Specific olfaction neurons encodes. Medical search. Frequent questions

18 F-Dopa is taken up by the terminals of dopamine neurons and converted to 18 F-dopamine. (medscape.com)

Or83b encodes a broadly expressed odorant receptor essential for Drosophila olfaction. (ox.ac.uk)
Most Drosophila olfactory neurons express two types of odorant receptor genes: Or83b, a broadly expressed receptor of unknown function, and one or more members of a family of 61 selectively expressed receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
Olfactory Neurons and Brain Centers Directing Oviposition Decisions in Drosophila. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
To address this, we developed a genetic method in Drosophila called olfactogenetics in which a narrowly tuned odorant receptor, Or56a, is ectopically expressed in different olfactory neuron types. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
Following heterologous expression in the empty neuron system of Drosophila melanogaster , we show by single sensillum recordings that CpomOR19 and SlitOR19 show similar affinity to several substituted indanes. (frontiersin.org)
Similar to the majority of vertebrate neurons, the Drosophila da neurons show clear dendrite vs. axon polarity including the orientations of microtubules (MT). It is well known from numerous studies in various organisms that MT cytoskeleton plays a major role for the proper establishment and maintenance of neuronal architecture. (ucsf.edu)
We recently found that Golgi outposts serve this role in the dendrites of Drosophila da neurons. (ucsf.edu)
For example, in the Drosophila PNS, the Zn-finger containing protein Hamlet functions as a binary switch between the elaborate multiple dendrite morphology of da neurons and the single, un-branched dendrite morphology of external sensory (es) neurons. (ucsf.edu)

Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons and are responsible for the detection of odorants (for example, compounds that have an odor) which give rise to the sense of smell. (wikipedia.org)
Rather than binding specific ligands, olfactory receptors display affinity for a range of odor molecules, and conversely a single odorant molecule may bind to a number of olfactory receptors with varying affinities, which depend on physio-chemical properties of molecules like their molecular volumes. (wikipedia.org)
Once the odorant has bound to the odor receptor, the receptor undergoes structural changes and it binds and activates the olfactory-type G protein on the inside of the olfactory receptor neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Two models could account for Or83b function: it could interact with specific odor stimuli independent of conventional odorant receptors, or it could act in concert with these receptors to mediate responses to all odors. (ox.ac.uk)
Or83b therefore encodes an atypical odorant receptor that plays an essential general role in olfaction. (ox.ac.uk)
Since each receptor is presumably capable of binding a specific odorant, it seems very likely that mice can detect a large number of different smells. (blogspot.com)
The more kinds of active receptors present in the sensory neurons of the nasal cavity, the greater the capacity to detect low concentrations of odorant. (blogspot.com)
This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)
We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)
Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
These receptors are present on dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons found in the main olfactory or vomeronasal sensory epithelia, and are involved in the odorant, trace amineassociated receptor and vomeronasal type 1 receptor superfamilies. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)

We and others have shown that the firing patterns of these neurons contain information about the identity, concentration, and timing of odorants. (nih.gov)
The authors then tried to correlate ability to detect low levels of these odorants with the presence of specific markers for alleles of olfactory receptor genes. (blogspot.com)
Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)
This may suggest gender-specific differences in the ability to detect distinct odorants, specifically human host-derived volatiles. (ijbs.com)
Insects detect and discriminate volatile odorants by means of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) located in sensory structures called olfactory sensilla. (ijbs.com)
Mammalian genomes encode hundreds of olfactory receptors, allowing us to sense many diverse odorants, but each olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of receptor, which is determined by the stochastic and monoallelic choice of a single olfactory receptor gene for expression. (monahanlab.com)
This singular receptor controls olfactory neuron identity by determining the set of odorants that each olfactory neuron can recognize and by determining the set of downstream connection it will make in the olfactory bulb. (monahanlab.com)
Non-volatile odorants, including many pheromones and other odorants that drive innate responses, are primarily detected by sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ. (monahanlab.com)

KCs would thus receive alternating waves of excitation from PNs and inhibition from LHIs, which together define temporal integration windows that help maintain the minimal and specific odor-elicited spiking observed in KCs. (jneurosci.org)
Our results are inconsistent with widely accepted views on the composition of the LH, on the mechanisms underlying the sparseness of odor representations and the decoding of the PN input in KCs, and on the role of different LHNs in encoding innate preferences. (jneurosci.org)
found that a subset of neurons called inhibitory projection neurons processes information about whether the odor is attractive or repulsive, and that a second subset of these neurons process information about the intensity of the odor. (elifesciences.org)
Olfaction is now widely understood to require a high-dimensional representation - there exists no systematic, mathematically compact means to represent the odor world. (nih.gov)
Across species, large numbers of odor receptor neurons with diverse sensitivities line peripheral structures. (nih.gov)
If this assumption is correct then it should be possible to identify specific olfactory receptor genes that are responsible for the diversity in odor detection. (blogspot.com)
Although specific odors can trigger innate responses, most odor stimuli acquire behavioral significance upon learning and experience. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
His study in Neuroscience concentrates on Ventral tegmental area, Dopamine, Rostromedial tegmental nucleus, Odor and Neuron. (research.com)
His study in Olfactory system, Odor, Neuron, Sensory system and Olfaction are all subfields of Neuroscience. (research.com)

The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
Further, all LHNs we observed responded to all odors we tested, making it unlikely these LHNs serve as labeled lines mediating specific behavioral responses to specific odors. (jneurosci.org)
Moreover, functional imaging disclosed a LH region tuned to repulsive odors comprised exclusively of third-order neurons. (elifesciences.org)
Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)
Locusts, on the other hand, employ a temporal approach to encoding information about odors. (elifesciences.org)
shows that certain qualities of odors are contained in a spatial map in a specific brain region of the fly. (elifesciences.org)
Through the actions of interglomerular circuitry, principal neurons respond to odors with complex patterns of action potentials. (nih.gov)
Further, spikes from many principal neurons tend to fire together in oscillatory synchrony that is required for precise discrimination of odors. (nih.gov)
Smell and taste disorders can be total (all odors or tastes), partial (affecting several odors or tastes), or specific (only one or a select few odors or tastes). (medscape.com)
1. This book incorporates both non-human animal and human models of reciprocity among odors, olfaction, neuroendocrinology, and behavior. (microrna.pro)

green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions revealed egl-2 expression in a subset of neurons and muscles that could explain the mutant behavioral defects. (jneurosci.org)

The cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels which allow calcium and sodium ions to enter into the cell, depolarizing the olfactory receptor neuron and beginning an action potential which carries the information to the brain. (wikipedia.org)

In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in both the cilia and synapses of the olfactory sensory neurons and in the epithelium of the human airway. (wikipedia.org)
Golebiowski, Ma and Matsunami showed that the mechanism of ligand recognition, although similar to other non-olfactory class A GPCRs, involves residues specific to olfactory receptors, notably in the sixth helix. (wikipedia.org)
A common clade in the phylogenetic tree of 68 Gr s, which includes the cluster of Gr64 and Gr5a , encodes sugar receptors. (molcells.org)
Among vertebrates, the sense of smell is mediated by olfactory receptors (ORs) expressed in sensory neurons within the olfactory epithelium [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The sensory experience is produced by stimulation of specific receptors in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)

The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)

However, coumarin feeding could be inhibited through activation of the aversive gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs), but not the olfactory receptor neurons. (molcells.org)
The L-type or S-type hair sensillum contains four gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) that respond to sugar, water, and salt concentration. (molcells.org)
The receptor neurons project brain-ward, sorting by receptor type, and converging upon relatively small numbers of inter-connected glomeruli. (nih.gov)
In female mosquitoes, AgOR1-expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) were almost exclusively segregated in segments 3 to 9, whereas AgOR2-expressing ORNs were distributed over flagellomeres 2 to 13. (ijbs.com)
Most of its olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs, for short) project to both sides of the brain. (mappingignorance.org)

In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. (elifesciences.org)
Projection neurons partnering with these OSNs share a region of innervation in the lateral horn, suggesting that oviposition site selection might be encoded in this brain region. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
The circle marks the synapsis to the sister projection neurons (PNs), which serve as a kind of "extension cords" that convey the signal to the rest of the fly. (mappingignorance.org)
In Figure 1 b you can see what you get when you measure the spikes from the projection neurons (post-synaptic). (mappingignorance.org)
DM6 and DM1 are two different neuronal glomeruli to which the ORNs connect (each "likes" a certain odour better), and what they measured was the rate at which the projection neurons (that came after the synapsis, remember) fired when stimulated. (mappingignorance.org)

The olfactory receptor encoded by this gene responded to isovaleric acid whereas the pseudogene produced no response and other intact genes did not respond to this ligand. (blogspot.com)
The results demonstrate a direct link between phenotpypic variation in human olfaction and olfactory receptor gene polymorphisms. (blogspot.com)
We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans egl-2 gene encodes an eag K + channel and that a gain-of-function mutation in egl-2 blocks excitation in neurons and muscles by causing the channel to open at inappropriately negative voltages. (jneurosci.org)
Developmental regulation of interchromosomal enhancer interactions - The contacts among olfactory receptor enhancers are exquisitely specific and their formation is developmentally timed to coincide with the onset of strong olfactory receptor gene expression. (monahanlab.com)
Both Gre proteins encoded in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene expression profiles of fathers from our previous analysis (Fig 4B). (margottriesthegoodlife.com)
They are similar to the four known olfactory receptor gene classes, these genes encode seven-transmembrane proteins, and are characterized by monogenic transcription and a punctate expression pattern in the sensory neuroepithelium. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)

Compared to the vertebrate, the insect nervous system contains relatively few neurons, most of which are readily accessible for electrophysiological study. (nih.gov)
Given the degree of neuronal pathway conservation between C. elegans and vertebrates, understanding how social recognition occurs in the worm nervous system can provide insights into how vertebrate neural systems encode social information. (wpi.edu)

These neurons are found in brain tissue responsible for integrating, coordinating, and directing reproductive endocrine function in organs that comprise the organ systems known to influence mammalian reproductive sexual behavior and human sexuality. (microrna.pro)
The newly described formyl peptide receptor-related genes and vomeronasal sensory neurons, are found in multiple mammalian species. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)

T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. (thermofisher.com)

Stimulation with geosmin (the only known Or56a ligand) in an Or56a mutant background leads to specific activation of only target olfactory neuron types. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

To internally reflect the sensory environment, animals create neural maps encoding the external stimulus space. (elifesciences.org)
To unravel the neural underpinnings and to dissect out the causality between circuits and disorder phenotypes, brain areas that are capable of encoding sensation as well as cognition can be directly studied in animal models. (nature.com)
Now, by analyzing both the neural activity and the behavior of mice in unprecedented detail, researchers have revealed a surprising explanation for much of that variability: Throughout the brain, even in low-level sensory areas like the visual cortex, neurons encode information about far more than their immediately relevant task. (quantamagazine.org)
Dendrite arborization patterns are critical determinants of neural circuit formation and influence the type of synaptic or sensory inputs a neuron is able to receive. (ucsf.edu)
But, as usual when neurons are involved, the complexity of neural arrays makes understanding of the process at the organ or even organism level a daunting one. (mappingignorance.org)

More specifically, we seek to understand how neurons interpret social signals, both individually and as members of circuits, producing specific behaviors in C. elegans . (wpi.edu)
Some thousands (correct me if I'm wrong) of olfactory neurons, that hang on the top border of your nose ( ethmoid bone ), send signals through the olfactory tract all the way to the olfactory or piriform cortex. (radevic.com)
Although the neurons between the limbic system parts go into an loop, the system has several cut-points, points where the axons are connected with other neurons, therefore points where new signals take place in the loop. (radevic.com)

We are presently applying the "toolkit" we have used to study olfaction (relatively simple experimental systems, tight control over stimulus timing, simultaneous recordings from multiple neurons, point-to-point analysis of information flow, and statistical tests of information content) to study gustation. (nih.gov)
And the other thing they found was that the ipsilateral neurons of the bilateral pair, that is, the neurons that were on the same side of the body that the stimulus was coming from, reacted faster and more frequently than the contralateral ones (the ones on the opposite side), thus allowing the lateralizationbehaviour. (mappingignorance.org)
What the data show instead is a marked bias, in both glomeruli, towards the ipsilateral (same side as the stimulus) neurons. (mappingignorance.org)

Our results thus establish the role of specific inhibitory circuit in pre-cortical sensory area in orchestrating ELA-dependent changes. (nature.com)
These glomeruli contain and share excitatory and inhibitory local interneurons and mainly excitatory principal neurons. (nih.gov)

instead, it appears that another mechanism, feedback inhibition from the giant GABAergic neuron, serves this function. (jneurosci.org)
this is no novelty, and at the single-molecule and single-neuron level the mechanism (how a molecule triggers a specific receptor which in turn fires a set of neurons, provoking a physiological response) is fairly understood. (mappingignorance.org)

Crabtree, in 1978, had previously suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" for strong-smelling volatiles which are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols. (wikipedia.org)

2022). Brain-wide bidirectional neuropeptide modulation of individual neuron classes regulates a developmental decision. (caltech.edu)
Dendrite specific developmental regulators. (ucsf.edu)

A paper by Riviere et al in Nature May 2009 ) describes the identification of a chemosensory neuron in the rodent nose that responds to stimuli associated with cell damage, disease and inflammation, These results should help us to understand how animals identify pathogens or assess the health status of potential partners. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)

The ability to store and retrieve associations between specific sensory stimuli and behaviorally relevant information is a vital memory function: it allows the organism to adapt its behavior based on prior experience. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

focused on a population of interneurons in the LH [LHIs, a subtype of LH neurons (LHNs)] that extends processes to the MB and appears to be GABAergic. (jneurosci.org)

Our results of our physiological and behavioral experiments suggest the gustatory system encodes information not about basic taste categories, but rather about the identities of individual tastants. (nih.gov)
In conjunction with its social-behavioral repertoire, we can understand how the nervous system detects, encodes, and transmits sensory information underlying social behaviors: such as finding a mate, avoiding unfavorable conditions or parenting and bonding. (wpi.edu)

To find out, the authors expressed a genetically-encoded calcium indicator called GCaMP3.0 in the ORNs (pre-synaptic). (mappingignorance.org)

Ongoing advances in genetics permit targeting specific neurons for optogenetic or electrophysiological recording or manipulations of activity. (nih.gov)
We used online position tracking, high-density extracellular recordings and closed-loop manipulations to trigger optogenetic silencing of a subset of CA1 pyramidal neurons, selectively during SPW-Rs at goal locations. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

Olfaction is a central sensory modality in rodents as it supports an array of crucial behaviors such as predator avoidance, feeding, reproduction, maternal behavior and social interactions. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)

His Sensory system study combines topics from a wide range of disciplines, such as Theta rhythm, Olfaction, Olfactory perception and Communication. (research.com)

When the signal (odour) starts, the ipsilateral neuron (green) reacts earlier and more frequently (with more spikes, see the enlarged segment) than the contralateral neuron (in black). (mappingignorance.org)

Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)

Encoding of natural sounds by variance of the cortical local field potential. (uni-bielefeld.de)

Rodent studies showed that during SPW-Rs, neurons coding for specific locations in space ("place cells") replay previous waking activity patterns, corresponding to entire spatial trajectories. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

We demonstrate that iPNs are subdivided into two morphological groups encoding positive hedonic valence or intensity information and conveying these features into separate domains in the LH. (elifesciences.org)

We use the fly transgenic technique to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the dendritic arborization (da) neurons, a group of sensory neurons with a stereotyped dendritic branching pattern. (ucsf.edu)

In most cell types these genes are dispersed throughout the nucleus, but in olfactory sensory neurons they come together in 3D space to form large heterochromatic chromatin hubs. (monahanlab.com)

Remarkably, three encode components of the secretory pathway. (ucsf.edu)

Zhuang, Matsunami and Block, in 2012, confirmed the Crabtree/Suslick proposal for the specific case of a mouse OR, MOR244-3, showing that copper is essential for detection of certain thiols and other sulfur-containing compounds. (wikipedia.org)

The projections of principal neurons lead to large populations of follower neurons in brain areas that have been linked to learning and memory. (nih.gov)
Focusing on interpreting olfactory dysfunction in neurological disorders, we aim to understand how olfaction is coded in the brain. (wpi.edu)
At every moment, neurons whisper, shout, sputter and sing, filling the brain with a dizzying cacophony of voices. (quantamagazine.org)
Since scientists first became capable of recording from single neurons 60 years ago, they've known that brain activity is highly variable, even when there's no obvious reason it should be. (quantamagazine.org)
Each sniff you take is "encoded" to several bits of local depolarisations, if they're enough they're added up and create an action potential and finally sent towards your brain, an impulse to the limbic system in our case. (radevic.com)
From there, the amygdala send direct orders to the brain to bring me a sense of euphoria or satisfaction and the hippocampus retrieves the information from the long-term memory "database" about the specific smell. (radevic.com)
Sexual Paradox in the Conscious Brain , 2003 with work on mirror neurons and sexual differences. (dhushara.com)
So, what do you do when you can see what happens inside a neuron but going all the way to what happens in the brain proves a bit too complicated? (mappingignorance.org)

They also provide general afferent neurons to the mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue. (medscape.com)

Wiring mechanisms for olfaction and vision-not completely different after all. (znznews.ch)

Thus, human pheromones may fulfill the biological criteria required to link at least one aspect of a sensory-based, nurturing, social environment: olfaction, to the genetic nature of human behavior through a five-step pathway common to all terrestrial mammals and to many other vertebrates. (microrna.pro)

Mammals rely heavily on olfaction to interact adequately with each other and with their environment. (nutrition-nutritionists.com)

We try to answer these questions by combining mouse genetics with molecular and genomic analysis of olfactory neurons in vivo. (monahanlab.com)

Anatomy87

Organisms27

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Psychiatry and Psychology18

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care3

Dopamine Neurons1

Drosophila8

Odorant12

Odorants9

Odor9

Odors10

Subset of neurons1

Depolarizing the olfactory1

Receptors5

Sensory neuron1

Receptor neurons5

Projection6

Gene6

Vertebrate2

Mammalian2

Genes encode1

Stimulation1

Neural5

Signals3

Stimulus3

Inhibitory2

Mechanism2

Volatiles1

Developmental2

Chemosensory1

Stimuli1

Processes1

Behavioral2

ORNs1

Optogenetic2

Avoidance1

Epithelium1

Theta1

Odour1

Elegans1

Cortical1

Rodent1

Hedonic1

Dendritic1

Nucleus1

Remarkably1

Detection1

Brain8

Posterior1

Mechanisms1

Behavior1

Rely1

Genetics1