Electric StimulationElectric Stimulation TherapyStimulation, ChemicalPhysical StimulationDeep Brain StimulationTranscranial Magnetic StimulationCells, CulturedNeuronsGrowth ConesMotor NeuronsNerve RegenerationAction PotentialsTime FactorsCatsSignal TransductionRats, Sprague-DawleySpinal CordDecapodiformesNeurons, AfferentCalciumNeural ConductionTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationAxonal TransportSynapsesNerve Tissue ProteinsSynaptic TransmissionMuscle ContractionOptic NerveCell LineAfferent PathwaysEvoked PotentialsMyelin SheathElectrophysiologyPhosphorylationPhotic StimulationMice, Inbred C57BLElectrodes, ImplantedVagus NerveDose-Response Relationship, DrugKineticsPeripheral NervesRats, WistarRNA, MessengerEnzyme ActivationRetinal Ganglion CellsDendritesAcoustic StimulationNeural InhibitionMembrane PotentialsCerebral CortexEvoked Potentials, MotorSensory Receptor CellsReflexAnimals, NewbornSympathetic Nervous SystemCyclic AMPMice, KnockoutLymphocyte ActivationThalamusPyramidal TractsMotor CortexOptic ChiasmElectromyographyNorepinephrineEfferent PathwaysNeuronal PlasticityMolecular Sequence DataSchwann CellsRats, Inbred StrainsNeuritesGene Expression RegulationIsoproterenolSuperior ColliculiSpinal Nerve RootsImmunohistochemistryCentral Nervous SystemGuinea PigsAtropineBrainRetinaPresynaptic TerminalsGanglia, SpinalHippocampusMuscle, SkeletalMusclesSubthalamic NucleusNerve Growth FactorsRabbitsEnzyme InhibitorsNeurons, EfferentModels, NeurologicalSemaphorinsWallerian DegenerationSemaphorin-3AMice, TransgenicFunctional LateralityNeuromuscular JunctionVisual PathwaysMicroscopy, ElectronNerve Fibers, Myelinated