Stimuli improves cardiovascular cardiovascular physiological phenomena. Medical search. Frequent questions

This may be most saliently observed with people with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), in which due to a traumatic event or events, patients' brains are rewired to associate certain stimuli with danger. (violenceprevention.agency)
Allen noticed a strange, yet pleasurable, tingling sensation throughout her body that made her feel happy and relaxed in response to certain stimuli. (meditopia.com)

Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
Angiotensin II has been used to regulate renal and cardiovascular homeostasis and overstimulation of this can disrupt this balancing, causing illnesses.GPCRs when activated, can initiate different forms of signals that aid in regulating various physiological processes, which include regulation of blood pressure. (myassignment-services.com)
Stress is, thus, defined as a state of threatened homeostasis, which is reestablished by a complex repertoire of physiological and behavioral adaptive responses of the organism. (theantiagingdoctor.com)

In conclusion CVR-L-Arg is a promising noninvasive research method that could provide means for evaluation of cerebral endothelial function in physiological and pathological conditions. (hindawi.com)

Neuroscience has provided major insights into the positive effects of aesthetic music listening by focusing on the localization and connectivity of so-called hedonic hotspots in cortical and subcortical regions of the brain, and by examining the role of neurotransmitters in the modulation of the physical and physiological responses to the music. (encyclopedia.pub)
The subcortical hedonic hotspots are responsible for the simple and spontaneous core liking reactions to pleasurable stimuli, whereas the involvement of cortical prefrontal structures is needed for the conscious feelings of wanting or incentive salience during the appetitive phase [ 3 ] [ 4 ] , this network shows an interplay between more evolved neocortical areas and evolutionary older areas of the brain. (encyclopedia.pub)

Patients with PH exhibited higher circulating levels of microparticles compared to control subjects and in vitro or in vivo generated microparticles can induce endothelial dysfunction, interfere with coagulation pathways or modulate inflammatory phenomenon. (ersjournals.com)
b) recent research investigating stress-induced eating and (c) the potential physiological and psychological pathways contributing to stress-induced eating. (mdpi.com)
Leptin is only one of many inputs into the mesolimbic [dopamine] system and other neural pathways that regulate the perception of food reward, and physiological leptin levels may not be able to suppress the myriad other signals that compel us to consume tasty food. (blogspot.com)

The effects in humans of exposure to environmental noise may vary from emotional to physiological and psychological. (wikipedia.org)
When we laugh, a series of complex physiological and psychological processes are triggered. (murrenhil.com)
Stress is either physiological , biological or psychological , is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. (wikipedia.org)
The second major physiological stress-response center, the HPA axis, regulates the release of cortisol , which influences many bodily functions such as metabolic, psychological and immunological functions . (wikipedia.org)
As stated by representatives of the Queensland Organization, "common health outcomes linked to [di]stress include cardiovascular disease, immune deficiency disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletald isorders and psychiatric/ psychological illness. (violenceprevention.agency)
A growing body of evidence shows that psychological stress leads to increased oxidant production and oxidative damage to molecular components of brain cells such as intracellular proteins, lipids and DNA. (theantiagingdoctor.com)

Their concentration increases specifically and differently during various pathological states, including cardiovascular diseases ( table 1 ) [ 8 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
We hope this review will provide perspectives on mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
The abnormal morphology and dysfunction of mitochondria have been proven as the principal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and hypertension ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
So mitochondria-targeted therapy is suggested to be a potential treatment strategy for cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
However, clinical trials of these agents for cardiovascular diseases were hardly approved to carry out, even less to evaluate their clinical effectiveness and safety. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, patients with cardiovascular diseases would fail to achieve the desired outcomes by using these mitochondrial-targeted drugs ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, the great challenge today is to delay the onset and severity of non-AIDS-defining comorbidities, which appear much earlier in HIV-infected individuals [ 5 ] and include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus , kidney, liver, and bone alterations, and neoplasia [ 4 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
It is well established that both acute and chronic stress can be detrimental to health and wellbeing by directly increasing the risk of several chronic diseases and related health problems. (mdpi.com)
By further comparing stress management resulting from self-stress management massage vs. physically activities, I'll try to explain why massage is the most powerful method in healthcare as far as its capability to manage stress, prevent the development of most modern diseases and significantly improve quality of life. (medicalmassage-edu.com)
This relaxation is not only beneficial for relieving tension but also promotes better sleep and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. (murrenhil.com)
Excess body fat not only impacts physical appearance but also increases the risk of various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. (well-choices.com)

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is frequently used as a noninvasive method for investigating vagal tone, in physiological, behavioral, and several clinical studies. (wikipedia.org)
When humans are under chronic stress, permanent changes in their physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses may occur. (wikipedia.org)

The literature has already demonstrated that auditory stimulation with music influences the cardiovascular system. (bvsalud.org)
This habit in this young population is increasing the risk for the acquisition of music-induced hearing loss, the author of this study noted that 14% of youth surveyed reported risk behavior for acquiring auditory loss 4 . (bvsalud.org)
ASMR can be triggered by all kinds of stimuli, whether auditory, visual, or tactile! (meditopia.com)

However, harmful stimuli (such as ischemia-reperfusion, oxidative stress, and toxic chemicals) can change the direction and efficiency of intercellular mitochondrial transfer. (frontiersin.org)
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a consequence of oxidative stress which occur during normal physiological conditions such as aging. (hindawi.com)
The adverse effects of noise exposure (i.e. noise pollution ) could include: interference with speech or other 'desired' sounds, annoyance, sleep disturbance, anxiety, hearing damage and stress-related cardiovascular health problems. (wikipedia.org)
The human body response to such a shocking stress is the "fight or flight" reflex, expressed by a sharp increase in breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone production increase. (medicalmassage-edu.com)
A chronically heightened stress response can lead to fatigue, exhaustion, anxiety, and even cardiovascular issues over time. (teenlife.ngo)
After all, it is accompanied by increased sweating and additional stress on the cardiovascular system. (artemislabs.com)
In honor of Mental Health Month, herein is a discussion of two common and under-acknowledged phenomena in American culture-stress and violence. (violenceprevention.agency)
The sympathetic nervous system releases catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, in response to various stimuli, including exercise and stress. (well-choices.com)
Various kind of stress have been described as conditions under which increased vitamin C intake is required to maintain the normal plasma level. (theantiagingdoctor.com)
However, as the potency of the stressor increases, the specificity of the response decreases to eventually produce the relatively nonspecific stress syndrome. (theantiagingdoctor.com)
The seeking of novelty stress by an individual is related to the above phenomenon and is pivotal for emotional growth and development. (theantiagingdoctor.com)

Nowadays, more and more studies have revealed that cells in the cardiovascular system (such as cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, et al. (frontiersin.org)
In particular, cocoa flavanols, a sub-group of flavonoids (also present in berries, grapes, apples and tea) have been shown to improve endothelial function in humans quite rapidly (within 1-2 h) by enhancing vasodilatory properties of peripheral arteries 5 , 6 . (nature.com)
Hence, hypercapnia represents a robust model to test whether flavanol-mediated increases in endothelial function (as assessed by gold-standard FMD) mediate benefits in cerebrovascular and cognitive function. (nature.com)
Endothelial cells are highly metabolically active and play an important role in many physiological functions, including the control of vasomotor tone, blood cell trafficking, haemostatic balance, permeability, proliferation, and immunity. (hindawi.com)
Endothelial cell phenotypes are differentially regulated in space and time, giving rise to the phenomenon of endothelial cell heterogeneity. (hindawi.com)

Their importance lies in the roles of signalling responses to various extracellular stimuli, from hormones and proteins to neurotransmitters. (myassignment-services.com)
Anxiety is often observed in dental procedures and may cause promote alteration in the physiological responses during implant surgeries. (bvsalud.org)
Activation of this system produces responses that include changes in heart rate (HR), breathing, and blood pressure (BP) patterns, and restlessness, tremors and increased sweating 1,5-7 . (bvsalud.org)
To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies assessing the influence of the clinical environment on cardiovascular responses to dental procedures. (bvsalud.org)

Reactive cortisol levels are increases in cortisol in response to stressors. (wikipedia.org)
Stressful events increase the release of cortisol produced in the adrenal glands which results in a toxic overload in the brain s neuroendocrine system. (theantiagingdoctor.com)

The study of the placebo effect reflects a current neuroscientific thought that has as its central tenet the idea that "subjective" constructs such as expectation and value have identifiable physiological bases, and that these bases are powerful modulators of basic perceptual, motor, and internal homeostatic processes. (jneurosci.org)
Several intricate mechanisms and processes contribute to this metabolic phenomenon. (well-choices.com)

Latency to fall asleep and the number and duration of overnight arousal periods increase. (medscape.com)
Being exposed to that stimuli, or similar stimuli, may lead to unnecessary distress, arousal, and a "fight" response. (violenceprevention.agency)

Chronic stressors may not be as intense as acute stressors such as natural disaster or a major accident, but persist over longer periods of time, tend to have a more negative effect on health because they are sustained and thus require the body's physiological response to occur daily. (wikipedia.org)
In lieu of the link between distress and violence, and the current economic recession and increased possible cultural stressors, the International Labour Organization proposed additional measures needed to prevent violence in various service sectors such as education, tourism, and public emergency services. (violenceprevention.agency)

The increase ascorbate demand is presumably caused by oxidative effects through free radical scavenging. (theantiagingdoctor.com)

The placebo effect is a psychobiological phenomenon that can be attributable to different mechanisms, including expectation of clinical improvement and pavlovian conditioning. (jneurosci.org)
However, very little data are available on IS of circulating cells of MetS patients although clinical data show that inhibited mTOR, with specific inhibitors such as Serolimus or Everolimus after kidney transplantation, significantly increase the presence of de novo thrombotic micro-angiopathy with artery lesion characterized by intimal cell proliferation, necrosis and narrowed lumen. (biomedcentral.com)
The modified BPSN that includes facial expression, crying, posture, and heart rate is a reliable and valid tool for assessing acute pain in full-term and preterm neonates, but our results suggest that adding different cut-off points for different GA-groups will improve the BPSN's clinical usefulness. (biomedcentral.com)

ASMR stands for "Autonomous sensory meridian response," a term coined by Jennifer Allen in 2010 to describe a physical and emotional phenomenon shared by people around the world! (meditopia.com)
And this is exactly why we're talking about ASMR, as it's not only an enjoyable physical sensation, but also includes an emotional response of deep relaxation, which can have a positive influence on our psyche, helping to improve our mental well-being. (meditopia.com)

High exposure to environmental noise can play a role in cardiovascular disease . (wikipedia.org)
Sleep fragmentation results from the increase in overnight arousals and may be exacerbated by the increasing number of geriatric medical conditions, including sleep apnea, musculoskeletal disorders, and cardiopulmonary disease. (medscape.com)
Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)
In an article published by Boston University, Andrew Thurston sheds light on a groundbreaking study that establishes a strong correlation between experiencing racism and an increased risk of heart disease among Black women. (stanford.edu)
Particular reference will be made to new work exploring the of association of CWP with cardiovascular disease. (upf.edu)

The goal of the present investigation was to examine the influences of cardiovascular and. (researchgate.net)

A reduced expression of mTOR may reflect an increased risk of vascular thrombosis. (biomedcentral.com)

Fever may also be related to necrotic-inflammatory phenomena of the tumor and/or to alterations in liver function and consequent disorders of steroidogenesis. (medscape.com)
10 (2008) analyzed dental anxiety (Corah's Dental Anxiety) in 180 patients who underwent tooth extraction under local anesthesia in the mandible and reported anxiety with cardiovascular alterations. (bvsalud.org)
They reported that the cardiovascular alterations were similar among the different anesthetic drugs, but the cardiovascular parameters were influenced by the phase of the dental treatment. (bvsalud.org)

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system work together to increase or slow the heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in adolescents and young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes enrolled in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. (cdc.gov)

So far, most of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this complex phenomenon have been studied in the field of pain and analgesia, although recent investigations have successfully been performed in the immune system, motor disorders, and depression. (jneurosci.org)
We also discussed the advantage and challenges of mitochondrial transfer strategies, including cell-based mitochondrial transplantation, extracellular vesicle-based mitochondrial transplantation, and naked mitochondrial transplantation, for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. (frontiersin.org)
Further studies are necessary to add new elements in the literature to improve new therapies to treat cardiovascular disorders. (bvsalud.org)

For instance, according to reports, the rate of addiction among American adolescents has increased by 5 and 6 percent in 2021 compared with 2019 and 2018, respectively, or according to reports in the same country age of drug tendency and addiction has also dropped to around 15 years old. (jmchemsci.com)

Given their involvement in various physiological phenomena, it is considered essential that they aretargeted during drug development. (myassignment-services.com)

Although the bones of the scull remain an obstacle for ultrasound waves and therefore ultrasound may not seem to be the optimal technique for cerebral vessel imaging, transcranial ultrasound techniques were improved and found their place and indications. (hindawi.com)

Atrial pressure is also lowered as a result, causing increased blood flow to the heart, which in turn decreases baroreceptors firing response which diminishes vagal tone. (wikipedia.org)
The connotations of humour as opposed to comic are said to be that of response versus stimulus. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, in the physiological response to distress, some people may respond with the fight, flight, or freeze response. (violenceprevention.agency)
However, there are also many people who experience ASMR in response to stimuli that seem completely unappealing to others. (meditopia.com)

And an important meta-analysis presented data demonstrating statistically that in a group of workers with high exposure to noise, increased: blood pressure systolic and diastolic, the prevalence of hypertension, and electrocardiographic changes in relation to groups and intermediate exposure low noise exposure. (bvsalud.org)

More research is needed to determine the long-term effects of silence on cardiovascular health, but these results are promising. (healthline.com)
Consequently, the reports of toxicologic and pharmacologic effects of crude extracts or synthetic derivatives of cannabis published before 1968 lack precision and uniformity and preclude any quantitative correlation between physiological effects and chemical composition. (unodc.org)
Purpose The goal of the present investigation was to examine the physiological effects of observing another experience a. (researchgate.net)
These physiological effects depend on the type of Qigong, the intensity of practice, and the level of expertise of the practitioner. (yang-sheng.com)
Hence, a description in terms of the objective acoustic characteristics may help to tackle some of the elusive aspects of possible causal relationships between music and its effects by describing at least the stimulus side of the music processing chain (input). (encyclopedia.pub)

Furthermore, the precise pathophysiological characteristics underlying the association of different cardiovascular risk factors in MetS remain elusive [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess the longitudinal glycemic exposure and cardiovascular risk factors. (cdc.gov)

A 1991 research concluded that Qigong practice didn't influence normal systolic pressure but could increase a low diastolic pressure to its normal value. (yang-sheng.com)
Patients with pain had increased systolic BP, but no differences were found in diastolic BP. (bvsalud.org)

The phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer has been discovered in the cardiovascular system. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)
This is essential for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. (myassignment-services.com)
When we encounter stimuli on our screens - be it email notifications, text messages, or social media updates - our nervous system leaps into action, searching for potential threats. (teenlife.ngo)
Further research showed that Qigong had a homeostatic effect, restoring balance from either direction, by improving dysfunctions of the nervous system (1). (yang-sheng.com)
Other research on the benefits of Tai Chi for the cardiovascular system can be found in (8). (yang-sheng.com)
It all begins in the brain, where the limbic system, the area responsible for emotions, receives stimuli that it interprets as funny. (murrenhil.com)
Furthermore, laughter strengthens our immune system by increasing the production of antibodies and activating immune cells. (murrenhil.com)
It has the ability to improve our mood, enhance our cognitive abilities, boost our immune system, and bring us closer to one another. (murrenhil.com)
An example is violations in the cardiovascular system, due to which the genitals are poorly supplied with blood. (fideliafetish.com)
Preparative HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (1:1:8:10, v/v/v/v) was successfully performed by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.0 ml min−1 after 4 h. (webmedcentral.com)

Freed from the external stimulus of noise, our brains can better concentrate on the task at hand. (healthline.com)

Anxiety is a phenomenon characterized by subjective feelings of tension, apprehension, nervousness and preoccupation that may be experienced when an individual contacts an aggressor, such as dental surgery 1-4 . (bvsalud.org)
The anxiety scale was applied before anesthesia, and cardiovascular parameters (i.e. (bvsalud.org)
It may be assumed that anxiety had an effect on these cardiovascular parameters during the root filling treatment. (bvsalud.org)

Chis and Karlie share about a phenomenon that silently impacts millions - " Screen Apnea . (teenlife.ngo)
Back in 2007, Linda Stone conducted a groundbreaking experiment involving 200 individuals, shedding light on a phenomenon known as "Screen Apnea. (teenlife.ngo)

Indeed, IS is a very complex phenomenon which is influenced not only by the cellular metabolic status but also interacts with circulating molecules such as hormones (including insulin), nutrients and inflammatory molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
The process of burning body fat is a complex metabolic phenomenon that involves various physiological and biochemical mechanisms. (well-choices.com)

can act as donors or recipients during mitochondrial transfer under physiological conditions ( 8 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Self-management support initiatives that aim to improve the self-care of chronic conditions are considered a key part of a health promotion strategy for addressing the impacts of long-term illness. (cdc.gov)

In addition, there was an increase in heart rate with high exposure group compared to the group with low exposure 11 . (bvsalud.org)

There are many aspects to consider regarding the etiology and diagnosis of SD, and the literature on osteopathic issues provides details on physiological signs that characterize it, including tissue texture changes. (mdpi.com)

Objective: Most of the research on vasovagal reactions has focused on the contributions of cardiovascular activity to the development of symptoms. (researchgate.net)

These natural painkillers also increase our tolerance for discomfort, helping us cope with stressful situations. (murrenhil.com)
Infants may also display nonspecific physiological and behavioural pain indicators during stressful experiences that are not painful, which makes it more challenging to accurately assess pain in neonates [ 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In this study, the authors showed that leptin increases serine-138 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates-1 (IRS-1). (biomedcentral.com)
As this continues, excess calories accumulate as increased adiposity, and increased circulating fatty acids lead to increased lipid flux into the brain, insulin/leptin resistance, an inflammatory condition, and so on. (blogspot.com)
Stated another way, the increased palatability of the diet initiates a vicious cycle in which hedonics cause more food to be eaten than is necessary to meet energy needs, and the increased calories in turn initiate events that lead to insulin/leptin resistance and a consequent tendency to eat even more food (Figure 4). (blogspot.com)

Increased vagal tone (and thus vagal action) is generally associated with a lower heart rate and increased heart rate variability. (wikipedia.org)
In absence of external stimuli, sinoatrial pacing generally, while awake, maintains the heart rate in the range of 60-100 beats per minute (bpm). (wikipedia.org)
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is typically a benign, normal variation in heart rate that occurs during each breathing cycle: the heart rate increases when breathing in and decreases when breathing out. (wikipedia.org)
This causes an increase in heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
This increase in pressure inhibits venous return to the heart resulting in both reduced atrial expansion and increased activation of baroreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
Older 2003 research associated a chronically noisy environment with increases in heart rate and blood pressure. (healthline.com)
Also, it was reported that music therapy improved heart rate variability in anthracycline-treated breast cancer patients. (bvsalud.org)
When we laugh, our heart rate and blood pressure increase temporarily, followed by a period of muscle relaxation. (murrenhil.com)
Among physiological items, heart rate was more sensitive to pain than oxygen saturation. (biomedcentral.com)
average heart rate increased 0.042 points ( SE = 0.01, t = 6.15). (biomedcentral.com)

For a broad slate of related noise topics, see noise (spectral phenomenon) . (wikipedia.org)
The increase of environmental noise, especially for those living near railways and airports, has created conflict. (wikipedia.org)
When the body is at rest, noise stimuli is continually being presented in the environment. (wikipedia.org)

They further show the importance of studies combining physiological and graded cognitive challenges in young adults to investigate the actions of dietary flavanols on brain function. (nature.com)
Yet, the extent to which increases in circulatory levels of NO by flavanols can translate into benefits in the brain vasculature, and effectively influence cognitive performance in humans, is poorly understood. (nature.com)
This surge of dopamine not only enhances our mood but also improves our cognitive function, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. (murrenhil.com)

What does change, however, is that there is a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen as altitude increases (1). (irunfar.com)

Background and objectives The blood donation environment includes a variety of disgust‐related stimuli that may influence attitudes among new and prospective donors. (researchgate.net)

As the slope of the increase in resting membrane potential steepens, the rate of spontaneous sinus node activity increases. (medilib.ir)

We observed that lower levels of AGEs in post-cART group were accompanied by an increase of CRP and triglyceride levels already in the early months of therapy. (hindawi.com)

Epidural anaesthesia is the m ost efficient way of relieving the ache of childbirth, and provides com plete relief of contraction pain in 95% of labouring wom en. (dnahelix.com)
The underlying factor structure of the BPSN, interrater reliability, concurrent validity with the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R), construct validity, sensitivity and specificity, and the relationship between behavioural and physiological indicators were explored. (biomedcentral.com)
Most add behavioural and physiological indicators to a summary score that is then measured against a cut-off that separates pain from no pain [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Findings demonstrated that each of the studied factors, placebo and laughter therapy, had an effect on all dependent variables of pain perception, sleep quality, and post-traumatic growth so that both of these factors (independently) reduce pain perception, increase sleep quality, and increase growth after injury. (jmchemsci.com)

They demonstrated that transferring functional mitochondria of bone marrow-derived stem cells to defective parenchymal cells increases the aerobic respiration capacity of recipient mitochondria ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy2

Diseases1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Psychiatry and Psychology19

Phenomena and Processes37

Certain stimuli2

Homeostasis3

Pathological conditions1

Cortical2

Pathways3

Psychological6

Diseases12

Behavioral2

Auditory3

Stress11

Endothelial5

Responses4

Cortisol2

Processes2

Arousal2

Stressors2

Oxidative1

Clinical3

Emotional2

Disease5

Influences1

Vascular1

Alterations3

Autonomic2

Disorders3

20211

Involvement1

Cerebral1

Response4

Hypertension1

Effects5

Risk2

Systolic2

System11

Brains1

Anxiety3

Apnea2

Metabolic2

Conditions2

Exposure1

Tissue1

Reactions1

Stressful2

Leptin3

Heart10

Noise3

Cognitive3

Decrease1

Donors1

Spontaneous1

Levels1

Pain4

Bone1