SynthesisLipolysisGluconeogenesisSkeletalIncrease in glucose uptakeGlycogenLipidsHomeostasisWhite adiposObesityOxidation and glucose uptakeAdipocytesPeripheral tissuesLiver and adipose tissueAminoSecretionDecreasesAdipogenesisType 2 diabetHuman adiposeTriglycerides in adiposeGlucagonHydrolysisHormonesMobilizationStimulatesConcentrationsLong-chainConversion of fatty acidsMoleculesPancreaticMetabolicImpaired glucose tAccumulationInhibitionFree fattyMitochondriaTarget tissuesPlasma fatty acidEnzymesFatsMRNARegulationMechanismLipogenesisGlycerol backboneLipid metabolismLeptinOccursDiabetesNAFLDLevelsInsulin-independentMiceProcessesPromotesModulateSerumPostprandialBlood
Synthesis17
- Lipogenesis encompasses both fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, with the latter being the process by which fatty acids are esterified to glycerol before being packaged into very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). (wikipedia.org)
- Triacylglycerol synthesis, on the other hand, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of cells by bonding three fatty acid molecules to a glycerol molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- Fatty acid synthesis starts with acetyl-CoA and builds up by the addition of two-carbon units. (wikipedia.org)
- Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells while oxidative degradation occurs in the mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
- Many of the enzymes for the fatty acid synthesis are organized into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthase. (wikipedia.org)
- The major sites of fatty acid synthesis are adipose tissue and the liver. (wikipedia.org)
- Notoginsenosides can treat obesity by reducing lipid synthesis, inhibiting adipogenesis, promoting white adipose tissue browning, increasing energy consumption, and improving insulin sensitivity. (frontiersin.org)
- Some studies suggest that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration reduces glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and this leads to reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- The second type of control involves regulation of the synthesis of key enzymes by mechanisms that stimulate or inhibit transcription and translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
- The functions of the lipins in co-regulating the effects of PGC-1α and PPARα and also acting as a PAP demonstrate the unique abilities of lipins to regulate both glycerolipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
- Endogenous synthesis occurs mostly in the liver and adipose tissue, but also in the intestines, muscles, brain and other organs. (biocrates.com)
- Other metabolites such as glucose, fructose, acetate and the branched-chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine also serve as precursors of acetyl-CoA and contribute carbons to the de novo synthesis of fatty acids that will enter DNL ( Wallace 2020 ). (biocrates.com)
- Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
- The Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway regulates cell growth and survival by activating downstream signaling molecules that promote cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and stimulate protein synthesis. (ebiwinner.com)
- This pathway results in the synthesis of glucose from non- hexose substrates such as amino acids and lipids and is particularly important in carnivores and certain herbivores. (wikidoc.org)
Lipolysis14
- Insulin and glucagon also generally have opposite functions: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis, while insulin inhibits these functions. (picmonic.com)
- Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for thermogenesis, caused by the stimulation of intracellular lipolysis Is is normally activated by the sympathetic nervous system in order to regulate body temperature, but can also be stimulated by high-calorie diets and certain nutrients. (bodypower.sk)
- The hallmarks of impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues are decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue. (jci.org)
- Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- Lipolysis is the metabolic process through which triacylglycerols (TAGs) break down via hydrolysis into their constituent molecules: glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs). (imingo.net)
- During lipolysis, intracellular TAG undergoes hydrolysis through the action of three major lipases: adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/desnutrin/phospholipase A2ζ), HSL, and monoacylglycerol (MGL) lipase. (imingo.net)
- Insulin also inhibits lipolysis via a central mechanism that involves the sympathetic nervous system. (imingo.net)
- The first and rate-limiting step of lipolysis involves the enzyme, adipose triglyceride lipase (or ATGL), which is sensitive to hormones. (imingo.net)
- Fats are ready and available for when our glucose stores run low between meals, and it makes sense for lipolysis to occur as it will facilitate the movement of these stored fats through our bloodstream. (imingo.net)
- Lipolysis /lɪˈpɒlɪsɪs/ is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and three fatty acids. (imingo.net)
- Key difference: Aerobic Glycolysis is the metabolism of glucose, whereas, Aerobic Lipolysis is the metabolism of fat. (imingo.net)
- Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue: The fatty acids released by lipolysis are used for production of energy in tissues like muscle, and the released glycerol provide another substrate for gluconeogenesis. (wikidoc.org)
- We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus, apoCIII overexpression resulted in increased NEFA availability to adipose uptake and decreased adipocyte lipolysis, favoring lipid enlargement of adipose depots. (biomedcentral.com)
Gluconeogenesis4
- Adiponectin is the adipokine associated with insulin sensitization, reducing liver gluconeogenesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
- G-6-PO 4 can also be produced via pyruvate from protein catabolism of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ) or breakdown of glycerol from lipids (gluconeogenesis). (oncohemakey.com)
- There is however evidence that GH acutely decreases glucose oxidation (secondary to an increase in lipid oxidation) and suppresses muscle uptake of glucose, suggesting that GH redistributes glucose fluxes into a non-oxidative pathway, which could be a build up of glycogen depots through gluconeogenesis. (diabetestalk.net)
- Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues: These serve as substrates for gluconeogenesis . (wikidoc.org)
Skeletal6
- Insulin-dependent tissues, adipose tissue and primarily skeletal muscles, are responsible for the remaining 25% of glucose utilization. (justia.com)
- One such insulin receptor is GLUT4, which facilitates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipose tissue and striated muscle (skeletal muscle). (picmonic.com)
- Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response by insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the physiologic effects of circulating insulin. (jci.org)
- Moreover, we hypothesized that these mice would have accumulation of TGs in other tissues, such as the liver or skeletal muscle, resulting in lipotoxicity and metabolic derangements, such as insulin resistance or fatty liver disease. (elifesciences.org)
- The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. (biomedcentral.com)
- For example, lipin-1 is the major PAP in adipose tissue, and cardiac and skeletal muscle since lipin-1-deficient mice had little if any detectable PAP activity [2]. (aocs.org)
Increase in glucose uptake3
- 80% V̇ o 2max ) causes a seven- to eightfold increase in glucose production ( R a ) and a fourfold increase in glucose uptake ( R d ), resulting in hyperglycemia, whereas moderate exercise (ME) causes both to double. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In the ischemic myocardium, an increase in glucose uptake and subsequent ATP generated through glycolysis helps to sustain myocardial electric and mechanical performance, maintains cellular ultrastructure, promotes myocardial recovery. (biomedcentral.com)
- Dose-dependent increase in glucose uptake activity (GUA) was observed in both cell lines. (wiley.com)
Glycogen6
- Figure 17.1 illustrates the metabolic processes involved in the overall metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein including the catabolic processes to produce energy and urea (the product of the detoxification of the nitrogen moiety of amino acids) and anabolic processes to form tissue protein and energy stores, glycogen and lipids. (oncohemakey.com)
- Depending upon energy needs G-6-PO 4 undergoes either catabolism to form energy or anabolism to form glycogen, the storage form of glucose, in liver and muscles. (oncohemakey.com)
- To produce energy G-6-PO 4 (derived from monosaccharides from dietary CHO or produced from glycogen degradation by glycogenolysis) is converted by a series of enzyme reactions in the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvate or lactic acid, then to acetyl-CoA, which is also produced from fatty acid oxidation and degradation of the carbon skeleton of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ). (oncohemakey.com)
- When cells do not require G-6-PO 4 for energy production it undergoes glycogenesis to be stored as glycogen until required to restore blood glucose levels. (oncohemakey.com)
- It promotes the storage of nutrients as glycogen in liver and muscle, and as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- In conclusion, AEG enhances glucose transport by modulating the proximal and distal markers involved in glucose uptake and its transformation into glycogen. (wiley.com)
Lipids7
- VLDL particles are secreted directly into blood, where they function to deliver the endogenously derived lipids to peripheral tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Dietary fatty acids (FA) are components of the lipids, which contribute to membrane structure, energy input, and biological functions related to cellular signaling and transcriptome regulation. (nature.com)
- Fatty acids are the main compound of lipids, which are a class of molecules present in animals and vegetal cell types. (nature.com)
- Ginger root extract is standardized for gingerols, which activate PPAR-δ to improve weight loss by increasing energy expenditure and "browning" white fat, in turn reducing body weight, glucose levels, leptin, insulin, and lipids. (bodypower.sk)
- Dietary fats, and lipids produced endogenously from acetyl-CoA, are initially hydrolysed by lipases into glycerol and free fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
- We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. (biomedcentral.com)
- Brown adipose tissue (BAT), despite its ability to accumulate lipids, has a role not in storing but in converting fat into heat. (biomedcentral.com)
Homeostasis6
- This study introduces a valuable paradigm in the field of adipose tissue biology: blocking triglyceride storage in adipose tissue does not lead to lipodystrophy and impaired glucose homeostasis but instead improves metabolic health. (elifesciences.org)
- which, when activated, stimulate expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, specifically the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids (Blaschke et al. (bodybuilding.com)
- Thus, an adequate quantity of sleep is important for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. (vdocuments.mx)
- mice revealed profound reduction of triglyceride levels, but no abnormalities in glucose homeostasis. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- The involvement of autophagy in the development of diabetes is corroborated by affecting the physiology and role of pancreatic β cells and the homeostasis of glucose. (frontiersin.org)
- Changes in circulating levels of hormones produced by these endocrine glands are detected by the hypothalamus, which then increases or decreases its stimulation of the pituitary to maintain homeostasis. (msdmanuals.com)
White adipos2
- The favorable metabolic phenotype resulted from activation of energy expenditure, in part via BAT activation and beiging of white adipose tissue. (elifesciences.org)
- Most of the lipid reserves in the human body are stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) that predominates in adult humans. (biomedcentral.com)
Obesity8
- We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
- Exceeding the capacity to store TG in adipocytes occurs in obesity and is often accompanied by deposition of TG in other tissues and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (elifesciences.org)
- In conclusion, we provide a preliminary analysis of miRNAs associated with primary cell in vitro adipogenesis and demonstrate that the inflammation-associated miRNA, mir-21 is up-regulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue in human obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
- Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Enhanced sympathetic tone, desyn- chronization of tissue circadian clocks, abnormal secretion of hormones, and obesity are relevant to insulin resistance during sleep disturbances. (vdocuments.mx)
- While triglycerides play an essential role in human health, elevated levels are associated with health problems such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and pancreatitis. (biocrates.com)
- One potential benefit of fenugreek is improving elevated blood glucose and lipid levels associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. (lww.com)
- We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidation and glucose uptake1
- Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract will activate AMPK to stimulate fat oxidation and glucose uptake, and can potentially reduce blood glucose levels. (bodypower.sk)
Adipocytes6
- Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
- In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
- We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Adipose tissue abundance relies partly on the factors that regulate adipogenesis, i.e. proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to the classic brown adipocytes, a different type of brown fat cells seems to exist in tissues where WAT predominates. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral tissues3
- After being packaged into VLDL in the liver, the resulting lipoprotein is then secreted directly into the blood for delivery to peripheral tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Adiponectin connects energy balance regulation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- It reduces hepatic glucose output, may decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, and may increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)
Liver and adipose tissue1
- Both processes take place mainly in liver and adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Amino6
- Improvements have been noted with tumor resection and normalization of the glucagon levels, as well as with amino acid therapy and zinc supplementation. (medscape.com)
- Human adiponectin protein has 244 amino acids (30 kDa), as well as the complex primary structure of a signal peptide, a hyper-variable region, a collagenous domain of 22 G-X-Y repeats, and a globular domain. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Catabolism is the breakdown of large complex molecules to provide energy for cellular activity and smaller compounds, e.g. amino acids, needed for anabolic reactions or for elimination from the body. (oncohemakey.com)
- These biochemical reactions frequently involve cofactors, often vitamins, which help the specific enzyme function, e.g. vitamin B 6 is the cofactor for the enzyme cystathionine β synthase which converts the amino acid homocysteine into cystathionine. (oncohemakey.com)
- Dietary protein is broken down into 20 individual amino acids for absorption. (oncohemakey.com)
- Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)
Secretion9
- In response to hyperglycemia after a meal, pancreatic insulin secretion is stimulated and the combination of hyperinsulinemia plus hyperglycemia promotes glucose uptake (by splanchnic and peripheral, primarily muscle, tissues) and suppresses hepatic glucose production. (justia.com)
- Because the pancreas is able to appropriately augment its secretion of insulin to offset the insulin resistance, glucose tolerance remains normal. (justia.com)
- With time, however, the beta-cell fails to maintain its high rate of insulin secretion and the insulin resistance leads to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and eventually overt diabetes mellitus. (justia.com)
- Since GH secretion is inhibited in the fed state the. (diabetestalk.net)
- Since GH secretion is inhibited in the fed state these actions are mainly important in the postprandial or fasting state. (diabetestalk.net)
- c Somatostatin's effects on metabolism are indirect via suppression of secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone and by effects on gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying time, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (see text). (basicmedicalkey.com)
- Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds produced in body tissue that help control blood pressure, smooth muscle activity, inflammation, glandular secretion, calcium movement, hormone regulation, and cell growth control. (bodybuilding.com)
- While the IL-22 secretion by Th-cells occurs following specific antigenic stimulation supported by antigen-presenting cells, IL-22 production by ILC3 is provoked by cytokines like IL-23, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). (biomedcentral.com)
- Impaired insulin secretion and free radical formation are the initial events triggering the development of insulin resistance and its causal relations with dysregulation of glucose and fatty acids metabolism. (wiley.com)
Decreases3
- Insulin and glucagon counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose - generally speaking, glucagon raises blood sugar while insulin decreases it. (picmonic.com)
- Increases in acetate were associated with decreases in insulin and glucose. (metabiom.org)
- L-carnitine supplementation decreases serum glucose but has no effect on glucose oxidation [11]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Adipogenesis2
- For example, stimulating AMPK will regulate metabolic function, activating BAT will stimulate thermogenesis, targeting thyroid hormone will increase energy expenditure, and PPAR activation will increase metabolism and inhibit adipogenesis. (bodypower.sk)
- The expression of 10 adipogenesis-regulated miRNAs were studied using real-time qPCR and then we selected 5 miRNAs, that showed robust expression, were profiled in subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from 20 humans with a range of body mass indices (BMI, range = 21-48, and all samples have U133+2 Affymetrix profiles provided). (biomedcentral.com)
Type 2 diabet2
- GLP-1 has insulinotropic, insulinomimetic, and glucagonostatic effects, thereby exerting multiple complementary actions to lower blood glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (biomedcentral.com)
- Circulating Angiopoietin-like Protein 8 Is Independently Associated With Fasting Plasma Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Human adipose1
- Alawi MA, Tamimi S, Jaghabir M. Storage of organochlorine pesticides in human adipose tissues of Jordanian males and females. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Triglycerides in adipose1
- There is also evidence suggesting that acylation stimulating protein (ASP) promotes the aggregation of triglycerides in adipose cells. (wikipedia.org)
Glucagon2
- Glucoregulation during low- and moderate-intensity exercise is primarily mediated by an increase in the portal venous glucagon-to-insulin ratio ( 1 ), which stimulates hepatic glucose output, maintaining euglycemia largely through a feedback mechanism ( 2 - 4 ) that matches the increment to the increased requirements. (diabetesjournals.org)
- However, in intense exercise (IE) 80% V̇ o 2max , an up to eightfold increase in glucose production ( R a ) and a rise in glycemia occur, but plasma insulin (immunoreactive insulin [IRI]) changes little and glucagon (immunoreactive glucagon [IRG]) increases less than twofold ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Hydrolysis3
- by inhibiting the hydrolysis of triglycerides, Orlistat reduces the absorption of fat from food to achieve weight loss. (frontiersin.org)
- To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. (imingo.net)
- These agents lower postprandial glucose by slowing glucose absorption and delaying the hydrolysis of ingested complex carbohydrates and disaccharide. (medscape.com)
Hormones4
- Other hormones that prevent the stimulation of lipogenesis in adipose cells are growth hormones (GH). (wikipedia.org)
- One proposed mechanism for how the hormone works is that growth hormones affects insulin signaling thereby decreasing insulin sensitivity and in turn down regulating fatty acid synthase expression. (wikipedia.org)
- Once in circulation, hormones affect function of the target tissues, which may be another endocrine gland or an end organ. (msdmanuals.com)
- The name glucocorticoid derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in glucose metabolism . (wikidoc.org)
Mobilization1
- At the same time, insulin acts to inhibit fuel mobilization. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Stimulates1
- In the fasted state, cortisol stimulates several processes that collectively serve to increase and maintain normal concentrations of glucose in blood. (wikidoc.org)
Concentrations3
- Plasma glucose concentrations are normally maintained within a fairly narrow range despite wide fluctuations in the body's supply (e.g. meals) and demand (e.g. exercise) for nutrients. (justia.com)
- However, IGF-1 is far less potent than insulin in decreasing blood glucose concentrations. (picmonic.com)
- In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). (biomedcentral.com)
Long-chain1
- Carnitine plays a role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Conversion of fatty acids2
- In biochemistry, lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat. (wikipedia.org)
- Each involves the enzymatic conversion of fatty acids into acyl-CoA molecules. (biocrates.com)
Molecules2
- Anabolism is the formation and storage of complex compounds needed for growth, tissue repair and energy storage from simpler molecules. (oncohemakey.com)
- Triglycerides are complex molecules used for the storage and transport of non-soluble fatty acids in the body. (biocrates.com)
Pancreatic3
- Bile salts in the liver break the fat into micelles, which are hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to form fatty acids and monoglycerides ( Bayly 2014 ). (biocrates.com)
- Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (Angptl8) has recently been introduced as a novel adipokine/hepatokine that promotes pancreatic ß-cell proliferation and improves glucose tolerance in mouse models of insulin resistance. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- Dysregulated autophagy in pancreatic β cells due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation is associated with diabetes and accompanied by dysregulated autophagy in insulin target tissues and the progression of diabetic complications. (frontiersin.org)
Metabolic8
- Fatty acid esterification takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells by metabolic pathways in which acyl groups in fatty acyl-CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol-3-phosphate and diacylglycerol. (wikipedia.org)
- It is involved in the process by limiting fat storage through inhibition of glucose intake and interfering with other adipose metabolic pathways. (wikipedia.org)
- Previous studies already demonstrated that some fatty acids are linked with inflammatory response, preventing metabolic diseases. (nature.com)
- Because energy sources are not always available from the environment, many metazoan organisms have evolved the ability to store large amounts of metabolic energy as triglycerides (TG) in adipose tissue. (elifesciences.org)
- In this review we focus on the bene fi cial impact of sleep on glucose metabolism and suggest a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention against sleep-related metabolic disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
- The injured myocardium develops an evolving dependence on glucose as its preferred metabolic substrate while development of myocardial insulin resistance is associated with the progression of heart failure and increased incidence as well as severity of the damaged hearts. (biomedcentral.com)
- Insulin, glucose and potassium (GIK) are touted as useful metabolic adjuvant, associated with improvement of cardiac function in acute myocardial function, but the general acceptance of this therapeutic approach is limited by requirements for concomitant infusion of glucose and concerns regarding hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
- The main metabolic differences between HHS and DKA are the extreme elevations of glucose seen in HHS and the lack of significant ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
Impaired glucose t1
- The initial stage of diabetes is characterised by impaired glucose tolerance and postprandial hyperglycemia. (justia.com)
Accumulation2
- Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in cultured fish is an outstanding problem in aquaculture. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, the effects of R. oldhamii leaf extract on inhibiting the free fatty acid (FFA)-induced accumulation of fat in HepG2 cells and on improving fatty liver syndrome in mice with high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD were investigated. (medsci.org)
Inhibition3
- The inhibition of lipogenesis occurs through the down regulation of fatty acid and triglyceride gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
- Through the promotion of fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis inhibition, leptin was found to control the release of stored glucose from adipose tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue: A mechanism to conserve glucose. (wikidoc.org)
Free fatty2
- Role of Free Fatty Acids in Physiological Conditions and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. (imingo.net)
- SCIRP: Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. In this process, both in vivoand in cultur… This binding will likewise lead to the cAMP/PKA-led phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase, that will ultimately drive the release of free fatty acids and glycerol. (imingo.net)
Mitochondria2
- Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, within the mitochondria. (oncohemakey.com)
- Fatty acids enter the mitochondria via the carnitine transport cycle (medium chain fatty acids enter independently of carnitine) into the β-oxidation spiral in which fatty acids, via a series of enzymes, produce acetyl-CoA and electron carriers. (oncohemakey.com)
Target tissues2
- Treatment with melatonin improves glu- cose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues in T2D ani- mals. (vdocuments.mx)
- result from disruptions of the endocrine glands and/or their target tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
Plasma fatty acid1
- In addition to the change in plasma fatty acid levels, hepatic apoA-I andapoA-II are increased by PPAR-alpha activation, which improves cholesterol levels by increasing HDL levels (Chinetti et al. (bodybuilding.com)
Enzymes1
- The increase in the uptake of glucose can occur through the use of glucose transporters directed to the plasma membrane or through the activation of lipogenic and glycolytic enzymes via covalent modification. (wikipedia.org)
Fats3
- A lipase is an enzyme that helps break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. (bodybuilding.com)
- Fatty acids have chains of varying numbers of carbon atoms, which are joined either by single bonds (saturated fats), double bonds (unsaturated fats), or multiple double bonds (polyunsaturated fats). (biocrates.com)
- The breakdown of fats is termed beta-oxidation, or "fatty acid" oxidation because the triglycerides are being oxidized into their most basic functional parts. (imingo.net)
MRNA3
- Lower mRNA level for genes encoding CB1 and CB2 were also found in winter muscle and adipose tissue, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- Lipin-3 is most highly expressed in the intestine as shown by the analysis of mRNA distribution in different tissues [4]. (aocs.org)
- After 11 weeks, body weight, serum biochemical indices and the mRNA expressions of the liver tissue, as well as the outward appearance, weight and histopathological analysis of liver and adipose tissues were evaluated. (medsci.org)
Regulation1
- The physiological functions of the Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway include regulation of growth and development, metabolism, tissue repair, and immune function. (ebiwinner.com)
Mechanism3
- Accordingly, mechanism of enhancing myocardial energetic efficiency by stimulating glucose availability and utilization has led to the vigorous pursuit of therapeutic approaches designed to augment glucose uptake and oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
- This paper aims to summarize recent findings on the involvement of IR in the occurrence and development of PCOS and the mechanism of IR in various tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- Immunoblot analysis revealed an insulin-like glucose transporting mechanism of AEG by activating key markers involved in the insulin signaling cascade such as insulin receptor beta IRβ, insulin receptor substrate1, 85 phosphatidyl inositol 3′ kinase (PI3K) and PKB. (wiley.com)
Lipogenesis2
- Insulin stimulation of lipogenesis also occurs through the promotion of glucose uptake by adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycerol backbone2
- Dietary fat is present mainly as long chain triglycerides, comprising a glycerol backbone and fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
- They have a glycerol backbone bound to the esters of three fatty acids, and form following a condensation reaction. (biocrates.com)
Lipid metabolism3
- Since its discovery, adiponectin has been identified as one of the key regulators involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Answered Jan 30, 2019 Author has 300 answers and 174.4k answer views Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
- Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
Leptin1
- However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Occurs2
- Nevertheless, it also occurs to some extent in other tissues such as the gut and kidney. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, at lower-intensity exercise, attenuation or prevention of the R a increment occurs with exogenous glucose infusion ( 2 - 4 , 11 , 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Diabetes5
- It follows, therefore, that defects at the level of the β-cell, muscle and liver can lead to the development of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. (justia.com)
- Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. (vdocuments.mx)
- Diabetes causes suppressed glucose oxidation leading to inefficient energy production, enhanced fatty acid metabolism, and increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. (biomedcentral.com)
- Human investigations suggest that fenugreek can be beneficial as an adjunct in controlling high blood glucose and lipid levels in people with diabetes. (lww.com)
- Consequently, several therapeutic agents such as adiponectin, ezetimibe, GABA tea, geniposide, liraglutide, guava extract, and vitamin D were shown to inhibit diabetes and its complications through modulation of the autophagy pathway. (frontiersin.org)
NAFLD3
- SCFAs help to inhibit the progress of NAFLD in a variety of ways. (metabiom.org)
- To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the protective effects of R. oldhamii leaf extract on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in vivo and in vitro . (medsci.org)
- In addition, the EtOAc fraction of R. oldhamii leaf significantly improved fatty liver syndrome and reduced total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in HFD-induced NAFLD mice at a dosage of 200 mg/kg BW. (medsci.org)
Levels9
- IGF-1 can activate both its own IGF receptor and the insulin receptor and, thus, has some ability to decrease blood glucose levels as well. (picmonic.com)
- In the presence of a robust compensatory insulin secretory response to insulin resistance, glucose levels can remain relatively normal. (jci.org)
- 1.13 ] [ #Neuromyelitis optica ] [ #Short Chain Fatty Acid ] - lower faecal SCFA levels in these patients, and a negative correlation between acetate and #Butyrate levels and disease severity. (metabiom.org)
- SCFA levels were observed to be decreased in non-obese #Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . (metabiom.org)
- In these patients increased endogenous glucose production, decreased muscle glucose uptake and rising blood glucose levels are observed. (diabetestalk.net)
- Cardiovascular exercise and low-moderate carbohydrate diets containing essential fatty acids are recommended for reducing triglyceride levels. (bodybuilding.com)
- Furthermore, overexpression of ANGPTL8 in livers of mice doubles plasma triglyceride levels, but does not alter beta cell expansion nor glucose metabolism. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- In a previous study, the RVD-hemopressin-α, an endogenous anorexigenic peptide, proved to be a negative allosteric modulator of CB1 [43] and to inhibit hypothalamic NE levels following peripheral administration despite being ineffective against DA and 5-HT levels [30]. (researchgate.net)
- Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin-independent2
- After an overnight fast, insulin-independent tissues, the brain (50%) and splanchnic organs (25%), account for most of the total body glucose disposal. (justia.com)
- Of note, some tissues do not require insulin to uptake glucose (insulin-independent glucose uptake). (picmonic.com)
Mice3
- To generate mice lacking TGs in adipose tissue (ADGAT DKO), we crossed adipose tissue-specific Dgat1 knockout mice (Cre-transgene expressed under control of the mouse adiponectin promoter 3 ) with Dgat2 flox mice 4 . (elifesciences.org)
- Mice lacking lipin-1 ( fld or fatty liver dystrophy) develop fatty livers and hypertriglyceridemia in the pre-weaning period, and are also devoid of mature adipose tissue [reviewed in 1]. (aocs.org)
- A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)
Processes3
- Essential FA, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), may modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes thought regulating transcription factors (TF), including peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPAR) , liver X receptors (LXR) , and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins ( SREBP ) 3 . (nature.com)
- IGF-1 acts on almost every tissue in the body to promote hypertrophy and hyperplasia via the upregulation of anabolic processes. (picmonic.com)
- During periods of energy stress such as exercise, AMPK is activated, stimulating energy-generating processes such as glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation for ATP production. (bodypower.sk)
Promotes1
- Additionally, Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting pro-apoptotic factors and activating anti-apoptotic factors. (ebiwinner.com)
Modulate1
- One such area of interest is the ability to modulate myocardial glucose uptake and its impact on cardioprotection. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum2
- In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 and a decrease in arachidonic acid C20:4 n-6. (biomedcentral.com)
- Otto S. , now a third-year medical student, was assigned to do a history and physical examination on a newly admitted 47-year-old patient named Chet S. had consulted his physician for increasing weakness and fatigue and was found to have a severely elevated serum glucose level. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Postprandial1
- We recently found that the patterns of responses of plasma catecholamines and R a persist in glucose-infused subjects ( 9 ) and in the postprandial state ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Blood2
- Similarly, it was challenging to dissect a boundary between this section and U1(iii), "explain the control of blood glucose", but the large number of highly specific SAQs that ask to explain the control of blood glucose also suggested that it should be treated separately. (derangedphysiology.com)
- Heart failure develops when the heart, via an abnormality of cardiac function (detectable or not), fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or is able to do so only with an elevated diastolic filling pressure. (medscape.com)