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Extensive efforts over the past few years have focused on understanding the non-equilibrium macroscale behaviors of filamentous biopolymers such as microtubules and actin filaments that are driven by associated molecular motors. (aps.org)
A dense network of proteins called actin filaments forms the cell's cytoskeleton and is also found within these lamellipodia. (labroots.com)
A group of seven proteins known as the Arp2/3 complex uses existing actin filaments to generate new ones, generating the branching forces that can take the cell to new places. (labroots.com)
Existing methods enabled scientists to study the Arp2/3 complex's structure is one of two ways: either in isolation when the structure was inactive, or once bound to actin filaments. (labroots.com)
Previous electron tomography data of Arp2/3 complexes bound to actin filaments in a test-tube environment was too imprecise, making it impossible to unambiguously tell where the individual elements of the complex must be located,' explained Florian Fäßler, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of IST Austria professor Florian Schur. (labroots.com)
We said to ourselves: Okay, we are going into the cell, where the environment is much more intricate because there is not only the protein complex and actin filaments but all sorts of other things as well. (labroots.com)
The cytoskeleton is typically divided into three distinct components: microtubules, intermediate filaments and actin[ 4 , 5 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Unlike the globular units of microtubules and actin filaments, intermediate filaments are themselves constructed from filamentous sub-units, and confer strength as well as stress resistance to the cell[ 10 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Finally, actin filaments, also known as microfilaments, are the narrowest components of the cytoskeleton and are constructed from globular actin sub-units (G-actin) that assemble to form a helical structure 5-7nm in diameter[ 12 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Actin microfilaments are present as both individual filaments and bundled into thicker filaments, and play a key role in plant cell growth and internal transport[ 14 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Actin filaments and microtubules play important biological functions in mammalian cells, such as mitosis, cytokinesis, cell signaling, intracellular transport, and cell motility. (go.jp)
In human platelets, Rap2 was shown to interact with the cytoskeleton by binding the actin filaments. (nih.gov)
There are three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (Figure 1). (lumenlearning.com)
For this reason, microfilaments are also known as actin filaments. (lumenlearning.com)
When your actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, your muscles contract. (lumenlearning.com)
Tpm3.1/2 forms a co-polymer with mitotic cortical actin filaments, and its inhibition prevents rescue of multipolar spindles induced by anti-microtubule chemotherapeutics. (bvsalud.org)
Central to this mechanism is the dependence of NM2A on Tpm3.1/2 to produce the functional engagement of actin filaments responsible for cortical tension. (bvsalud.org)
A family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in CELL ADHESION at ADHERENS JUNCTIONS by linking CADHERINS to the ACTIN FILAMENTS of the CYTOSKELETON. (bvsalud.org)

Plant cytoskeleton consists of two major networks of protein polymers, actin microfilaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). (cas.cz)
The PH domain-containing protein Slm1 from budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for actin cytoskeleton polarization and cell growth. (rcsb.org)
Cytoskeletons, made up of the protein actin, serve as structural support for cells but are also key in processes like the cell's ability to grow, divide and internalize key substances. (sepoy.net)
1998. Solution structure of the motile major sperm protein (MSP) of Ascaris suum-- evidence for two manganese binding sites and the possible role of divalent cations in filament formation. (fsu.edu)
1998. Amoeboid motility without actin: insights into the molecular mechanism of locomotion using the major sperm protein (MSP) of nematodes. (fsu.edu)
1999. Localized depolymerization of the major sperm protein cytoskeleton correlates with forward movement of the cell body in the amoeboid movement of nematode sperm. (fsu.edu)
In line with a more complex picture, multiple isoforms of the protein likely exist and non-centrosomal sites of localisation have been reported. (springer.com)
In primary microglia and macrophages exposed to β-amyloid, the scaffolding protein p130Cas is rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated and co-localizes with CD36 to membrane ruffles contemporaneous with F-actin polymerization. (neuroprobe.com)
Proteins of current interest in the lab include WASP, an actin regulatory protein involved in immunodeficiency disease, HS1, a related protein implicated in autoimmune disease, and Crk family adapter proteins, proteins that control T cell adhesion and migration. (upenn.edu)
HS1 functions as an essential actin-regulatory adapter protein at the immune synapse. (upenn.edu)
NCK is a major adaptor protein involved in membrane receptor signalling and modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. (eu.org)
Formed from polymerisation of discrete protein sub-units, the cytoskeleton connects to various organelles (including the nucleus) and the plasma membrane. (biorxiv.org)
Design origin: actin cytoskeleton and protein complexes in human fibroblast. (scicanvas.com)
Because the apparent "gain-of-function" corresponded with elevatedlevels of Drf3 protein expression, we hypothesized that the effects on the actin cytoskeleton were due to Cdc42 utilization of Drf3 as an effector. (embl-heidelberg.de)
KS is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern that results from a loss-of-function in the FERMT1 gene (formerly KIND1 ), which encodes a protein known as fermitin family homolog 1 (FFH1), a focal adhesion protein that links the actin cytoskeleton with the underlying extra cellular matrix. (logicalimages.com)
Both isoform 3 of the human mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) and Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) are putative effectors of Rap2 in mediating the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
Collectively, this network of protein fibers is known as the cytoskeleton . (lumenlearning.com)
Of the three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton, microfilaments are the narrowest. (lumenlearning.com)
They function in cellular movement, have a diameter of about 7 nm, and are made of two intertwined strands of a globular protein called actin (Figure 2). (lumenlearning.com)
Actin is powered by ATP to assemble its filamentous form, which serves as a track for the movement of a motor protein called myosin. (lumenlearning.com)
By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that LTD4 caused dramatic changes in the actin cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelial cells, and an important factor in this context was the impact of this leukotriene on the actin-binding protein vinculin, which included inducing translocation of vinculin from a cell-cell to a cell-matrix complex. (lu.se)
Gα12 couples to numerous G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and regulates multiple epithelial responses, including proliferation, apoptosis, permeability and the actin cytoskeleton. (medscape.com)

These adhesions generate signals that activate Rac, promoting actin polymerization and preventing myosin II engagement in the lamellipodium. (cellmigration.org)
Rho activation is thought to generate focal adhesions and actin bundling due to increased myosin II activity. (cellmigration.org)
Not only do these unique cells lack the microtubule-based axoneme associated with the swimming movement of most sperm, but they also are devoid of actin and myosin, the proteins generally considered to be the key components of amoeboid movement. (fsu.edu)
In combination with myosin motors, actin aids in transport by providing the roads and pathways for cellular cargo[ 13 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Actin and myosin are plentiful in muscle cells. (lumenlearning.com)
Studies in tissue culture cells indicate that actin- and myosin-based cortical flow is primarily responsible for driving late centrosome separation, whereas other studies suggest that actin plays a more passive role by serving as an attachment site for astral microtubules to pull centrosomes apart. (escholarship.org)
proper centrosome separation does not require myosin II but requires dynamic actin rearrangements at the growing edge of the interphase cap. (escholarship.org)
The sarcomeres represent the contractile element, which is composed of actin, myosin, and Z-band proteins (see image below). (medscape.com)
Integrin αIIbΒ3 bound to fibrin helps contract the platelet actin-myosin cytoskeleton, pulling the clot in and extruding excess fluid. (medscape.com)

[ 1 ] Neutrophils move to the site of invasion by means of chemotaxis, which occurs in response to microbial products, activated complement proteins, and cytokines. (medscape.com)
Chemotaxis of neutrophils involves movement of pseudopodia and polymerization of cytoskeletal proteins or actin. (medscape.com)
Podosomes are structurally divided into a core, which mainly contains proteins involved in actin polymerization (such as WASP, the Arp2/3 complex and cortactin ), and a surrounding ring populated by integrin receptors and adhesion proteins (for example, paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK/Pyk2) ) [15] . (cellmigration.org)
Regulation of membrane proteins and membrane dynamics, vesicular recycling, submembranous cytoskeleton and subsequently basic cytoskeletal reorganization are major events involved. (silverchair.com)
Furthermore, structural comparisons with other bacterial Fic proteins, such as Fic of Neisseria meningitidis and of Shewanella oneidensis, show that α(inh) frequently constitutes an amino-terminal or carboxy-terminal extension to the FIC domain, respectively, partially obstructing the ATP binding site in an intramolecular manner. (rcsb.org)
In dendritic cells, actin regulatory proteins control the uptake and presentation of antigens, migration of antigen-bearing cells from sites of infection to lymphoid organs, and defining the outcome of T cell stimulation. (upenn.edu)
Conserved proteins drive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), which universally involves a burst of actin assembly. (biorxiv.org)
Most Ras proteins contain a lipid modification site at the C-terminus, with a typical sequence motif CaaX, where a = an aliphatic amino acid and X = any amino acid. (nih.gov)
Numerous proteins regulating the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton are indicative of the functional and structural dynamics of the presynapse. (mdpi.com)
and proteins that interact with members of the Arp2/3 complex and hence the actin cytoskeleton (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)

For example, when a cytotoxic T cell recognizes a tumor cell for lysis, specific receptor interactions trigger capping of the cortical actin cytoskeleton, creating a specialized membrane domain that is important for T cell signaling events leading to lysis of the tumor cell. (upenn.edu)
In the early Drosophila embryo, nuclei divide within a syncytium yet invaginate cortical actin and membrane, encompassing them, in order to complete mitosis in close proximity to neighboring nuclei. (escholarship.org)

Intermediate filamentents, along with microtubules and actin microfilaments, make up the cytoskeleton. (origene.com)
Microfilaments are made of two intertwined strands of actin. (lumenlearning.com)
These elements of the cytoskeleton get their name from the fact that their diameter, 8 to 10 nm, is between those of microfilaments and microtubules. (lumenlearning.com)

With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. (lumenlearning.com)

The fusion process involving the S the rest of the plasma membrane, were also active sites of virus release. (cdc.gov)
TJs appear as apparent sites of fusion involving the leaflets of plasma membrane of adjacent endothelial cells. (hindawi.com)
Although these cells have an unconventional cytoskeleton, they display all of the characteristic features (localized protrusion, membrane ruffling, cytoskeletal flow) exhibited by actin-rich amoeboid cells. (fsu.edu)

Both Arp2/3- and Formin-mediated actin remodeling are required for separating the centrosome pairs before NEB. (escholarship.org)

TRPV2 regulates actin cytoskeleton and also interacts with soluble actin. (silverchair.com)
WAVE2 regulates actin cytoskeletal reorganization and CRAC-mediated calcium entry during T cell activation. (upenn.edu)

Furthermore, microarray profiling identified 226 genes with differential expression in the liver of animals treated with MSC, with cellular signaling, and actin cytoskeleton regulation as key upregulated processes. (frontiersin.org)
A further project relates to the organization and regulation of calcium release sites in exocrine cells. (rochester.edu)
Below we discuss mechanisms in the form of pioneer transcription factors, histone modifications, and recently identified actin-dependent mechanisms that regulate chromosome accessibility and gene regulation during cellular reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)
Topics could include analyzing regulation of T cell actin dynamics at the immunological synapse, analyzing actin function during antigen presentation in dendritic cells, or manipulating cytoskeletal signaling pathways to modify T cell migration during T cell immunotherapy. (upenn.edu)

characterise plant growth and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in cells of cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots of der1-3 mutant. (botany.one)
An unbiased screen of 150 small molecules that impact actin organization and 32 anti-mitotic drugs identified two molecular targets, Rho kinase (ROCK) and tropomyosin 3.1/2 (Tpm3.1/2), whose inhibition has the greatest impact on mitotic cortical tension. (bvsalud.org)
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)

Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in the leukocyte inflammatory phenotype. (upstate.edu)
Our studies show that the dynamics of actin polymerization drive centrosome separation and this has important implications for centrosome positioning during processes such as cell migration, cell polarity maintenance, and asymmetric cell division. (escholarship.org)

Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton plays crucial roles in many cellular functions, including morphology, motility, and adhesion. (biomedcentral.com)

In all systems, these GTPases are best known for their effects on the polymerization and distribution of actin in the cell cortex [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

While some Drf1 +/- lines had fewer actin stress fibers,several Drf1 +/- and -/- cells were more motile and had more abundant lamella andfilopodia. (embl-heidelberg.de)

They are sites of convergence between the actin cytoskeleton and ECM fibrils. (cellmigration.org)
Actin fibrils create a structural basis of a living cell, its strong carcass, that plays a key role in locomotion of cells and in-cell material redistribution. (scicanvas.com)

Plakoglobin links cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)

We are testing a new hypothesis that nucleation of cytoskeletal actin originates with the adhesion site - somewhat at odds with currently accepted models. (upstate.edu)
Together, these data are the first to identify the signaling cascade that directly links CD36 to the actin cytoskeleton and, thus, implicates it in diverse processes such as cellular migration, adhesion, and phagocytosis. (neuroprobe.com)
This thesis is focused primarily on the effect that LTD4 has on reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and on cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion properties. (lu.se)

In contrast to budding yeast, WASP-mediated actin nucleation activity plays an essential role in fission yeast endocytosis. (biorxiv.org)

CONCLUSIONS: Our observations extend the role of the mammalian Drfs in cell signaling and demonstrate that Cdc42 not only activates Drf3, but guides the effector to sites at the cell cortex where it remodels the actincytoskeleton. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Cdc42 and Rac - ancient, highly conserved, small GTPases - mediate extracellular signals, triggering changes in transcription and in the actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)

NIH 3T3 cell (mouse embryonic fibroblast line) stained for Actin (green) and DNA (blue). (ucsd.edu)

Embryos lacking maternal lilli expression show specific defects in the establishment of a functional cytoskeleton during cellularization, and exhibit a pair-rule segmentation phenotype. (sdbonline.org)

Three major responses are evident: zero to low uptake that does not alter cellular mechanics, intracellular accumulation of AgNPs trigger cytoskeleton rearrangement resulting in the stiffening of mechanics, and damage of cytoskeleton that softens the mechanical profile. (cdc.gov)

In F11 cells, TRPV2 localizes in specific subcellular regions enriched with filamentous actin, such as in growth cone, filopodia, lamellipodia and in neurites. (silverchair.com)

Similarly, adherence junctions (AJs) are more basal than TJs and are defined by their cytoplasmic face being linked to the actin cytoskeleton [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
This enables actin to engage in cellular events requiring motion, such as cell division in animal cells and cytoplasmic streaming, which is the circular movement of the cell cytoplasm in plant cells. (lumenlearning.com)

However, mechanistic details are lacking, and recent studies have implicated ALMS1 in several processes including endosomal trafficking, actin organisation, maintenance of centrosome cohesion and transcription. (springer.com)
Although studies demonstrate that microtubules and their associated motors drive centrosome separation, the role of actin in centrosome separation remains less clear. (escholarship.org)
In contrast, the mechanisms driving centrosome separation after NEB are dependent of the actin cytoskeleton and compensate for earlier separation defects. (escholarship.org)

Therefore, small molecules that interact with these cytoskeletons are expected to be useful not only as antitumor agents, but also as tools for understanding a wide variety of the cellular functions of cytoskeletons. (go.jp)

e1000038 Active-Site Inhibitors of mTOR Target Rapamycin-Resist. (ucsd.edu)

They demonstrate a pleiotropic phenotype of this mutant depending on the actin cytoskeleton organisation and deregulation of cell division plane orientation, resulting in wavy root growth pattern. (botany.one)

In addition, this problem is by far the most acute for actin, the narrowest element of the cytoskeleton, which is ubiquitous throughout eukaryotic cells. (biorxiv.org)

Their formation and stability are linked to the dendritic actin that forms [5] , [6] . (cellmigration.org)
The focus of my lab is on the role of the cytoskeleton in T cell and dendritic cell function. (upenn.edu)

2022) Actin cytoskeleton remodeling primes RIG-I-like receptor activation. (sepoy.net)
Our long-term goals in the lab are to understand how receptor-ligand interactions at the cell surface trigger remodeling of the cytoskeleton, and how the cytoskeleton in turn affects the immune response. (upenn.edu)

This modular nature of the cytoskeleton allows it to be dynamic, adapting as necessary to environmental changes relayed via a host of signalling processes[ 2 ]. (biorxiv.org)

The DER1 ( deformed root hairs1 ) locus encodes a major vegetative actin (ACTIN2) in Arabidopsis thaliana. (botany.one)
Using this algorithm, we then studied a number of cases in Arabidopsis thaliana , including several different tissues, a variety of actin-affected mutants, and cells responding to powdery mildew. (biorxiv.org)

Plakoglobin binds to conserved regions of desmoglein and desmocollin at intracellular catenin-binding sites to assemble desmosomes. (wikipedia.org)

Our work showed that specific immune receptors sense actin cytoskeleton rearrangements induced by viruses and then trigger alarm. (sepoy.net)

The elongation occurs along a template of bundled actin [7] . (cellmigration.org)
This new study showed that the signaling process also requires disrupting the actin cytoskeleton inside cells, which occurs when a virus infects cells. (sepoy.net)

These studies have paved the way for structure-based, site-directed mutagensis to produce assembly-defective MSP mutants that will be used to examine in detail the molecular interactions involved in filament formation. (fsu.edu)
In addition to these results, our algorithm is designed to be easily adaptable to other tissues, mutants and plants, and so will be a valuable asset for the study and future biological engineering of the actin cytoskeleton in globally-important crops. (biorxiv.org)

The actin cytoskeleton is essential in eukaryotes, not least in the plant kingdom where it plays key roles in cell expansion, cell division, environmental responses and pathogen defence. (biorxiv.org)

We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
It is also involved in the immune response, and controls the transport of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol from a lysosome to the site of esterification. (origene.com)
The cytoskeleton is intimately involved in determining the efficiency and the fidelity of the immune response. (upenn.edu)
Many types of cells have to be able to move around, such as during the development of the body, or when immune cells have to reach the site of an infection or injury. (labroots.com)

In acinar cells the distribution of these receptors is tightly localized to an area associated with the actin cytoskeleton in the apical secretory pole of the cell. (rochester.edu)
The actin cytoskeleton has several critical functions, including determining cell shape and allowing cells to move. (medlineplus.gov)

They can move to the site of an infection and phagocytize the pathogen. (lumenlearning.com)

PH domains recognize PtdInsPs through two distinct mechanisms that use different binding pockets on opposite sides of the β-strands 1 and 2: i) a canonical binding site delimited by the β1-β2 and β3-β4loops and ii) a non-canonical binding site bordered by the β1-β2 and β5-β6loops. (rcsb.org)
A large number of compounds have been reported as anti-microtubule or anti-actin agents, but only a few compounds have been clarified as to their binding sites on target molecules and their inhibition mechanisms. (go.jp)
Furthermore, some compounds show new inhibition mechanisms by binding on novel sites in target molecules. (go.jp)
Both bone marrow and lung are principal sites of thrombopoiesis although underlying mechanisms remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)

The cytoskeleton plays a variety of roles during the cell cycle, none more dramatic than the formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle and the subsequent cleavage of one cell into two. (escholarship.org)

Due to the presence of truncated sequences in this CD, the lipid modification site is not available for annotation. (nih.gov)

Dr. Gack's lab, operating under Cleveland Clinic's multi-site Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, investigates virus-host interactions on a molecular level, identifying host responses that can play a key role in developing new treatments and vaccines. (sepoy.net)

Anatomy41

Organisms13

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Chemicals and Drugs131

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Phenomena and Processes43

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Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science5

Filaments18

Protein23

Myosin9

Proteins10

Cortical actin2

Microfilaments3

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Membrane3

Arp21

Regulates actin2

Regulation4

Organization3

Dynamics2

Reorganization1

Polymerization1

Fibers1

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Cdc422

Embryonic1

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Small molecules1

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Processes1

Arabidopsis2

Assemble1

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Lipid1

Molecular1