• The complex intertwining of iron metabolism and oxidative stress is emphasized by the iron-dependence of detoxification of oxidative stress as, e.g., catalases and peroxidases require heme as cofactor. (frontiersin.org)
  • To identify determinants of mETC function, we screened a genome-wide human CRISPRi library under oxidative metabolic conditions with selective inhibition of mitochondrial Complex III and identified OCIA domain-containing protein 1 (OCIAD1) as a Complex III assembly factor. (biorxiv.org)
  • Multiple membrane-bound heterodisulfide reductase (DsrMK) could promote both energy-conserving and non-energy-conserving menaquinol oxidation. (hindawi.com)
  • Despite its high abundance in the Earth's crust, the bioavailability of iron is low owing to its oxidation into sparingly soluble ferric (Fe 3+ ) hydroxides by atmospheric oxygen. (frontiersin.org)
  • has been shown to consist of at least seven species, all of which derive energy from the oxidation of elemental sulfur and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) to support their growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • Binding of the enzyme to the thylakoid membrane involves a polyproline type II helix created between two FNR monomers and several proline rich integral membrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • FNR is a soluble protein that is found both free in the chloroplast stroma and bound to the thylakoid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The binding of the FNR to the integral membrane proteins on the thylakoid membrane is enhanced under acidic conditions, so recruitment and binding of FNR to the thylakoid membrane may be a method of storing and stabilizing the enzyme in the dark when photosynthesis is not occurring. (wikipedia.org)
  • FNR is recruited to thylakoid membranes via integral membrane thylakoid rhodanase-like protein TROL. (nature.com)
  • During iron starvation, HapX represses iron-consuming pathways, including heme biosynthesis and respiration, to spare iron and activates synthesis of ribotoxin AspF1 and siderophores, the latter partly by ensuring supply of the precursor, ornithine. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recently, the sterol regulatory element binding protein SrbA was found to be essential for adaptation to iron starvation, thereby linking regulation of iron metabolism, ergosterol biosynthesis, azole drug resistance, and hypoxia adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
  • As mono or diiron center as well as incorporated into heme or iron-sulfur clusters, this metal is an indispensable cofactor for a variety of cellular processes including electron transport, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of DNA and sterols. (frontiersin.org)
  • The question remains how is the partitioning of electrons between the various energy-conserving and -dissipating pathways achieved. (nature.com)
  • Photosynthetically active FNR (sometimes classified as autotrophic) is a member of the family of soluble monomeric enzymes that contain non-covalently bound FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) as the prosthetic group 3 . (nature.com)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74185","ptsG","Escherichia coli","fused glucose-specific PTS enzymes: IIB component/IIC component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • HOs are the key-limiting enzymes in heme degradation leading to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin products. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We find that OCIAD1 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that forms a complex with supramolecular prohibitin assemblies. (biorxiv.org)
  • All of the virulence-associated genes are transcriptionally upregulated during iron starvation and encode functions that are important for survival during iron starvation, which emphasizes the crucial role of adaptation to iron starvation in virulence. (frontiersin.org)
  • HMOX2 is constitutively expressed to encode a 36 kDa HO-2 protein, mainly functioning to maintain the basal heme metabolism and may also play a role in inflammatory responses [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • CF27-specific gene clusters which have been analyzed were expressed by both ferrous iron-grown and sulfur-attached cells, indicating that they are not pseudogenes and may play a role in both situations. (frontiersin.org)
  • Heme is degraded by heme oxygenases (HOs), generating biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) possesses pro-oxidant activity. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • However, activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can upregulate ferritin expression, which binds to ferrous iron and detoxifies its pro-oxidant effect. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Ferrous iron increases ROS generation via the Fenton reaction. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Enoyl-(Acyl carrier protein) reductase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • events have receptors stimulated with students( GAGs), unregulated chains docking of a inactive actin, all of an been protein respiration cell a considerable subunits. (evakoch.com)
  • The identification and functional characterization of 24 genes that are involved in iron homeostasis in A. fumigatus and/or Aspergillus nidulans , respectively, revealed significant insights into iron metabolism and its regulation (Table 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, fungi evolved fine-tuned mechanisms for uptake and storage of iron, such as the production of siderophores (low-molecular mass iron-specific chelators). (frontiersin.org)
  • During iron sufficiency, SreA represses iron uptake, including reductive iron assimilation and siderophore-mediated iron uptake, to avoid toxic effects. (frontiersin.org)
  • The first domain is an antiparallel beta barrel at the amino terminus of the protein that contains the binding domain for the FAD cofactor. (wikipedia.org)
  • A further understanding of RNA binding proteins and their lncRNA partners in TCA cycle, as well as their molecular mechanisms in oncogenesis, will aid in developing novel layers of metabolic targets for cancer therapy in the near future.Abbreviations: CS: citrate synthase. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nevertheless, iron excess has the potential to catalyze the formation of cell-damaging reactive oxygen species ( Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1984 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we will discuss the functional roles of RNA binding proteins and their lncRNA partners in TCA cycle, with emphasis placed on the cancer progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Heme oxygenases (HOs) act on heme degradation to produce carbon monoxide (CO), free iron, ferritin, and biliverdin. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Aldehyde dehydrogenase family, Iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Over-reduction of PET chain can damage protein complexes and result in production of the excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 6 . (nature.com)
  • Iron is an essential but, in excess, toxic nutrient. (frontiersin.org)
  • This activates signaling to the actomyosin cortex via nuclear envelope stretch-sensitive proteins, up-regulating cell contractility. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • In the last steps of this process transfer of energy-conserving electrons beyond photosystem I (PSI) is performed by a small iron-sulphur protein ferredoxin (Fd). (nature.com)
  • The glutamate residue is highly conserved because it both stabilizes the semiquinone form of FAD and is a proton donor/acceptor in the reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein of unknown function (DUF520) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • In Aspergillus fumigatus , iron starvation causes extensive transcriptional remodeling involving two central transcription factors, which are interconnected in a negative transcriptional feed-back loop: the GATA-factor SreA and the bZip-factor HapX. (frontiersin.org)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74888","manY","Escherichia coli","mannose-specific enzyme IIC component of PTS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • In accordance with the expression pattern and mode of action, detrimental effects of inactivation of SreA and HapX are confined to growth during iron sufficiency and iron starvation, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • The control over access to iron is one of the central battlefields during infection as pathogens have to "steal" the iron from the host. (frontiersin.org)
  • The second domain is at the carboxyl terminus of the protein and contains an alpha helix-beta strand fold. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deficiency in HapX, but not SreA, attenuates virulence of A. fumigatus in a murine model of aspergillosis, which underlines the crucial role of adaptation to iron limitation in virulence. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review summarizes the current knowledge on iron homeostasis and its role in virulence in Aspergillus spp. (frontiersin.org)
  • Iron is an essential nutrient for all eukaryotes and nearly all prokaryotes ( Kaplan and Kaplan, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)