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HalothaneAnesthesiaLipid solubilityForaneIsofluraneGasesVolatileLoss of consciousnConcentrationsMuscle relaxationPainfulAnalgesiaLocal anestheticsEpiduralReversibleRefersBloodEffectsAnaesthesiaAirwayActionDecreaseNerveDrugsAdverseAgents

Halothane3

• Desflurane (common) Enflurane (largely discontinued) Halothane (inexpensive, discontinued) Isoflurane (common) Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Sevoflurane (common) Xenon (rarely used) Volatile agents are typically organic liquids that evaporate readily. (wikipedia.org)
• Inhibition of ICa,L by halothane and sevoflurane is determined by the aqueous concentration of the anesthetics, independently of the temperature. (asahq.org)
• Together with enflurane and halothane , it replaced the flammable ethers used in the pioneer days of surgery . (mdwiki.org)

Anesthesia10

• They are given by inhalation for induction or maintenance of general anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
• In theory, any inhaled anesthetic agent can be used for induction of general anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
• e.g., desflurane) give the anesthesia provider greater rapidity in titrating the depth of anesthesia, and permit a more rapid emergence from the anesthetic state upon discontinuing their administration. (wikipedia.org)
• General anesthesia: "Drug-induced loss of consciousness during which patients are not arousable, even by painful stimulation. (wikidoc.org)
• Patients undergoing general anesthesia often cannot maintain their own airway and breathe on their own. (wikidoc.org)
• While usually administered with inhalational agents, general anesthesia can be achieved with intravenous agents, such as propofol . (wikidoc.org)
• The level of anesthesia achieved ranges on a continuum of depth of consciousness from minimal sedation to general anesthesia. (wikidoc.org)
• Enflurane is an extremely stable halogenated ether inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate. (pharmacycode.com)
• Induction of and recovery from anesthesia with enflurane are rapid. (pharmacycode.com)
• It is usually used to maintain a state of general anesthesia that has been induced by another drug, such as thiopentone or propofol . (mdwiki.org)

Lipid solubility2

• Potency is directly related to lipid solubility. (wikipedia.org)
• Pancuronium: low lipid solubility, dose/total wt. (medicine-handbook.com)

Forane1

• Isoflurane , sold under the trade name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic . (mdwiki.org)

Isoflurane2

• Animal studies have raised safety concerns of certain general anesthetics, in particular ketamine and isoflurane, in young children. (mdwiki.org)
• General anaesthesia with isoflurane reduces plasma endocannabinoid AEA concentrations, and this could be a consequence of stress reduction after loss of consciousness . (mdwiki.org)

Gases2

• However, the solubility of anesthetic gases as well as ICa,L are markedly sensitive to the study temperature. (asahq.org)
• ANESTHETIC gases may interfere with cardiac ion channels. (asahq.org)

Volatile4

• The ideal volatile anesthetic should be non-flammable, non-explosive, and lipid-soluble. (wikipedia.org)
• Cardiac L-type calcium currents (ICa,L) are affected by volatile anesthetics, possibly contributing to their side effects. (asahq.org)
• 1 As one major target of volatile anesthetics in the heart, the L-type Ca 2+ channel, responsible for the L-type Ca 2+ current (I Ca,L ), has been identified. (asahq.org)
• 5 However, it should be kept in mind that Ca 2+ currents 6 and the solubility of volatile anesthetics in several biologic media are temperature dependent. (asahq.org)

Loss of consciousn1

• They may be divided into two broad classes: general anesthetics, which result in a reversible loss of consciousness, and local anesthetics, which cause a reversible loss of sensation for a limited region of the body without necessarily affecting consciousness. (wikipedia.org)

Concentrations2

• Concentrations of anesthetics brought into solution by gassing at both temperatures were determined with gas chromatography. (asahq.org)
• Higher fluoride concentrations with enflurane & methoxyflurane are seen when compared to non-obese patients. (medicine-handbook.com)

Muscle relaxation1

• Enflurane induces muscle relaxation and reduces pains sensitivity by altering tissue excitability. (pharmacycode.com)

Painful1

• Anesthetics are distinct from analgesics, which block only sensation of painful stimuli. (wikipedia.org)

Analgesia1

• Used for the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia during surgery and cesarean section and also used for analgesia during vaginal delivery. (pharmacycode.com)

Local anesthetics5

• Each of the local anesthetics has the suffix "-caine" in their names. (wikipedia.org)
• Local anesthetics can be either ester- or amide-based. (wikipedia.org)
• Ester local anesthetics (such as procaine, amethocaine, cocaine, benzocaine, tetracaine) are generally unstable in solution and fast-acting, are rapidly metabolised by cholinesterases in the blood plasma and liver, and more commonly induce allergic reactions. (wikipedia.org)
• While traditionally administered as a single injection, newer techniques involve placement of indwelling catheters for continuous or intermittent administration of local anesthetics. (wikidoc.org)
• Refers to a Regional block resulting from a small volume of local anesthetics being injected into the spinal canal . (wikidoc.org)

Epidural1

• Regional block resulting from an injection of a large volume of local anesthetic into the epidural space . (wikidoc.org)

Reversible1

• Another definition is a "reversible lack of awareness", whether this is a total lack of awareness (e.g. a general anaesthestic) or a lack of awareness of a part of a the body such as a spinal anaesthetic or another nerve block would cause. (wikidoc.org)

Refers1

• This concept refers to the relative solubility of a given agent in blood. (wikipedia.org)

Blood2

• It should possess low blood gas solubility, have no end-organ (heart, liver, kidney) toxicity or side-effects, should not be metabolized, and should not irritate the respiratory pathways. (wikipedia.org)
• It includes gathering history of previous anesthetics, and any other medical problems, physical examination, ordering required blood work and consultations prior to surgery. (wikidoc.org)

Effects4

• Combinations of anesthetics are sometimes used for their synergistic and additive therapeutic effects. (wikipedia.org)
• Pethidine also has local anesthetic properties, in addition to its opioid effects. (wikipedia.org)
• Partly because of its side effects, enflurane never gained widespread popularity. (wikipedia.org)
• Increased solubility may explain the stronger effects of the anesthetics at lower temperatures. (asahq.org)

Anaesthesia1

• Enflurane principle action in the CNS is general anaesthesia with little analgesic effect. (pharmacycode.com)

Airway1

• However, most of the halogenated anesthetics are irritating to the airway, perhaps leading to coughing, laryngospasm and overall difficult inductions. (wikipedia.org)

Action1

• Similar to many general anesthetics, the exact mechanism of the action has not been clearly delineated. (mdwiki.org)

Decrease1

• In the cardiovascular system, enflurane is a mild negative inotrope, causing a marked decrease in systemic vascular resistance, thus leading to a decrease in mean arterial pressure. (pharmacycode.com)

Nerve1

• Local anesthetic agents prevent the transmission of nerve impulses without causing unconsciousness. (wikipedia.org)

Drugs1

• A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice. (wikipedia.org)

Adverse1

• Internationally, data on the incidence of adverse hepatic drug reactions in the general population remains unknown. (medscape.com)

Agents1

• citation needed] Only preservative-free local anesthetic agents may be injected intrathecally. (wikipedia.org)