MicroelectrodesElectric StimulationIon-Selective ElectrodesMembrane PotentialsElectric Stimulation TherapyAction PotentialsElectrodes, ImplantedElectrophysiologyStimulation, ChemicalPhysical StimulationElectrochemistryPotassiumDeep Brain StimulationExtracellular SpaceTranscranial Magnetic StimulationCatsCalciumFluorocarbon PolymersElectrodesSodiumHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationNeuronsMicrochip Analytical ProceduresTime FactorsElectrochemical TechniquesCells, CulturedGuinea PigsRats, Sprague-DawleyChloridesBicarbonatesEvoked PotentialsMuscle ContractionStrophanthidinHelix (Snails)Purkinje FibersIntracellular FluidMicromanipulationNecturusNecturus maculosusSynaptic TransmissionRabbitsConductometryElectric ConductivityEquipment Failure AnalysisDose-Response Relationship, DrugKineticsOxygenPhotic StimulationTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationGlassIon TransportDogsLeechesPatch-Clamp TechniquesIsoproterenolDielectric SpectroscopySignal TransductionRats, WistarEquipment DesignMusclesElectric ImpedanceCarbonBiosensing TechniquesRats, Inbred StrainsPotentiometryTetrodotoxinPartial PressureMiniaturizationAcetylcholineCell MembraneAmilorideDiamondQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsMotor NeuronsNorepinephrineOuabainBrainDimethadioneIon Exchange4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic AcidSympathetic Nervous SystemMotor CortexNeurons, Afferent4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic AcidElectromyographyMuscle, SmoothPapillary MusclesCell LineSomatosensory CortexSynapsesPolarographyElectroencephalographyPhosphorylationElectroplatingVagus NerveCerebral CortexMechanoreceptorsEthoxzolamideCortical Spreading DepressionEnzyme Activation