• Medication-induced reactions: antibiotics Type II hypersensitivity reaction refers to an antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathophysiology of type II hypersensitivity reactions can be broadly classified into three types: Cell depletion or destruction without inflammation Inflammation mediated by complement or Fc receptor Cellular dysfunction by antibodies The process involves a series of immune-mediated events that might take different forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type II hypersensitivity is characterized by Ig-M and Ig-G antibodies that bind to cell surface antigens inducing activation of complement cascades and phagocytosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 1 Type II hypersensitivity reactions are common in some types of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune neutropenia of rheumatoid disorders . (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Brief discussions of the risk factors, epidemiology and natural history, and prevention of food allergies are followed by details on the cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory manifestations of food allergy. (netce.com)
  • The focus of the course is a description of the diagnostic process involved in identifying food allergies, with an exploration of the benefits and risks of testing and comment on appropriate referrals. (netce.com)
  • This course is designed for pediatricians, other physicians, physician assistants, nurses, nurse practitioners, and members of the interdisciplinary team involved in the care of patients with food allergies who would benefit from a better understanding of the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of food allergies. (netce.com)
  • Several allergens have been identified and characterized from different fish species, parvalbumin, as a highly conserved protein, is the most common causative agent of fish-borne allergies. (usda.gov)
  • North Am. Equine Practice) a paper on "Equine allergy therapy: Update on the treatment of environmental, insect bite hypersensitivity and food allergies. (stablemanagement.com)
  • We hope this guide to dog food allergies helps you find a solution to your dogs symptoms. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • The best way to know if your dog has food allergies is to have them checked by their veterinarian. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • First, if your dog has allergies, he may have sensitivities to certain ingredients in his food. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Second, the best dog food for dogs with allergies will be free of any potential allergens. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • And third, the best dog food for dogs with allergies will be packed with nutrients that can help to support your dog's immune system. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Different types of allergies have been described and include food allergies, drug allergies, allergies to plant components (pollen) and allergies to animal products. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Non-Ig-E mediated food allergies mostly affect the gastrointestinal tract. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 1-5 Unlike typical food allergies, symptoms are often delayed by two hours or more after exposure and can arise suddenly following years of safe meat consumption. (cdc.gov)
  • Paronychia in dogs is most commonly caused by hypersensitivity reactions, more commonly known as allergies. (whole-dog-journal.com)
  • Food allergies (food-allergy dermatitis) and environmental allergies (atopic dermatitis) predispose the skin to secondary bacterial and fungal (yeast) infections. (whole-dog-journal.com)
  • Specific effects of POPs can include cancer, allergies and hypersensitivity, damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, reproductive disorders, and disruption of the immune system. (pops.int)
  • Different skin surfaces on various regions were sampled from 11 healthy cats and 10 allergic cats (included cats with flea allergy dermatitis, cutaneous adverse food allergies and feline non-flea non-food hypersensitivity reactions). (everycat.org)
  • Even the contact of traces of this fruit by people with hypersensitivity or allergies can produce serious consequences, so contact with bags or objects that have been in contact with strawberries or other fruits should be avoided . (botanical-online.com)
  • however, it can often be overstimulated and result in hypersensitivities or allergies. (petmd.com)
  • In addition, some individuals with allergies to insects such as cockroach or moths can suffer food allergy to crustacean foods. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Health problems such as arthritis, malaise, allergies, skin conditions, and dull coats often improve when switching from commercial dog food to raw feeding. (holisticpetcare.com)
  • In 1963, Philip George Houthem Gell and Robin Coombs introduced a systematic classification of the different types of hypersensitivity based on the types of antigens and immune responses involved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overview of Allergic and Atopic Disorders Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are inappropriate or exaggerated immune reactions to foreign antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The immune system of the gut is exposed to many potential antigens, such as enteropathogens, and others which are beneficial such as food antigens and the indigenous natural intestinal microflora. (vin.com)
  • This fungal species has allergenic importance as these conidial antigens/allergens elicit adverse immune reactions such as atopic asthma and Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA). (presiuniv.ac.in)
  • These include decreased or absent delayed-type hypersensitivity in some patients with HIES and decreased lymphoproliferative responses to S aureus, Candida species, and tetanus antigens. (medscape.com)
  • The earliest forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis were related to farming and, each year, new antigens causing occupational disease are described. (cdc.gov)
  • The fourth type is considered a delayed hypersensitivity reaction because it usually occurs more than 12 hours after exposure to the allergen, with a maximal reaction time between 48 and 72 hours. (wikipedia.org)
  • A fourth type of hypersensitivity is classified as delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) and is characterized by infiltration of antigen-specific T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The herd has also been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a source of meat for people with hypersensitivity to the alpha-gal molecule, an allergy caused by some tick bites. (ibtimes.com)
  • Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is an abnormal physiological condition in which there is an undesirable and adverse immune response to antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common diseases involving a type III hypersensitivity reaction are serum sickness, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, farmers' lung (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), and rheumatoid arthritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The principal feature that separates type III reactions from other hypersensitivity reactions is that in type III reaction, the antigen-antibody complexes are pre-formed in the circulation before their deposition in tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment is with elimination of the food that triggers the reaction and sometimes oral cromolyn. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If he has a reaction, which usually takes a few days to a few weeks, then we know he has a food allergy. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • When looking for the perfect dog food, its important to first know what an allergic reaction looks like. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Allergy is an overactive immune (hypersensitivity) reaction to a harmless entity sensed as dangerous by the immune system. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Type I hypersensitivity reaction, also known as anaphylactic response, is characterized by a rapid Ig-E antibody production. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Type III hypersensitivity reaction is also known as immune-complex reaction. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS) is a hypersensitivity reaction to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), found in non-primate mammalian meat and certain derivative products. (cdc.gov)
  • The results were evaluated after 15 minutes (immediate-type reaction) and 24 to 48 hours (delayed-type hypersensitivity). (news-medical.net)
  • Food, venom, and medication allergy evaluations should be based on a history suggestive of an IgE-mediated reaction. (medscape.com)
  • Medical hazards of the tear gas CS: case of persistent, multisystem, hypersensitivity reaction and review of the literature. (cdc.gov)
  • Food allergy is an exaggerated immune response to dietary components, usually proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Oral allergy syndrome (pollen food allergy syndrome) is caused by proteins in pollens and foods that cross-react (frequently raw fruits and vegetables and nuts). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Food allergy affects approximately 5% to 9.3% of children and approximately 1% to 5% of adults in the United States, and the prevalence has been increasing. (netce.com)
  • The number of deaths associated with food allergy remains relatively low, but some reactions can be life-threatening, making it necessary to ensure that individuals with food allergy and their families understand the potential severity of the allergy. (netce.com)
  • This course provides an overview of food allergy, beginning with a definition of food allergy and a description of the two primary types of adverse food reactions. (netce.com)
  • The management of food allergy is also discussed, highlighting the treatment of severe reactions after inadvertent ingestion of an allergen. (netce.com)
  • Parvalbumin has a highly conserved amino acid sequence and shows high percentage of identity among different fish species, making this protein the most common cause of cross reactivity in fish allergy. (usda.gov)
  • Those who suffer of coeliac disease or milk allergy should still avoid these foods, but the enzyme is helpful if you inadvertently ingest milk or grains containing gluten. (biomed.fi)
  • If you suspect your dog is suffering from a food allergy, the first thing to do is talk to your vet about how to pinpoint the allergen. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Symptoms of a food allergy can affect multiple organ systems in your dog, but the skin tends to be the most affected, says Burch. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Some examples of type I hypersensitivity reactions include food allergy, allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchial asthma, atopic eczema, drug allergy and anaphylactic shock. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Ig-E-mediated food allergy involves the binding of food allergens to Ig-E molecules leading to the activation of effector cells releasing histamine (immediate response) followed by allergic inflammation with increased leukotrienes, platelet activating factor (PAF), and IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Starting with the proteomic identification of important respiratory and food allergens, I continued to develop recombinant allergen-based diagnostics as well as therapeutic allergy vaccines. (presiuniv.ac.in)
  • Type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity allergy is assessed through patch testing. (medscape.com)
  • Food allergy to crustaceans is relatively common, symptoms ranging from mild oral allergy to severe symptoms such as anaphylaxis. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Most allergy to crustacea seems to involve a muscles protein called tropomyosin, which is very similar in a wide range of crustacean foods. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Thus individuals with allergy to one kind of crustacean are usually advised to avoid all types of crustacean foods. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Publications on food allergy report data from several species of shrimp, sometimes simply remarking 'fresh shrimp were purchased locally' without reporting species. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an uncommon non-immunoglobulin E (IgE), T-helper cell type 1 (Th1)-mediated inflam- matory pulmonary disease with systemic symptoms resulting from repeated inhalation and subsequent sensitization to a large variety of aerosolized antigenic organic dust particles. (cdc.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis was originally described in 1713 as an occupational lung disease in grain workers and later, in 1932, in farmers inhaling moldy hay contam- inated with thermophilic actinomyces, hence the term farmer's lung.1 With this recog- nition, modernization of farming methods has resulted in the reduction in farmer's lung prevalence estimated at 0.5% to 3% of exposed farmers in studies spanning from 1980 to 2003. (cdc.gov)
  • Zacharisen & Fink hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (cdc.gov)
  • National surveillance screening in the United Kingdom from 1992 to 2001 estimated 50 cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis annually, rep- resenting 1.8% of all cases of work-related respiratory disease seen by chest physi- cians. (cdc.gov)
  • Farmer's lung is the prototype occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (cdc.gov)
  • 9 Agricul- tural exposures were the most common occupation for hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the Czech Republic, with 69% of cases of farmer's lung (cattleman and dairyman), followed by malt workers and chemical workers. (cdc.gov)
  • More than a dozen outbreaks of hypersensitivity pneumonitis affecting hundreds of workers exposed to contaminated airborne synthetic metalworking fluids (MWF) have been reported since the mid-1990s. (cdc.gov)
  • ActiveZyme is a digestive enzyme supplement that breaks down foods' proteins, fats and carbohydrates into a better absorbed form. (biomed.fi)
  • ActiveZyme is an enzyme preparation whose enzymes break down food proteins, fats and carbohydrates into a better absorbed form. (biomed.fi)
  • In addition to potentially problematic foods, ActiveZyme contains enzymes that break down all of the food's proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and fibre. (biomed.fi)
  • Allergens are mainly proteins or glycoproteins from foreign sources (like pollen, fungi, food, and insects), which are capable of triggering IgE-antibody mediated abnormal immune responses (Th2 type) leading to inflammation in lung, skin, and GI tract. (presiuniv.ac.in)
  • My research interest is on molecular and structural characterization of allergenic proteins inducing IgE-mediated type-1 hypersensitivity responses. (presiuniv.ac.in)
  • However, they do tend to tolerate other fruits that are botanically distant from these species, because their proteins are also very different . (botanical-online.com)
  • In a recent study published in Foods , researchers comprehensively performed toxicity assessments of monellin and brazzein, recombinant naturally sweet proteins produced by yeasts. (news-medical.net)
  • Anaphylaxis related to food proteins is very rare, though it has been documented. (petmd.com)
  • to different proteins from food grains. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cross-reactivity between food and nonfood allergens exists, and sensitization may occur nonenterally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Up to now several allergens have been identified and characterized form different fish species, parvalbumin was identified as a major allergen. (usda.gov)
  • Allergens can be airborne (e.g., pollen, dust) or can come from the food ingested (e.g., peanut, eggs, shellfish), medications consumed or substances that come into contact with the skin (e.g., latex, insect bite). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 1 Cutaneous exposure to food allergens has been shown to promote sensitization and TH2 mediated responses in the gut. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • So far, I have focused on airborne inhalant and food allergens eliciting IgE-antibody mediated sensitization in the respiratory and gut epithelia. (presiuniv.ac.in)
  • Indoors allergens should include dust mite species ( Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae ), cockroach, select molds, and animal dander (typically cat pelt and dog epithelium). (medscape.com)
  • Apart from the gammarus shrimps (ITIS 93773 ), which have only been reported as occupational allergens, all the shrimp species reported as allergenic are decapodes. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • This type of hypersensitivity is observed in serum sickness arthritis and glomerulonephritis. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 2006. Assessing the potential of regions of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome to develop a 'molecular tool box' for the detection and characterization of Phytophthora species . (hutton.ac.uk)
  • Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis. (unibe.ch)
  • The Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity is the most widely used, and distinguishes four types of immune response which result in bystander tissue damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypersensitivities can be mild or severe and can be local or involve the entire body (systemic). (petmd.com)
  • Severe, systemic hypersensitivities are commonly referred to as anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic shock. (petmd.com)
  • Though these effects are more likely to occur in less severe cases of hypersensitivity, they still warrant prompt evaluation by a veterinarian. (petmd.com)
  • A cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic and mycotoxin isolated from the fungus Beauveria bassiana and various Fusarium fungal species. (medindex.am)
  • Rat allergen is a less commonly identified, yet is an important cause of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. (cdc.gov)
  • Type 1 hypersensitivity involves the production of Ig-E antibodies against an allergen. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In food protein-induced ailments such as food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), food protein-induced proctocolitis (FPIP) and food protein enteropathy (FPE), allergen-specific T cells have been described. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • As remarkable similarities exist across species in terms of cutaneous manifestations of AD, it was speculated that skin abnormalities may also exist in atopic horses. (stablemanagement.com)
  • Crustacea are the third most important cause of food induced anaphylaxis after peanuts and tree nuts (cashews, almonds, pecans, walnuts, etc. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • However, exploratory clinical trials investigating both the safety and efficacy of probiotics incorporating these species are yet to be conducted. (biomedcentral.com)
  • She has over 20 years of experience in the evaluation of crop protection compounds, pharmaceuticals (including both small molecules and biologics), industrial chemicals, chemicals in consumer products and foods, and power frequency and radiofrequency exposures for potential adverse effects on human health. (exponent.com)
  • "Processing id" means a substance or material, not including apparatus or utensils, and not consumed as a food ingredient by itself, intentionally used in the processing of raw materials, foods or its ingredients, to fulfil a certain technological purpose during treatment or processing and which may result in the non-intentional but unavoidable presence of residues or derivatives in the final product. (who.int)
  • Thus crustacea and products thereof are listed in annex IIIa of the EU directive on labelling of foods and must be labelled when used as ingredients in pre-packaged food. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Type I hypersensitivity occurs as a result of exposure to an antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pathogenesis of Loeffler syndrome is unknown but presumably reflects a hypersensitivity response to an ingested or inhaled antigen from food, medication, or an infectious agent. (medscape.com)
  • The distinction between food sensitivity and IBD is blurred and there may be overlap between these two disorders. (vin.com)
  • 6-8 Evidence suggests that the bite of some tick species induces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to alpha-gal, sensitizing patients to subsequent alpha-gal exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • We retrospectively compared rates of hypersensitivity and neurologic AEs within 28days following vaccination of military personnel with JE-VC or parenteral Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine administered without other vaccines from July 1, 2011, through August 31, 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, patients with these relapsing species must be treated with two medications: one for the acute infection, and another to treat the hypnozoites (antirelapse therapy). (cdc.gov)
  • Although most fish allergic patients are sensitive to various species of fish, it was shown that some patients are only sensitive to certain species of it. (usda.gov)
  • Although most fish-allergic patients are sensitive to various species, some patients only show hypersensitivity to certain species such as salmonids. (usda.gov)
  • Patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAUs), or canker sores, often mention precipitating factors, such as local trauma or food hypersensitivity. (medscape.com)
  • Aim: Oral environment of orthodontic patients undergoes changes, such as pH reduction, larger number of sites available for Streptococcus mutans collection, and increased accumulation of food particles, which may lead to an increased number of S. mutans colony-forming units (CFU) in saliva. (bvsalud.org)
  • As of result of this, the oral cavity of orthodontic patients undergoes changes, such as pH reduction, larger number of sites available for Streptococcus mutans collection, and increased accumulation of food particles, which may lead to an increased number of S. mutans colony-forming units (CFU) in saliva 1 . (bvsalud.org)
  • For travelers with intense or prolonged exposure to relapsing species of malaria, presumptive antirelapse therapy (PART) is recommended to kill hypnozoites ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This extensive contamination of environmental media and living organisms includes many foodstuffs and has resulted in the sustained exposure of many species, including humans, for periods of time that span generations, resulting in both acute and chronic toxic effects. (pops.int)
  • Species of plants, animals, and microorganisms differ enormously in their tolerance of exposures to potentially toxic chemicals. (jrank.org)
  • People are routinely exposed to potentially toxic chemicals through their food, medicine, water , and the atmosphere. (jrank.org)
  • Food and medication challenges are more commonly performed because of the rate of high false-positive sensitization for food and need for medications. (medscape.com)
  • Fish is one of the most common causes of IgE-mediated adverse reactions to food. (usda.gov)
  • In fact, d/d is clinically tested nutrition to help avoid adverse reactions to food. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Because recurrent skin and lung infections and marked elevation of IgE levels are the hallmarks of HIES, investigations have focused on defining a basic immune defect that leads to both recurrent infection with certain organisms (S aureus and Candida species) and elevated IgE synthesis in HIES. (medscape.com)
  • The study on rats and mice revealed that monellin and brazzein are non-toxic and safe for mammalian organisms, opening vast opportunities for their application in the food industry as sugar alternatives. (news-medical.net)
  • This review examines the major human-biting ixodid tick species and transmitted pathogens of North America. (mdpi.com)
  • My research expertise is in the development of phage-based methods to reduce the presence of food borne pathogens in food industry. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • ActiveZyme breaks down grain gluten, milk protein and lactose in particular, but also other foods that cause hypersensitivity. (biomed.fi)
  • However detection of SIBO in cats is controversial as reliable criteria for diagnosis have not been established and it is recognised that particularly high numbers of bacteria exist in the small intestine of healthy cats compared to other species. (vin.com)
  • Other types of antibodies such as Ig-A have also been described in type III hypersensitivity. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Communities can work together to improve access to safe drinking water, clean air, and nutritious foods. (allperfecthealth.com)
  • Vet bills are usually greatly reduced after switching to a nutritious species-appropriate diet. (holisticpetcare.com)
  • Dental plaque is a multi-species biofilm consisting of more than 700 species of oral bacteria on tooth surfaces, and mutans streptococci (MS) are the major group of early primary colonizers 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Tafenoquine, a long-acting 8-aminoquinoline drug related to primaquine, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 20, 2018, for antirelapse therapy (Krintafel) and August 8, 2018, for chemoprophylaxis (Arakoda) ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical signs of WNV illness in horses may include stumbling, circling, hind leg weakness, inability to stand, drooping lips and lip-smacking, hypersensitivity to touch or sound, muscle tremors, and death. (buttecounty.net)
  • I also have taught food safety and public health courses in various Veterinary schools in India and in my defence job in India I was associated with procurement and inspection of meat supplied to the troops. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Also, it is important to note that a carnivore's food needs to provide protein from a wide variety of sources so as to obtain the full spectrum of all the different amino acids for your pets, which are best provided from raw meat sources, including raw meaty bones. (holisticpetcare.com)
  • There can be a variety of reasons for your dogs scratchy skin condition, including sensitivities to food. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Hills nutritionists & veterinarians developed Prescription Diet d/d clinical nutrition especially formulated to support your dogs skin and food sensitivities. (dogfoodtalk.net)
  • Food sensitivities are very usual in pets, possibly, again due to genetics or the fact that many dogs and their parents are often fed the same dry kibble for months or even years on end, with no variety in their diet or without being offered any other source of nourishment. (holisticpetcare.com)
  • Hypersensitivity is a common occurrence, it is estimated that about 15% of humans are having at least one type during their lives, and has increased since the latter half of the 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fish is one of the most common causes of IgE-mediated food allergic reactions and is responsible for approximately 0.4% of food allergic reactions in US population. (usda.gov)
  • Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca are two common grapevine species. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This species was the most common flavouring in beer prior to the use of hops from the 16th century onwards[238]. (pfaf.org)
  • Alternaria alternata is a species of cosmopolitan dematiaceous fungi commonly isolated from plants, soil, and food. (cdc.gov)
  • Even within populations of the same species, there can be substantial differences in sensitivity to chemical exposures. (jrank.org)
  • "Ingredient" means any substance, including a food additive, used in the manufacture or preparation of a food and present in the final product although possibly in a modified form. (who.int)
  • Monellin and brazzein, artificial small-molecule sweeteners, have been widely used to replace sugar in food due to their high sweetness and potential health benefits. (news-medical.net)
  • Fish, predatory birds, mammals, and humans are high up in the food chain and so absorb the greatest concentrations. (pops.int)
  • Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [14C]-3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride in two species of birds following a single oral dose. (cdc.gov)
  • When some species of birds become infected, they produce high quantities of the virus, which can then be passed on to other mosquitoes that bite them. (buttecounty.net)
  • The leaves are used in the treatment of hypersensitivity in children and are useful in the treatment of kidney diseases and indigestion[4, 9, 21, 100, 147, 165, 178]. (pfaf.org)
  • treatment, packing, packaging, transport or holding of such food results, or may be reasonably expected to result, (directly or indirectly) in it or its by-products becoming a component of or otherwise affecting the characteristics of such foods. (who.int)