Species neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

demonstrate through studies on induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons that miR-33a is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of SPG4-related hereditary spastic paraplegia. (portlandpress.com)
Hodgkin-Huxley models of different classes of cortical neurons (Pospischil et al. (yale.edu)
The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of cortical neurons were analyzed from several preparations, and we selected the four most prominent electrophysiological classes of neurons. (yale.edu)
The main structural feature of the cerebral cortex is the arrangement of cortical neurons and glial cells in layers that run parallel to the surface of the brain. (springer.com)
These layers are not homogeneous from one cortical area to another but vary systematically in gradients of laminar elaboration that have been traced across the cortical quilt of all the species of mammals examined so far. (springer.com)
Fig. 2: Comparing cortical interneurons within regions and across species. (nature.com)
To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)
It also has a role in neurogenesis by promoting survival and growth of dorsal root ganglion cells, and hippocampal and cortical neurons (Binder & Scharfman). (stemcell.com)
Third and most intriguing to a neuroscientific nerd like me is that patients with FTD experience an initial loss of a special population of cortical neurons located within the salience network in our brains, called the von Economo neurons. (medscape.com)

The striatum is comprised primarily of medium spiny neurons, interneurons and glial cells such as astrocytes. (elifesciences.org)
BDNF, together with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and other supplements, is commonly used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells into neurons (Brafman). (stemcell.com)
We will assess the number of neurons and glial cells in the brains in an array of species from all major lineages of reptiles and birds. (lu.se)
The first part of the thesis (Paper I, II, III) shows the development and improvement of a hESC-based system of for virus-mediated direct reprogramming of human glial progenitor cells into both induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) and GABAergic interneurons. (lu.se)

It is expressed in developing neurons and glia, is known to catalyze the generation of phosphoenolpyruvate, and is suggested to possess neurotrophic activity for neurons, likely through an extracellular mechanism. (rndsystems.com)
The brain contains at least ten times more glia than neurons. (brainfacts.org)
Researchers have known for a while that glia transport nutrients to neurons, clean up brain debris, digest parts of dead neurons, and help hold neurons in place. (brainfacts.org)
In this thesis, human glia-to-neuron direct conversion and engineered viral vectors are explored using pre-clinical in vitro and ex vivo models. (lu.se)

Special series featured on Knowing Neurons include the weekly 52 Brain Facts infographics than ran from 2015 to 2016 and the series Weird Animal Brains on comparative neurobiology that debuted in 2016. (wikipedia.org)
Special series of infographics produced by Knowing Neurons include 52 Brain Facts and Weird Animal Brains. (wikipedia.org)
p. 85) How is this managed by ants with very small brains (200,000 to 250,000 neurons) and very limited individuality? (mindmatters.ai)
Researchers compared the brains of lizards and mice to see if similar neurons in both species were concentrated in certain areas of the brain. (bigthink.com)
In a recently published study [1], the researchers managed to determine the density and number of neurons in the brains of a variety of organisms, says Mathias. (lu.se)

Stylized axon arbor of a neuron. (analytica-world.com)
The specific balance that biological neurons are designed to accommodate is called the refraction ratio: it's the ratio between the refractory period of a neuron--when the neuron is unable to process incoming signals since its ion channels are resetting after being flooded with sodium-- and the signal latency of information traveling down the axon. (analytica-world.com)
Puppo used the 3D morphological data to reconstruct a graph-based model of the neurons' axons and axon branches. (analytica-world.com)
By identifying similar reprograming in non-injured, demyelinated neurons, our study suggests that this reprograming represents a non-cell autonomous transcriptional response of sensory neurons to the loss of axon-Schwann cell interactions. (biorxiv.org)
Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. (brainfacts.org)
Each mammalian neuron consists of a cell body , dendrites , and an axon . (brainfacts.org)

The motifs shared by neural and genetic networks may serve to filter noise or allow for complex activation of neurons or genes. (scienceblog.com)
This journey, which now goes back to the oldest with surplus reality and role reverse, will enable the activation of neurons from the most primitive subcortical structures to the prefrontal cortex. (bvsalud.org)

How do one hundred billion neurons operate in our brain? (scienceblog.com)
The mammalian brain contains between 100 million and 100 billion neurons, depending on the species. (brainfacts.org)

To understand the parallel evolution of these genes in the kisspeptin neuronal systems, we here propose that the steroid sensitivity helps to identify the functionally equivalent neuronal populations among different species, because the steroid sensitivity appears to be the evolutionarily well conserved feature of certain populations of the kisspeptin neurons. (frontiersin.org)
The neuronal proteins are homologous to the embryonic lethal abnormal visual (ELAV) protein in Drosophila species. (medscape.com)
Direct neuronal reprogramming of a somatic cell into therapeutic neurons, without a transient pluripotent state, provides new promise for the large number of individuals afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury. (lu.se)
The selective neuronal dysfunction and subsequent loss of neurons in the striatum, cerebral cortex, and other parts of the brain can explain the clinical picture seen in cases of HD. (medscape.com)

These glomeruli contain and share excitatory and inhibitory local interneurons and mainly excitatory principal neurons. (nih.gov)

Why are neuron axons long and spindly? (analytica-world.com)
A team of bioengineers at UC San Diego has answered a question that has long puzzled neuroscientists, and may hold a key to better understanding the complexities of neurological disorders: Why are axons , the spindly arms extending from neurons that transmit information from neuron to neuron in the brain , designed the way they are? (analytica-world.com)
Conversely, they're not optimized for speed, as recent studies have shown that axons don't fire as fast as they physically could, since this would overwhelm the neuron and lead to a loss of network activity. (analytica-world.com)
The answer--that axons are designed and optimized to balance the speed that information flows into the neuron relative to the time it takes the neuron to process that information--seems intuitive, but has never been quantified until now. (analytica-world.com)
The glomerular layer receives direct input from olfactory nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa , a region of the nasal cavity . (wikidoc.org)
The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor . (wikidoc.org)
As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). (wikidoc.org)
It is not made up of myocytes, like our muscles, but rather millions of neurons that are interconnected by axons and dendrites. (cognifit.com)
Spinal nerve transection (mechanical injury of axons) and demyelination (intact axons) induces similar transcriptional responses in DRG neurons. (biorxiv.org)
The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from other neurons. (brainfacts.org)
When neurons receive or send messages, they transmit electrical impulses along their axons, which can range in length from a tiny fraction of an inch (or centimeter) to three feet (about one meter) or more. (brainfacts.org)

We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)

We review here the development of Hodgkin- Huxley (HH) type models of cerebral cortex and thalamic neurons for network simulations. (yale.edu)

Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
PNS injuries initiate transcriptional reprograming in both Schwann cells and sensory neurons that promotes regeneration. (biorxiv.org)
While the factors that initiate the transcriptional reprograming in Schwann cells are well characterized, the full range of stimuli that initiate this reprograming in sensory neurons remain elusive. (biorxiv.org)
By profiling sensory ganglia at single-cell resolution we show that this demyelination induces transcriptional reprogramming preferably in proprioceptive and Aβ RA-LTMR neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Transcriptional reprograming is assumed to be a cell autonomous response of sensory neurons to mechanical axonal injury. (biorxiv.org)
Schwann cell loss results in transcriptional reprograming in specific sensory neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Demyelination of the PNS dramatically affects sensory neurons and leads to loss of sensation, and in some patients, debilitating neuropathic pain. (biorxiv.org)
The study's first author, Dr. Wen Zhang, a postdoctoral researcher in the Artis laboratory, added, "Defining a previously unknown sensory function for these specific neurons in influencing the microbiota adds a new level of understanding to host-microbiota interactions. (sciencedaily.com)
Are Sensory Neurons in the Cortex Committed to Original Trigger Features? (intechopen.com)

Recent literature on the kisspeptin of non-mammalian species suggests that the kiss1 and kiss2 systems may have undergone such evolutionary processes. (frontiersin.org)
We share this special von Economo machinery with great apes , whales , elephants , and a handful of other especially social mammalian species. (medscape.com)

More interestingly, the kisspeptin neurons have been shown to express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), while the GnRH neurons express kisspeptin receptors, and kisspeptin depolarizes GnRH1 neurons in mice. (frontiersin.org)
The researchers found that silencing these TRPV1 receptors in gut nerves, or deleting TRPV1-expressing neurons, led to much worse inflammation and tissue damage in IBD mouse models, whereas activating the receptors had a protective effect. (sciencedaily.com)

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) think they've found the source of that motivation in a group of little-studied neurons in part of the brain called the dorsal raphe nucleus. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Stimulating these neurons drives isolated mice to find friends, according to research ( Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation ) published earlier this year in the journal Cell . (bibliotecapleyades.net)
1987. The influence of skeletal muscle on the electrical excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture. (cdc.gov)

Illustration representing astrocyte responsiveness to dopamine and the bidirectional communication flow between astrocytes and neurons with depression of excitatory post synaptic currents. (nature.com)
Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, finding out molecular mechanisms by which reactive astrocytes can be coaxed into neurons will be of utmost importance for regenerative therapies as these astrocytes are the imminent cell types around the lesion site. (frontiersin.org)

We characterized CL and PS oxidation products formed in a model system (cyt c/H2O2), in apoptotic cells (neurons, pulmonary artery endothelial cells) and mouse lung under inflammatory/oxidative stress conditions (hyperoxia, inhalation of single walled carbon nanotube s). (cdc.gov)

Taken together these separate lines of evidence suggest that the effects of GABA in central neurons can be mediated by heteromeric complexes of GABA A and GABA C receptor subunits. (jneurosci.org)
By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the retina , many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time. (wikidoc.org)
Across species, large numbers of odor receptor neurons with diverse sensitivities line peripheral structures. (nih.gov)
The receptor neurons project brain-ward, sorting by receptor type, and converging upon relatively small numbers of inter-connected glomeruli. (nih.gov)
These gut-innervating pain neurons, whose cell bodies sit in the lower spine, express a surface protein called TRPV1, which serves as a receptor for pain-related signals. (sciencedaily.com)

Although later stages of PD resemble those seen in Alzheimer's disease, PD is first and foremost a movement disorder, and studies to understand it's underlying causes must focus on understanding why PD is specifically characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra. (elifesciences.org)
Due to mechanisms that are still insufficiently understood, the specific degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta leads to resting tremor, bradykinesia, and gait- and balance deficits. (lu.se)
Because of this local degeneration of a relatively small population of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, PD has been considered an especially interesting candidate for cell-replacement therapy. (lu.se)
First, we utilized single cell sequencing to dissect the differentiation of stem cells to midbrain dopaminergic neurons. (lu.se)

Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)
In a subset of 70 species, we will look more closely at the distribution of neurons in specific areas of the telencephalon, the brain part that is traditionally associated with cognition. (lu.se)
Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable, adult-onset, autosomal dominant inherited disorder associated with cell loss within a specific subset of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex. (medscape.com)

We should consider that the physiological functions of each kisspeptin neuron population may not be assessed only by such analyses, because the pharmacological administration may activate unexpected signaling pathways apart from the actual kisspeptin neuron networks. (frontiersin.org)

Here, we argue that the steroid sensitivity of the kiss1 or kiss2 neurons has been well conserved during evolution among tetrapods and teleosts, and thus it may be the key to understanding the functional homologies of certain populations of kisspeptin ( kiss1 or kiss2 ) neurons among different species of vertebrates. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, we may be able to correlate the functional properties of the different populations of kisspeptin neurons in various species by using the sex steroid sensitivity as more physiological criteria. (frontiersin.org)
The projections of principal neurons lead to large populations of follower neurons in brain areas that have been linked to learning and memory. (nih.gov)
The investigators observed that the worsened inflammation and tissue damage in TRPV1-blocked mice were associated with changes in the relative populations of different species of gut bacteria. (sciencedaily.com)

In 2022, the Knowing Neurons team under the leadership of Arielle Hogan and Alba Peris-Yagüe received a second Society for Neuroscience Science Education and Outreach: Next Generation Award for their work on translating the site into Spanish Knowing Neurons has been partnered with digital magazine Aeon since 2016. (wikipedia.org)

The study used a dataset from the NeuroMorpho database that looked at a type of neuron called basket cells. (analytica-world.com)
Glomeruli are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells , which in turn output to the olfactory cortex . (wikidoc.org)
Cells within the nervous system, called neurons, communicate with each other in unique ways. (brainfacts.org)
The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. (brainfacts.org)
Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. (brainfacts.org)
Our results demonstrate the usefulness of this approach for quantitative assessments, identification of individual molecular species and structural characterization of anionic phospholipids that are involved in oxidative modification in cells and tissues. (cdc.gov)
Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells. (bvsalud.org)
This approach could be potentially applied directly in the brain by targeting resident cells as a source of new neurons. (lu.se)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases are characterized by steady, relentless, progressive degeneration of corticospinal tracts, anterior horn cells, bulbar motor nuclei, or a combination. (msdmanuals.com)
PCB methyl sulphones and related compounds: Identification of target cells and tissues in different species. (cdc.gov)

Only a modest fraction of the genes identified as 'markers' of specific interneuron subtypes in any one species had this property in another species. (nature.com)
In flies, we can turn genes on or off relatively easily via mutation, as well as artificially activating or silencing specific neurons to observe what happens to behavior as a result. (theconversation.com)
Once we identify those genes, we can determine where they're active so we can pinpoint which neurons serve as humidity detectors. (theconversation.com)
Additionally, we identified genes that were differentially expressed across species after mating in each of our regions of interest. (cdc.gov)
These include genes involved in regulating transcription, neuron structure, and synaptic plasticity. (cdc.gov)
Finally, we identified modules of co-regulated genes that were strongly correlated with brain region in both species, and modules that were correlated with post-mating time points in prairie voles but not meadow voles. (cdc.gov)

We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)

Compared to the vertebrate, the insect nervous system contains relatively few neurons, most of which are readily accessible for electrophysiological study. (nih.gov)
Ongoing advances in genetics permit targeting specific neurons for optogenetic or electrophysiological recording or manipulations of activity. (nih.gov)

One region of the brain sets us humans apart from other species. (wikipedia.org)

Most content on Knowing Neurons is in the form of articles, infographics, book reviews, and interviews with prominent neuroscientists. (wikipedia.org)

In 2016, several Knowing Neurons team members were recognized for their contributions to science education through the website with the Society for Neuroscience Next Generation Award. (wikipedia.org)
In 2016, Knowing Neurons team members Kate Fehlhaber, Joel Frohlich, and Joo Yeun Lee received the Society for Neuroscience Next Generation Award for their contributions to public neuroscience communication, outreach, and education through Knowing Neurons. (wikipedia.org)

also Neuron-specific Enolase, NSE, neural enolase and gamma-enolase) is a 46 kDa member of the Enolase family of enzymes. (rndsystems.com)
Enolase 2/Neuron-specific Enolase " has 10 results in Products. (rndsystems.com)
The new study - the first to link specific neurons to loneliness - is part of a growing effort to map out the genetics of social behavior and its underpinnings in the brain. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
She would give the animals a dose of the drug, place each one alone in a cage, and then examine a specific set of its neurons the next day. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
This is an important result: it suggests that humidity preference is finely tuned, reflecting specific adaptations to each species' habitat. (theconversation.com)
The transcriptional response to demyelination among DRG neurons is specific to the large myelinated proprioceptive and Aβ RA-LTMR neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Recent work has focused on the detection of neuron-specific ELAV mRNA in peripheral blood of SCLC patients using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (medscape.com)
This will tell us how many neurons are located in specific brain parts and how densely packed they are, enabling us to establish patterns and rules based on phylogeny and other factors. (lu.se)

Decades of research on monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), along with comparative studies using the related non-bonding meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus), have revealed many of the neural and molecular mechanisms necessary for pair-bond formation in that species. (cdc.gov)

However, current central pattern generator models do not explain how a spinal cord circuitry, which has the same basic genetic plan across species, can adapt to control the different biomechanical properties and locomotion patterns existing in these species. (lu.se)
Upper MNDs (eg, primary lateral sclerosis) affect neurons of the motor cortex, which extend to the brain stem (corticobulbar tracts) or spinal cord (corticospinal tracts). (msdmanuals.com)

On the other hand, fewer studies exist on the non-mammalian kisspeptin, and somewhat contradictory results among different species appear to confuse general conclusions about the functions of kisspeptin, especially in teleosts. (frontiersin.org)
One recurring pattern shows that different species of prey of a given predator often compete over a shared food resource. (scienceblog.com)

It is not clear what the functional role of lateral inhibition would be, though it may be involved in boosting the signal-to-noise ratio of odor signals by silencing the basal firing rate of surrounding non-activated neurons. (wikidoc.org)

The researchers, whose report appears Oct. 14 in Cell , found in a preclinical model that pain-sensing neurons in the gut secrete a molecule called substance P, which appears to protect against gut inflammation and related tissue damage by boosting the population of beneficial microbes in the gut. (sciencedaily.com)

As species diversified from their common ancestors, "complex nervous systems and sophisticated cognitive abilities evolved independently many times," scientists explained in a 2020 review article debunking the reptile brain myth. (bigthink.com)

Dr. Joel Frohlich, currently a postdoc at UCLA and blogger for Psychology Today, took over as editor-in-chief of Knowing Neurons in 2017, followed by Alexa Erdogan in 2019. (wikipedia.org)

Shown above is a single neuron innervating a single glomerulus from a 50-year-old human subject, with a distinctive "comet" shape comprised of a very rich periglomerular nerve arborization. (nih.gov)

In the new study, Dr. Artis and his team specifically examined pain neurons that innervate -- extend their nerve endings into -- the gut. (sciencedaily.com)
Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. (brainfacts.org)

Then we merge the data to reconstruct the evolution of cognition, test key hypotheses about when and how brain information processing evolved, predict cognitive abilities of extinct species, and assess how cognition may have driven the transition between dinosaurs and birds. (lu.se)

Through the actions of interglomerular circuitry, principal neurons respond to odors with complex patterns of action potentials. (nih.gov)

That salience network is designed to quickly read and evaluate our complex thoughts and emotions and via those Economo neurons, initiate appropriate neurologic and physical responses. (medscape.com)

Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of CNS neurons demonstrates the presence of these antibodies. (medscape.com)

Next, we found gene categories related to cell structure, translation, and metabolism that differed in expression across species in virgins, as well as categories associated with cell structure, synaptic and neuroendocrine signaling, and transcription and translation that varied among the focal regions in our study. (cdc.gov)

He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)

Knowing Neurons is a neuroscience education website created in 2012 by PhD graduate students at the University of Southern California (USC) and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). (wikipedia.org)
Knowing Neurons" is listed as an educator resource by Brainfacts.org, a neuroscience website maintained by the Kavli Foundation, the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, and the Society for Neuroscience. (wikipedia.org)
Knowing Neurons was founded by former editor-in-chief Dr. Kate Fehlhaber while she was a neuroscience PhD student at UCLA researching visual processing in the retina using electrophysiology. (wikipedia.org)
Knowing Neurons frequently features content by guest contributors, many of whom are neuroscience PhD students or postdoctoral researchers. (wikipedia.org)
We have survived as a species not because we're fast or strong or have natural weapons in our fingertips, but because of social protection,' said John Cacioppo, the director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago. (bibliotecapleyades.net)

However, here using reverse transcription-PCR and in situ hybridization we show that mRNA encoding the ρ1 subunit is highly expressed in brainstem neurons. (jneurosci.org)

The brain is what it is because of the structural and functional properties of interconnected neurons. (brainfacts.org)

Illustration of a neuron. (analytica-world.com)

Dr. Joo Yeun Lee, a neuroscientist who received her doctorate from USC, served as senior graphic designer until 2017 and has designed many of Knowing Neurons' infographics. (wikipedia.org)

Drosophila teissieri lives in the rainforest, and preferred higher humidity than the two other species. (theconversation.com)

Conduction block occurs principally in motor neurons and muscle. (medscape.com)

In 1905, Cajal studied human sympathetic ganglia and found morphological arrangements he had not yet seen in other species. (nih.gov)

Further, spikes from many principal neurons tend to fire together in oscillatory synchrony that is required for precise discrimination of odors. (nih.gov)
Experiments and models show that rhythm generating neurons and genetically determined network properties could sustain oscillatory output activity suitable for locomotion. (lu.se)

however, mosquito species differ in this regard. (who.int)

We are presently applying the "toolkit" we have used to study olfaction (relatively simple experimental systems, tight control over stimulus timing, simultaneous recordings from multiple neurons, point-to-point analysis of information flow, and statistical tests of information content) to study gustation. (nih.gov)

Anatomy105

Organisms19

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care2

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Brains5

Axon6

Activation of neurons2

Billion neurons2

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Interneurons1

Axons11

Olfactory neurons1

Cerebral cortex1

Sensory12

Mammalian species2

Receptors2

Dorsal3

Astrocytes3

Oxidative Stress1

Receptor5

Dopaminergic4

Subset3

Pathways1

Populations4

20221

Cells10

Genes6

GABA1

Electrophysiological2

Humans1

Neuroscientists1

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Specific8

Neural1

Spinal2

Different species2

Basal1

Secrete1

Nervous1

20191

Glomerulus1

Extend2

Cognitive abilities1

Circuitry1

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Antibodies1

Metabolism1

Electrical impulses1

Neuroscience5

Highly expressed1

Functional properties1

Illustration1

20171

Drosophila1

Conduction1

Sympathetic1

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Mosquito species1

Content1