• citation needed] Obstruction to CSF flow and/or absorption can occur in hydrocephalus (blockage in ventricles or subarachnoid space at base of brain, e.g., by Arnold-Chiari malformation), extensive meningeal disease (e.g., infection, carcinoma, granuloma, or hemorrhage), or obstruction in cerebral convexities and superior sagittal sinus (decreased absorption). (wikipedia.org)
  • Her main interests are in brain hemorrhage, unusual and rare causes of stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, anticoagulation management after strokes and use of technology for improving outcomes in the neurological ICU. (stanford.edu)
  • Her research focuses on the study of intracerebral hemorrhage using brain imaging with CT and MRI. (stanford.edu)
  • She is the Stanford prinicipal investigator for several clinical trials in intracerebral hemorrhage and large hemispheric infarction. (stanford.edu)
  • I am interested in the study of the radiological characteristics and temporal profile of edema/ tissue injury in the perihematomal area around spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. (stanford.edu)
  • Subdural hemorrhage Subdural Hemorrhage Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is bleeding into the space between the dural and arachnoid meningeal layers surrounding the brain. (lecturio.com)
  • Subdural Hemorrhage ) is bleeding into the space between the dural and arachnoid meningeal layers surrounding the brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). (lecturio.com)
  • Chronic SDH SDH Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is bleeding into the space between the dural and arachnoid meningeal layers surrounding the brain. (lecturio.com)
  • Head Injuries and Intracranial Hemorrhage Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage is arterial in origin. (gov.gy)
  • Dural border hemorrhage usually follows a hard blow to the head that jerks the brain inside the cranium and injures it. (gov.gy)
  • Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a subtype of stroke, is a condition wherein a hematoma is formed within the brain parenchyma with or without blood extension into the ventricles. (rnspeak.com)
  • This update highlights important clinical trial results on the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage, including blood pressure management and surgery. (medlink.com)
  • Through the years, intracerebral hemorrhage has also been termed "cerebral hemorrhage," "intracranial hemorrhage," "hemorrhagic stroke," and "cerebral bleed. (medlink.com)
  • Intracranial hemorrhage refers to any bleeding within the cranial vault, including subdural and epidural hematomas and subarachnoid hemorrhage. (medlink.com)
  • Intracerebral hemorrhage refers specifically to bleeding within the brain parenchyma. (medlink.com)
  • Most patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage have high blood pressure. (medlink.com)
  • A stroke is an acute neurologic condition resulting from a disruption in cerebral perfusion , either due to ischemia ( ischemic strokes ) or hemorrhage ( hemorrhagic strokes ). (amboss.com)
  • For more information, see respective articles " Ischemic stroke ," " Intracerebral hemorrhage ," and " Subarachnoid hemorrhage . (amboss.com)
  • The following table focuses on nontraumatic cerebral ischemia and intracranial hemorrhage . (amboss.com)
  • See ischemic stroke , intracerebral hemorrhage , and subarachnoid hemorrhage for specific risk factors . (amboss.com)
  • The purpose of this study is to determine if pioglitazone is effective in preventing future strokes or heart attacks among non-diabetic persons who have had a recent ischemic stroke. (stanford.edu)
  • Acute ischemic stroke: Treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) as soon as possible but within 3 hours of symptom onset. (medicine.com)
  • Data from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) presenting during the time period of 3 to 4.5 hours after symptom onset who were treated with IV alteplase supports the use of alteplase for the treatment of patients presenting during this time period Hacke 2008. (medicine.com)
  • Data from two retrospective evaluations in which patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) received intra-arterial alteplase at various doses and regimens suggests that intra-arterial alteplase may be beneficial for patients with this condition Christoforidis 2012, Tountopoulou 2008. (medicine.com)
  • Stroke is an acute compromise of the cerebral perfusion or vasculature. (rnspeak.com)
  • Ischemic stroke commonly results from the occlusion of the lumina of the cerebral vessels by a thrombus or embolus. (rnspeak.com)
  • Systemic hemodynamic failure can also result in ischemic stroke as a consequence of a decreased volume of blood flowing through the cerebral vessels. (rnspeak.com)
  • Hemorrhagic stroke, seen in 15-20% of cases, typically results from the rupture of a cerebral vessel. (rnspeak.com)
  • In one study, a blood pressure of at least 160/90 mm Hg and a history of hypertension were considered equally important predispositions for stroke, with 54% of the stroke-affected population having these characteristics. (rnspeak.com)
  • It doubles the risk of ischemic stroke and covers an approximately 20% higher mortality rate. (rnspeak.com)
  • Generally, acute subdural hematomas are less than 72 hours old and are hyperdense compared with the brain on computed tomography scans. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic subdural hematomas develop over the course of weeks and are hypodense compared with the brain. (medscape.com)
  • In a large series of patients who developed intracranial hematomas requiring emergent decompression, more than half had lucid intervals and were able to make conversation between the time of their injury and subsequent deterioration. (medscape.com)
  • The term complicated has been applied to subdural hematomas in which a significant injury of the underlying brain has also been identified. (medscape.com)
  • Surgery is often needed in patients with more severe injury to place monitors to track and treat intracranial pressure elevation, decompress the brain if intracranial pressure is increased, or remove intracranial hematomas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many of these patients harbor intracranial mass lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Gross structural brain lesions and serious neurologic residua are not part of concussion, although temporary disability can result from symptoms (such as nausea, headache, dizziness, memory disturbance, and difficulty concentrating [postconcussion syndrome]), which usually resolve within weeks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hence, space-occupying lesions, such as tumors in the supratentorial compartment, produce increased intracranial pressure, and may cause part of the adjacent temporal lobe of the brain to herniate through the tentorial notch. (gov.gy)
  • Therefore, over the past several years, research has been directed to limit the brain lesions produced by acute ischemia (neuroprotection) and to increase the recovery, plasticity and neuroregenerative processes that complement rehabilitation and enhance the possibility of recovery and return to normal functions (neurorepair). (mdpi.com)
  • Important clinical exam findings include a new or changed heart murmur and common extra-cardiac signs, such as Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, splinter hemorrhages, and Roth spots. (lecturio.com)
  • CSF pressure has been shown to be influenced by abrupt changes in intrathoracic pressure during coughing (which is induced by contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles, the latter of which also increases intra-abdominal pressure), the valsalva maneuver, and communication with the vasculature (venous and arterial systems). (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute subdural hematoma is commonly associated with extensive primary brain injury. (medscape.com)
  • In recognition of this fact, a subdural hematoma that is not associated with an underlying brain injury is sometimes termed a simple or pure subdural hematoma. (medscape.com)
  • This type of head injury also is strongly associated with delayed brain damage, later demonstrated on CT scan. (medscape.com)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is physical injury to brain tissue that temporarily or permanently impairs brain function. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the first few days after the injury, maintaining adequate brain perfusion and oxygenation and preventing complications of altered sensorium are important. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sports-Related Concussion Sports activities are a common cause of concussion, a form of mild traumatic brain injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • citation needed] Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biot's respiration, in which breathing is rapid for a period and then absent for a period, occurs because of injury to the cerebral hemispheres or diencephalon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with traumatic brain injury, Down syndrome, and certain types of vascular disease are major patient groups that may or may not be included in these studies. (medilib.ir)
  • Head injuries can be classified as open (penetrating) or closed (blunt), and primary (from the initial trauma) or secondary (indirect brain injury), and range from mild to severe and life-threatening. (lecturio.com)
  • Damage to Myelin and Oligodendrocytes: A Role in Chronic Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury? (mdpi.com)
  • Recent studies have reported that dexamethasone worsens neuronal injury after brain ischemia. (silverchair.com)
  • Increase in venous pressure can be due to venous sinus thrombosis, heart failure, or obstruction of superior mediastinal or jugular veins. (wikipedia.org)
  • For a patient who has heart failure or cardiogenic pulmonary edema, nursing interventions focus on decreasing venous return to the heart and increasing left ventricular output. (rnpedia.com)
  • Skin breakdown or ulceration caused by VARICOSE VEINS in which there is too much hydrostatic pressure in the superficial venous system of the leg. (lookformedical.com)
  • Venous hypertension leads to increased pressure in the capillary bed, transudation of fluid and proteins into the interstitial space, altering blood flow and supply of nutrients to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and eventual ulceration. (lookformedical.com)
  • Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle. (lookformedical.com)
  • STEMI (ACCF/AHA [O'Gara 2013]): Ischemic symptoms within 12 hours of treatment or evidence of ongoing ischemia 12 to 24 hours after symptom onset with a large area of myocardium at risk or hemodynamic instability. (medicine.com)
  • Brain histopathology was assessed at the time of ischemia-related death or after the examination at 48 h. (silverchair.com)
  • In contrast, all group D rats died of cerebral ischemia. (silverchair.com)
  • In the current study, dexamethasone administration before brain ischemia resulted in a worsening of postischemic outcome that was relate to drug-induced hyperglycemia. (silverchair.com)
  • Other autopsy findings included pulmonary edema and ascites, as well as hypertensive changes in the lungs and early cardiac cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Approximately 85% of strokes are ischemic and the rest are hemorrhagic. (rnspeak.com)
  • Subdural hematoma is the most common type of traumatic intracranial mass lesion. (medscape.com)
  • A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial in patients with AIS due to middle cerebral artery occlusion administered intra-arterial alteplase within 6 hours of symptom onset suggested benefit as compared to IV anticoagulation alone Poncyljusz 2007. (medicine.com)
  • These conditions tend to decrease the cerebral perfusion pressure but with minimal tissue shifts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical dementia is a fairly broad-based decline of brain function, and most definitions center on the patient's intellectual decline and memory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • To identify clinical and radiological factors associated to early evolution to brain death (BD), defined as occurring within the first 24 h. (medintensiva.org)
  • Rapid blood pressure control is safe but does not improve the clinical outcome. (medlink.com)
  • Care must be taken not to perform lumbar punctures in patients who are at risk for brain herniation or are manifesting signs of impending herniation. (medscape.com)
  • Signs of cerebral herniation and brain swelling on the cranial CT scan. (medintensiva.org)
  • Some subarachnoid hemorrhages are associated with head trauma involving cranial fractures and cerebral lacerations. (gov.gy)
  • Open head injuries involve penetration of the scalp and skull (and usually the meninges and underlying brain tissue). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • clarification needed] In addition to the above, if mass effect is present with resulting displacement of brain tissue, additional signs may include pupillary dilatation, abducens palsies, and Cushing's triad. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25-40 mmHg (unless tissue shifts at the same time). (wikipedia.org)
  • In ischemic strokes , immediate revascularization of the affected vessel is vital to preserve brain tissue and prevent further damage. (amboss.com)
  • 3 Maxillary involvement is less frequent, characterised by a soft tissue density in the maxillary antrum resulting in the 'hard palate sign' on lateral skull radiographs. (sajr.org.za)
  • Ischemic etiologies can be further divided into embolic, thrombotic, and lacunar. (rnspeak.com)
  • The small hemorrhages may resemble lacunar infarctions, whereas the large ones may present as coma. (medlink.com)
  • Symptoms include loss of consciousness, confusion, memory difficulties, and other signs of brain dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP include headache, vomiting without nausea, ocular palsies, altered level of consciousness, back pain, and papilledema. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment. (rxlist.com)
  • In a patient with hypokalemia (serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L), presenting signs and symptoms include muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. (rnpedia.com)
  • Pernicious anemia results from the failure to absorb vitamin B12 in the GI tract and causes primarily GI and neurologic signs and symptoms. (rnpedia.com)
  • The signs and symptoms of histoplasmosis, a chronic systemic fungal infection, resemble those of tuberculosis. (rnpedia.com)
  • Surgical complications such as intraoperative aneurysm rupture related to pressure changes after hematoma evacuation may, in part, explain high mortality rates. (bmj.com)
  • A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a collection of blood below the inner layer of the dura but external to the brain and arachnoid membrane (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • Subdural hematoma may also be spontaneous or caused by a procedure, such as a lumbar puncture (see Etiology). (medscape.com)
  • Acute subdural hematoma is the most common type of traumatic intracranial hematoma, occurring in 24% of patients who present comatose. (medscape.com)
  • Non-traumatic ICH comprises 10-15% of all strokes and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. (rnspeak.com)
  • Research has shown that in AF, decreased blood flow in the left atrium causes thrombolysis and embolism in the brain. (rnspeak.com)
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative brain disorder that may occur after repetitive head trauma or blast injuries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • citation needed] Generalized brain swelling can occur in ischemic-anoxia states, acute liver failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, hypercarbia (hypercapnia), and Reye hepatocerebral syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most subarachnoid hemorrhages are traumatic in nature. (rnspeak.com)
  • The advent of head CT and brain MRI have greatly improved the detection, localization, and characterization of brain hemorrhages. (medlink.com)
  • Only when ICP exceeds 40-50 mmHg does CPP and cerebral perfusion decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Identification of increased pressure by lumbar puncture may also modify the therapy provided. (medscape.com)
  • Closed head injuries typically occur when the head is struck, strikes an object, or is shaken violently, causing rapid brain acceleration and deceleration. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hyperventilation can occur when the brain stem or tegmentum is damaged. (wikipedia.org)
  • The brain is relatively poorly supplied by oxygen as a result of mild hypoventilation during the sleeping hours leading to hypercapnia and vasodilation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some instances, low serum sodium is due to cerebral salt wasting rather than SIADH. (medscape.com)