Acoustic StimulationAuditory ThresholdCochleaElectric StimulationHearingCochlear ImplantsHearing AidsAuditory PathwaysOtoacoustic Emissions, SpontaneousEvoked Potentials, AuditoryAudiometry, SpeechEvoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain StemAuditory CortexDeafnessCochlear ImplantationCochlear NerveNoiseTympanic MembraneHearing LossPsychoacousticsSound SpectrographyEfferent PathwaysSpeech PerceptionSound LocalizationInferior ColliculiOlivary NucleusCochlear NucleusAudiometryHair Cells, Auditory, OuterAudiometry, Pure-ToneAuditory PerceptionHair Cells, AuditoryGerbillinaeGuinea PigsTime FactorsElectric Stimulation TherapyFunctional LateralityStimulation, ChemicalNeuronsDeep Brain StimulationPhysical StimulationTranscranial Magnetic StimulationCells, CulturedTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationSignal TransductionCalciumCatsRats, Sprague-DawleyElectrodes, ImplantedMuscle ContractionPhotic StimulationCell LineAction PotentialsPhosphorylationVagus NerveEnzyme ActivationDose-Response Relationship, DrugKineticsEvoked PotentialsLymphocyte ActivationEvoked Potentials, MotorRNA, MessengerIsoproterenolCyclic AMPRats, WistarReflexAtropineNorepinephrineSynaptic TransmissionElectromyographyMotor CortexSubthalamic NucleusAfferent PathwaysElectrophysiologySympathetic Nervous SystemMice, Inbred C57BLNeural InhibitionSelf StimulationGene Expression RegulationRabbitsDogsNeurons, AfferentEnzyme InhibitorsMuscle, SkeletalElectrodesRats, Inbred StrainsEvoked Potentials, SomatosensorySpinal CordMotor NeuronsProtein Kinase CT-LymphocytesAdrenergic beta-AgonistsMolecular Sequence DataSpinal Cord StimulationMembrane PotentialsReaction TimeCell DivisionCarbacholTetradecanoylphorbol AcetateParasympathetic Nervous System