.it)

TUNEL staining was used to detect the microglia conditioned medium-mediated neuronal apoptosis. (thno.org)

This link may be bridged by a defective microglial phenotype in the offspring induced by MIA, as microglia have key roles in the development and maintenance of neuronal signaling in the central nervous system. (nature.com)

In the brain, microglia lose the ability to remove misfolded proteins associated with neurodegeneration. (padiracinnovation.org)

Promoting tolerization and lowering training may de-escalate microglia, lowering the risk of neuronal loss and Alzheimer's disease. (frontiersin.org)

Activated microglia display diverse polarisation phenotypes. (bmj.com)

50 kDa, of microglia was neuroprotective against spinal cord injury. (scirp.org)

is the Iba-1 immunohistochemical detection of microglia in cerebral cortex. (nih.gov)

NIMH -Mechanisms of survival and cell death in persistent reservoirs within the central nervous system, including microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes. (nih.gov)
8. TNF-alpha expression by resident microglia and infiltrating leukocytes in the central nervous system of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (nih.gov)

Nevertheless, few therapeutic interventions targeting ANXA1 in microglia for ischemic stroke have been conducted. (thno.org)
We previously showed that microglia damage blood brain barrier (BBB) components following ischemic brain insults, but the underlying mechanism(s) is/are not well known. (biomedcentral.com)

Finally, building on work focusing on the establishment of the immunological synapse, we identified a conserved signalling pathway underlying centrosomal movement in engulfing microglia. (elifesciences.org)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune regulators known to play an important role in governing the phenotypic status of microglia. (nih.gov)

The mechanisms driving branch formation and apoptotic cell engulfment in microglia are unclear. (elifesciences.org)
Interestingly, aborted efferocytosis does not correlate with obvious detectable features of the apoptotic target, such as apoptotic progression or distance from the phagocyte, suggesting that there are intrinsic mechanisms that limit microglia engulfment. (elifesciences.org)

CD4+ T lymphocytes interact with microglia to modulate hippocampal neurogenesis. (atsbio.com)
Khan D, Owens E, Zaben M, Dunnett SB, Gray WP (2013) CD4+ T lymphocytes interact with microglia to modulate hippocampal neurogenesis. (atsbio.com)

Recent evidence shows that microglia are also key players in the sustainment of normal brain functions under healthy conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Peripheral nerves serve as pain's first messengers, firing action potentials as far as three feet to the spinal cord, where they alert the next nerve en route to the brain. (the-scientist.com)
Previously, we demonstrated that the basal inflammatory tone differed between brain regions and, consequently, the reaction generated to a pro-inflammatory stimulus was different. (unav.edu)
In addition, microglia are also involved in circuit rewiring and synapse plasticity in the brain. (bmj.com)
Previous studies indicate that microglia can be neuroprotective or neurotoxic to ischaemic brain. (bmj.com)
However, in the uninjured brain, microglia are highly migratory during the perinatal period of development. (biomedcentral.com)
Dr. Liviu-Gabriel Bodea leads the Microglia in Health and Disease Research Team at the Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, within the Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), the University of Queensland (UQ). (edu.au)
METHODS: We used a mouse model of status epilepticus induced by kainate injections and time-lapse two-photon microscopy to image GFP-labeled microglia in acute hippocampal brain slices. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
In this current study, the same team of researchers set out to investigate whether it might be possible to prompt macrophages, the peripheral counterparts of microglia that reside outside the brain and in the blood, to migrate to the brain, in order to take over role of the dysfunctional microglia. (charite.de)
As the effects of the light therapy were limited to the visual cortex in the earlier study, this time around , "the researchers set out to explore whether they could reach other brain regions, such as those needed for learning and memory, using sound stimuli. (biospace.com)

While Filipovic and Zecevic [ 63 ] showed that microglia secrete factors that can induce OPC proliferation, this does not exclude the possibility that other microglia-derived factors can induce OPC cell death as well. (medscape.com)

Though our data show that microglia only induced a trend toward increased OPC proliferation (Figure 4), a previous report has shown that media from activated microglia have the ability to increase OPC proliferation. (medscape.com)

After injury to the CNS, microglia are rapidly activated and concentrated at the sites of injury. (scirp.org)
In the present work we tested whether microglia-conditioned medium (MCM) could protect spinal cord from contusive injury. (scirp.org)
After a nerve injury, a non-painful stimulus, such as a light touch, can cause pain or an unpleasant sensation. (nih.gov)
We previously showed that microglia potentiated injury to BBB components following ischemia like insults, and pharmacological inhibition of microglia reduced BBB disruption in an experimental model of stroke [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy27

Organisms10

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology51

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care3

Inflammation11

Show that LPS-activated microglia2

Neuroinflammation6

Inflammatory stimuli1

Noxious6

Immune cells called microglia2

Neurons10

Microglial activation2

Activation20

Cells46

Pathological stimuli2

Function of microglia2

Macrophages and microglia1

Morphological2

Different stimuli2

Processes9

Painful stimuli3

Human microglia1

Chemical stimuli2

Macrophage3

Brain's resident2

Type of neuroglia1

Oligodendrocytes3

Proliferative effects3

Peripheral macrophages4

Cellular1

Response7

Morphology3

Anti-inflammatory2

Innate Immunity1

Neuron2

Lipopolysaccharide2

Vivo4

20221

Synaptic2

Apoptosis1

Phenotype1

Proteins1

Neuronal loss1

Phenotypes1

Spinal cord i1

Cerebral cortex1

Central nervou2

Ischemic2

Signalling pathway1

Phenotypic1

Engulfment2

Lymphocytes2

Brain10

Induce1

Proliferation1

Injury4