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Photosynthetic proteins from spinachEukaryoticLeafThylakoid membranesAlgaeMitochondriaProteinsKaleChlorophyllCyanobacteriaPhotosynthesisElectronPlantsFunctionalGeneExcitationSpeciesPlantSunlightFoundOrganelleCellsGreenCarbonHighMechanismsLeavesTendEvidenceLightCellPowerIntactLongerImportantProcessMaterial

Photosynthetic proteins from spinach2

• To make the solar cell, a team of biologists and engineers led by Marc Baldo of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) harvested photosynthetic proteins from spinach and the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides and deposited the proteins onto a glass support. (sciencenews.org)
• Baldo's team isolated a variety of photosynthetic proteins from spinach and sandwiched them between two layers of conducting material. (integrityresearchinstitute.org)

Eukaryotic3

• Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
• F-type ATPases are found in eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts as well as in bacteria. (tcdb.org)
• All eukaryotic F-type ATPases pump 3-4 H + out of mitochondria, or into thylakoids of chloroplasts, per ATP hydrolyzed. (tcdb.org)

Leaf7

• Thylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts affect appetite-regulating hormones, suppress food intake, reduce blood lipids and lead to a decreased body weight in animals and human subjects. (lu.se)
• In chloroplast isolation method, first the cell wall is broken mechanically using a blender or homogenizer and then subjected to filtration to remove the unbroken leaf tissue and the cellular debris. (microbenotes.com)
• Take freshly harvested leaf (spinach) 35 g (wet wt. (microbenotes.com)
• And so I've realized that there was no cheating in the case of my lovely spinach, and that every leaf is fruit of my own creative work. (ritaottramstad.com)
• So, I searched spinach recipes and found one that required almost every leaf I'd grown. (ritaottramstad.com)
• Chloroplasts in a plant cell, in this case a spinach leaf. (odranoel.eu)
• In the present study, we determined GLX1 and GLX2 activities in spinach chloroplasts, which constituted 40% and 10%, respectively, of the total leaf glyoxalase activity. (bvsalud.org)

Thylakoid membranes2

• Inside the chloroplasts, the stacks of thylakoid membranes are where the action takes place. (odranoel.eu)
• RESULTS: Thylakoid membranes isolated from spinach were used as an emulsifier/stabiliser in oil (triglyceride)-in-water emulsions. (lu.se)

Algae7

• Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of dinophyte algae are a notable exception-their genome is broken up into about forty small plasmids, each 2,000-10,000 base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
• Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. (wikipedia.org)
• Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. (wikipedia.org)
• In primitive red algae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of a chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. (wikipedia.org)
• 500 individuals) and their prey algae, we show that the plastoquinone pool of slug chloroplasts remains oxidized, which can suppress reactive oxygen species formation. (elifesciences.org)
• Plants, algae and a few other organisms rely on a process known as photosynthesis to fuel themselves, as they can harness cellular structures called chloroplasts to convert light into usable energy. (elifesciences.org)
• The sea slug Elysia timida , however, can steal whole chloroplasts from the cells of the algae it consumes: the stolen structures then become part of the cells in the gut of the slug, allowing the animal to gain energy from sunlight. (elifesciences.org)

Mitochondria1

• Electron cryoEM structures of mitochondrial, chloroplast, and bacterial ATP synthases have revealed the architecture of the FO region, helping to explain the mechanisms of proton translocation, dimerization of the enzyme in mitochondria, and cristae formation. (tcdb.org)

Proteins2

• Spinach proteins can create electricity. (integrityresearchinstitute.org)
• The chloroplast fraction can be further extracted to obtain membrane, stroma, or thylakoid proteins as well as chloroplastic DNA and RNA. (microbenotes.com)

Kale1

• Solarplast® is a trademark of Deerland Enzymes, Inc. There is a high concentration of chloroplasts and chloroplast fractions that are rich in nutrients in the biomass of green leafy vegetables like spinach and kale. (purelifenutrition.com)

Chlorophyll2

• Inside the chloroplast, the pigment chlorophyll seems to turn light into matter, in fact using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules. (odranoel.eu)
• The results suggest that Se is an antioxidant or it activates protective mechanisms, which can alleviate oxidative stress in the chloroplasts, and improve the recovery of chlorophyll content following light stress. (typeset.io)

Cyanobacteria1

• Chloroplasts were free-living cyanobacteria once. (odranoel.eu)

Photosynthesis5

• A chloroplast is the biological part of a photosynthetic organism that is responsible for photosynthesis. (naturalnews.com)
• Animals typically lack chloroplasts, making them unable to use photosynthesis to power themselves. (elifesciences.org)
• The chloroplast is an important organelle found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis. (microbenotes.com)
• Chloroplasts are found in the cells of plants that conduct photosynthesis. (odranoel.eu)
• On the basis of these findings and the phylogeny of GLX in oxygenic phototrophs, we propose that the GLX system scavenges MG produced in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. (bvsalud.org)

Electron3

• The existence of chloroplast DNA was identified biochemically in 1959, and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962. (wikipedia.org)
• Finally, our results suggest that chloroplasts inside E. timida rely on oxygen-dependent electron sinks during rapid changes in light intensity. (elifesciences.org)
• Chloroplasts are the best starting material for studies of chloroplastic processes such as carbon assimilation, electron flow and phosphorylation, metabolic transport, or protein targeting. (microbenotes.com)

Plants1

• This is why all of my spinach plants were ready to harvest at the same time. (ritaottramstad.com)

Functional2

• Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown. (elifesciences.org)
• Once stolen, the chloroplasts, now termed kleptoplasts, remain functional inside the slug's cells for several weeks, essentially creating a photosynthetic slug. (elifesciences.org)

Gene2

• Maintenance of chloroplast structure and function by overexpression of the rice MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE gene leads to enhanced salt tolerance in tobacco. (microbenotes.com)
• Plant Ribonuclease J: An Essential Player in Maintaining Chloroplast RNA Quality Control for Gene Expression. (btiscience.org)

Excitation1

• Slug chloroplasts also rapidly build up a strong proton-motive force upon a dark-to-light transition, which helps them to rapidly switch on photoprotective non-photochemical quenching of excitation energy. (elifesciences.org)

Species1

• Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced. (wikipedia.org)

Plant1

• Normally, chloroplasts break down within a few hours after they are extracted from a plant. (naturalnews.com)

Sunlight1

• It is not clear then how the sea slug extends the lifespan of its chloroplasts by preventing damage caused by sunlight. (elifesciences.org)

Found2

• Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast. (wikipedia.org)
• We found that the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts it steals from the alga Acetabularia acetabulum . (elifesciences.org)

Organelle1

• More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. (wikipedia.org)

Cells1

• Early chloroplasts were probably independent bacteria that were captured and 'domesticated' by other cells for their ability to extract energy from the sun. (elifesciences.org)

Green1

• The intact chloroplast sediments to the bottom of the tube after Percoll centrifugation as a green pellet. (microbenotes.com)

Carbon1

• Furthermore, they incorporated intact but non-living spinach chloroplasts into the gel to serve as catalysts for the carbon-fixing process. (naturalnews.com)

High2

• Plastocyanin redox kinetics in spinach chloroplasts: evidence for disequilibrium in the high potential chain. (mpg.de)
• Further characterization of Trp-14 using chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas indicated that substitution of D1 Trp-14 to Phe, mimicking Trp oxidation enhanced FtsH-mediated D1 degradation under high light, although the substitution did not affect protein stability and PSII activity. (elifesciences.org)

Mechanisms1

• These photoprotective mechanisms are expected to contribute to the long-term functionality of the chloroplasts inside the slugs. (elifesciences.org)

Leaves2

• Each chloroplast contains around 100 copies of its DNA in young leaves, declining to 15-20 copies in older leaves. (wikipedia.org)
• So, when I really looked at it one recent morning while letting the dogs out to pee, I was rather astonished to see that the spinach and lettuce had exploded into lush, vibrant leaves. (ritaottramstad.com)

Tend2

• It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. (wikipedia.org)
• Poems, I think, tend to grow much like my spinach. (ritaottramstad.com)

Evidence1

• Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that chloroplast DNA more commonly takes a linear shape. (wikipedia.org)

Light1

• First, when exposed to light the stolen chloroplasts can quickly switch on a mechanism that dissipates light energy to heat, which is less damaging. (elifesciences.org)

Cell1

• Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)

Power1

• Spinach power is not just for Popeye, it could work for computers too. (integrityresearchinstitute.org)

Intact1

• Carefully remove the upper layer of the chloroplast suspension leaving only the pellet containing the intact chloroplast. (microbenotes.com)

Longer2

• Once they are in the digestive system of the slug, the chloroplasts survive and keep working for longer than expected. (elifesciences.org)
• Overall, these measures may reduce the efficiency of the chloroplasts but allow them to keep working for much longer. (elifesciences.org)

Important1

• There is one other important way in which my spinach is like a poem: It is just as impractically lovely and nourishing as any poem I've ever written. (ritaottramstad.com)

Process2

• The transplanted chloroplasts in the gel perform this process as well. (naturalnews.com)
• I'm realizing that whether I am growing poems or spinach, there is a vital part of the process that requires me to leave things alone. (ritaottramstad.com)

Material1

• They are also improving the characteristics of the material, such as non-biological catalysts that can replace the chloroplasts. (naturalnews.com)