Single stranded rna virus virus replication. Medical search. Frequent questions

Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
Positive-strand RNA virus genomes usually contain relatively few genes, usually between three and ten, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
All positive-strand RNA virus genomes encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a viral protein that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of these viruses to switch RNA templates suggests a copy choice model of RNA recombination that may be an adaptive mechanism for coping with damage in the viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
A viral polymerase complex composed of polymerase basic subunit 1, polymerase basic subunit 2, and polymerase acidic subunit synthesizes negative-strand viral RNA, capped polyadenylated mRNAs, and complementary positive-strand RNA. (medscape.com)
Immunostaining of autopsied lungs of individuals with COVID-19 revealed the presence of viral antigens such as S and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in macrophages. (news-medical.net)
Avigan, approved for manufacture and sale as an influenza antiviral drug in Japan, has a mechanism of action for selectively inhibiting RNA polymerase involved in influenza viral replication. (fujirumors.com)
Unlike many viruses they do not have any polymerase in the virus particle as the genome can be read directly as mRNA when it first enters the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
The most crucial NS proteins are the viral helicase and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Favipiravir is a selective inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) with potent antiviral activity against single-stranded RNA viruses, including coronaviruses. (discover-theworld.com)
Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. (neobiolab.com)
Identifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral compounds by screening for small molecule inhibitors of nsp12/7/8 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (figshare.com)
The RTC core catalytic component is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) holoenzyme. (figshare.com)
By performing polymerase chain reaction and DNA enzyme immunoassay, HCV-RNA was detected with subsequent genotyping. (who.int)

The replication of the positive-sense RNA genome proceeds through double-stranded RNA intermediates, and the purpose of replication in these membranous invaginations may be the avoidance of cellular response to the presence of dsRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
2008) and/or pestiviral single- and double-stranded RNAs (Iqbal et al. (usda.gov)
In the cell, the unwinding of double-stranded polynucleotides is catalyzed by helicases that are present in all kingdoms of life from virus to man. (eurekaselect.com)
Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae. (cdc.gov)
It is selective for SINGLE-STRANDED DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single or DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. (bvsalud.org)

The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Host cell proteins recruited by +ssRNA viruses during replication include RNA-binding proteins, chaperone proteins, and membrane remodeling and lipid synthesis proteins, which collectively participate in exploiting the cell's secretory pathway for viral replication. (wikipedia.org)
Our results showed no evidence of NV replication by real-time PCR of viral RNA or by immunocytochemical detection of viral structural and nonstructural proteins. (cdc.gov)
In addition to its critical role in viral replication, PL pro removes post-translational modifications like ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from host proteins through its deubiquitinase domain, leading to host immunosuppression and increased ability of the virus to evade the host antiviral immune response. (biorxiv.org)
The viral RNA also encodes the structural components of the virus, i.e. spike, nucleocapsid, membrane and envelope proteins. (tocris.com)
Viral Entry The envelope proteins of HCV form a heterodimer which helps binding the hepatitis C virus to the receptors present on the hepatocytes membrane. (bartleby.com)
These genomes share the structure of eukaryotic mRNA and so the viruses can use some host cell proteins during replication and gene expression which occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
This group of viruses express the structural proteins separately from the non-structural ones. (wikidoc.org)
These proteinases are also responsible for activating/inactivating specific proteins at the correct time in the virus life cycle and so ensure replication occurs at the right time. (wikidoc.org)
The latter region of NS proteins, at the C-terminal part of the polyprotein, has a great contribution in the RNA replication process. (spandidos-publications.com)
Using both viral- and non-viral forms of autophagy induction, these data suggest that the cellular network of SNARE proteins is being redirected during infection to promote EV-D68 replication and egress from the cell. (umaryland.edu)
Several viruses require lysosomal cathepsins to cleave structural proteins and thus depend on functional GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase. (stanford.edu)
Structural proteins of CHIK-Virus with T and B cells had been used for immuno-informatic approach. (ijpsr.com)
The nonstructural proteins play roles in viral replication and assembly. (medchemexpress.com)
The core of the virus is the nucleocapsid, a structure that is made of the viral genome along with C proteins. (medchemexpress.com)
These proteins form a protective outer layer that controls the entry of the virus into human cells. (medchemexpress.com)
The small (S) and large (L) segments encode proteins participating in genome replication in the infected cell cytoplasm. (hal.science)
Proteins other than LF, such as lactadherin, and peptides such as glycomacropeptide, also interfere with infection by some viruses. (immunecare.co.uk)
Chemical modifications of milk proteins that lead to changes in charges on proteins, and in charge distribution, enhance their effects against certain viruses. (immunecare.co.uk)
The effectiveness of proteins in human and bovine milk against arbovirus, rhinovirus and influenza viruses was demonstrated by Matthews, Nair, Lawrence, and Tyrrel (1976). (immunecare.co.uk)
Our goal is to recapitulate RNA replication in vitro using biological relevant substrates and proteins and a biologically relevant sub-genomic replicon of HCV. (uams.edu)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
RNA, lipids, and proteins. (who.int)

Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Coronaviruses have the largest known RNA genomes, between 27 and 32 kilobases in length, and likely possess replication proofreading mechanisms in the form of an exoribonuclease within nonstructural protein nsp14. (wikipedia.org)
Numerous positive-strand RNA viruses can undergo genetic recombination when at least two viral genomes are present in the same host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Bearing the largest single-stranded RNA genomes in nature, coronaviruses are critically dependent on long-distance RNA-RNA interactions to regulate the viral transcription and replication pathways. (nih.gov)
In order to study the role of the LC in virus replication I employed the reverse genetics system to generate recombinant full-length FCV genomes, and performed transient expression experiments with the LC alone. (umd.edu)
Our new mechanistic model postulates that, for RNA viruses like TCV, SIE manifests a viral function that denies progeny viruses the chance of re-replicating their genomes in the cells of their "parents," and it collaterally targets highly homologous superinfecting viruses that are indistinguishable from progeny viruses. (frontiersin.org)
At the molecular level, the genomes of superinfecting viruses are all but undetectable in most of the cross-protected plants, suggesting a failure of cellular entry or multiplication by the superinfectors (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
This group consists of viruses which have (+) sense single stranded RNA genomes. (wikidoc.org)
Viruses, like all other organisms, synthesize their DNA or RNA genomes in a template-dependent manner. (eurekaselect.com)
The family Caliciviridae includes viruses with single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes of 7.4-8.3 kb. (cdc.gov)

SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded, enveloped, positive-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae. (news-medical.net)
It is a single-stranded positive-sense ribonucleic acid(RNA)virus, has its origin traced to Zika forest in Uganda. (bvsalud.org)

The internalized virus is uncoated and the SARS-CoV-2 genome is released into the cytoplasm. (tocris.com)
The virus is entered into the cytoplasm by endosome coated with clathrin. (bartleby.com)
DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)
5) site of replication- nucleus or cytoplasm? (threadreaderapp.com)

Positive-sense RNA viruses include pathogens such as the Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the MERS, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, as well as less clinically serious pathogens such as the coronaviruses and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. (wikipedia.org)
Our findings illuminate RNA structure-based mechanisms governing replication, discontinuous transcription, and translation of coronaviruses and will aid future efforts to develop antiviral strategies. (nih.gov)
Other pre-clinical research has identified SK2 as having a role in the replication-transcription complex of positive-strand single-stranded RNA viruses, which are similar to coronaviruses. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Coronaviruses rely on the enzymatic activity of the replication-transcription complex (RTC) to multiply inside host cells. (figshare.com)

These subunits synthesize viral genomic negative-strand DNA, complementary positive-strand RNA, and capped polyadenylated mRNAs. (medscape.com)
Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
As a single-stranded virus, SARS-CoV-2, have to produce a replicative intermediate as a template to synthesize new genomic RNAs. (researchsquare.com)
By utilizing RNAscope, we were able to detect both positive-sense (genomic) and negative-sense (replicative intermediate) viral RNA in the appendix and breast tissue (Figure 2). (researchsquare.com)
This is likely due to the more error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerases causing frequent genomic recombination events during viral replication. (peertechzpublications.com)
Caliciviruses have a single-stranded, positive-sense genomic with icosahedral symmetry (Table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
VPg), 10-15 kDa] is covalently linked to the 5-terminus of General y, caliciviruses are stable in the environment and enteric genomic RNAs, which are also polyadenylated at their 3-termini caliciviruses are acid-stable. (cdc.gov)

The RdRp is one of the key druggable targets for CoVs due to its essential role in viral replication, high degree of sequence and structural conservation and the lack of homologues in human cells. (figshare.com)
We developed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based strand displacement assay for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity suitable for a high-throughput format. (figshare.com)

The resulting recombinant viruses may sometimes cause an outbreak of infection in humans, as in the case of SARS and MERS. (wikipedia.org)
Of these viruses, only two have been identified in the United States: Aransas Bay virus (on the southern gulf coast of Texas), from soft ticks found in the nests of seabirds, and Bourbon virus, as a cause of human infection in Kansas and, more recently, in Missouri (although the pathogenesis remains undefined). (medscape.com)
Murine models of Dhori virus infection, which belongs to the Thogotovirus genus, demonstrate an exaggerated cytokine response, including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interferon (IFN). (medscape.com)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease thatcurrently affects at least 170 million people worldwide. (nature.com)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of liver transplantation in theUnited States and almost 80% of patients suffer a persistent chronic infection thatresults in fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (nature.com)
During virus infection, the specific immune signals produced from infected cells are important for dictating the recruitment and activation of innate or adaptive immune cells that are required to fight virus infection. (nature.com)
For SARS-CoV-2, lung epithelial cells are the primary site of infection and therefore are responsible for initiating immune responses to virus infection. (nature.com)
In addition to direct viral sensing, cells have also evolved ways to detect the indirect effects of virus infection, such as nuclear or mitochondrial damage caused by the heavy cellular burden imposed by virus replication. (nature.com)
Moreover, cGAS is an important molecule for regulating basal expression levels of cell-intrinsic immune genes in cells and is, therefore, a central protein in immune responses to virus infection 10 . (nature.com)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a previously unrecognized virus from the Coronaviridae family, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (medscape.com)
Since the emergence of COVID-19, a great deal of research has been carried out to determine the structure of the virus and the mechanisms of infection and replication. (tocris.com)
Previous studies have indicated that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection results from the lack of early host-interferon signaling to control the virus and subsequent intense proinflammatory responses that cause tissue damage. (news-medical.net)
However, macrophages support the early phase of viral infection, particularly the entry and synthesis of new viral RNA and protein. (news-medical.net)
Here, ACE2 was identified to be the key determinant of macrophage susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and sensing of the virus. (news-medical.net)
In other countries HCV infection is distributed among specific groups, but in Egypt infection with the virus reached to different groups even those not identified as high risk groups (Mohamoud et al, 2013). (bartleby.com)
The symptoms that we experience during a viral infection are caused by the immune system fighting off these viruses. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
Once the specific virus is identified, BRT can be used to treat the infection by means of frequency modification. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
This will prevent the virus cells from multiplying when they enter the body and thus prevent a viral infection . (bioresonancetherapy.com)
World Health Organisation (WHO) has said that further investigations and research are required to determine the source, modes of transmission and extent of infection caused by the new virus. (drishtiias.com)
Currently, there is no information regarding the effect of IFN therapy in infection with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in swine. (usda.gov)
Here, we report the effect of IFN-alpha treatment (delivered by a replication defective human adenovirus type 5, Ad5) on the course of experimental infection of swine infected with the highly virulent CSFV Brescia strain. (usda.gov)
We have demonstrated that EV-D68 induces autophagy upon infection and modifies the autophagic process to benefit its own replication. (umaryland.edu)
Here, we used genome-scale CRISPR screens to identify Lysosomal Enzyme Trafficking factor (LYSET) as essential for infection by cathepsin-dependent viruses including SARS-CoV-2. (stanford.edu)
Teaser: A new ferret model and tools to explore obesity's impact on respiratory virus infection, susceptibility, and community transmission. (bvsalud.org)
The rapid activation of the epithelial-intrinsic ß6 integrin during influenza A virus (IAV) infection has been linked to innate immune impairments. (bvsalud.org)
Our findings reveal an unappreciated role of ß6-induced autophagy in influencing epithelial immune responses during influenza virus infection. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we show that astrovirus infection leads to an increase in DMV formation through a replication-dependent mechanism that requires some early components of the autophagy machinery. (bvsalud.org)
Apart from the insufficient response of the innate immune system upon PRRSv infection and the creation of an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, there is also evidence that neutralising antibodies and virus-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses are delayed. (pigprogress.net)
2004). The action of LF against HIV-1 takes place in an early phase of infection, probably during adsorption of the virus to target cells (Harmsen et al. (immunecare.co.uk)
A stochastically perturbed co-infection epidemic model for COVID-19 and hepatitis B virus. (cdc.gov)
A cohort study in Mexico found that after a single natural infection, 38% of children were protected against any subsequent rotavirus infection, 77% were protected against rotavirus diarrhea, and 87% were protected against severe diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
In view of reported high frequency of laboratory aerosol infection that occurred in workers manipulating high concentrations of Pichinde virus, it is strongly recommended that work with high concentrations of Level 2 arenaviruses be done at Level 3. (cdc.gov)
Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
When diagnostic tests for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were developed, HAV was found to be the major cause of infectious hepatitis and HBV was found to be the major cause of serum hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
Because HDV infection is dependent on HBV for replication, immunization to prevent HBV infection, through either pre- or postexposure prophylaxis, can also prevent HDV infection. (cdc.gov)
The virus exhibits persistent, asymptomatic infection with profuse urinary virus excretion in the ubiquitous rodent vector, Mastomys natalensi s. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
tent, asymptomatic infection, with profuse urinary virus excretion in Mastomys natalensi s, the ubiqui- The emergence of this highly virulent and contagious tous and highly commensal rodent host2,3. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
5 ]. Hepatitis C virus and human immuno- bodies we used a third generation enzyme deficiency virus (HIV) co-infection in hae- immunoassay (HCV EIA, United Biomedi- mophilia patients is common and causes a cal Inc., Hauppauge, New York). (who.int)

HCV is a positive-strand RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family that contains 9.6 kb of RNA. (nature.com)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is from the virus family Flaviviridae with an RNA envelope serving as it's genetic material. (bartleby.com)
Spondweni virus (SPONV), a possible emerging virus, is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family, of the genus Flavivirus and belongs to a serogroup with the Zika virus. (spandidos-publications.com)
Arthropod vectors, mainly ticks and mosquitoes, constitute the transmission pathway of Flaviviridae viruses, causing epidemics and medical concerns due to the large number of diseases that they inflict on both humans and animals ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Being a promising antiviral target, helicase inhibition leads to the pause of the replication, proliferation and consequently, to the survival and transmission of Flaviviridae viruses ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The etiological agent, CSF virus (CSFV), is an enveloped virus with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, classified as a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae (Becher et al. (usda.gov)
HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae. (neobiolab.com)
The dengue viruses belongs to the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae . (medchemexpress.com)
Zika virus(ZIKV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. (bvsalud.org)

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus, which means that its genetic material is encoded in single-stranded RNA. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The genetic material (RNA) is HCV's pathogenic structure. (bartleby.com)
either DNA or RNA viruses may have single or double strands of genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
The genetic material of a virus can be either DNA or RNA. (drishtiias.com)
on the other hand, contain RNA as their genetic material. (drishtiias.com)

This research paper is going to review today's silent killer, the Hepatitis C virus. (bartleby.com)
For the evaluation of the accuracy and reliability of the model in structure‑based drug design strategies, the crystal structure of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) helicase was used, complexed with a single‑stranded RNA, a key molecule for the establishment of interactions with a future inhibitor of the SPONV helicase. (spandidos-publications.com)
Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. (neobiolab.com)
During the past decade, two additional viruses have been discovered: hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). (cdc.gov)

in some viruses, such as poliovirus and rhinoviruses, normal protein synthesis is further disrupted by viral proteases degrading components required to initiate translation of cellular mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
A subsequent quantitative chemical proteomic mapping studyled to the identification of a target protein, T-plastin (PLST) and its regulationof HCV replication. (nature.com)
9 HCV encodesa single polypeptide protein that is subsequently cleaved into structural (core, E1, andE2) and nonstructural (NS2, NS3, NS4A/B and NS5A/B) subunits by both viral and hostproteases. (nature.com)
A change in a protein to allow virus entry into a cell that carries very low amounts of receptor protein could also provide a growth advantage for the virus," Prof. Stoye added. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Following binding of S protein the virus is internalized. (tocris.com)
Furthermore, it remains unclear whether this virus replicates within macrophages to synthesize new viral RNA and protein, which leads to the possibility of new virion assembly. (news-medical.net)
Even though HMDMs phagocytosed the virus, they did not allow early-phase viral replication or protein synthesis to induce inflammatory responses due to the absence of ACE2. (news-medical.net)
However, unlike viruses, viroids have It doesn't have a protective layer, like a protein coat. (nugmag.com)
It targets the protein needed for the coronavirus to replicate, making it impossible for the virus to copy itself. (discover-theworld.com)
EV-D68 uses virally-encoded proteases to cleave an autophagosome fusion SNARE protein, SNAP29, blocking delivery of autophagosome contents, including nascent viruses, to the lysosome. (umaryland.edu)
Structural studies on two members of this Order, the phleboviruses and the hantaviruses, have shown that the membrane fusion protein Gc displays a class II fusion protein fold and is homologous to its counterparts in flaviviruses and alphaviruses, which are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. (hal.science)
A protein [virus protein, genome-linked by a capsid architecture with 32 distinct cup-shaped depressions. (cdc.gov)
Abbreviations: VPg, virus protein, genome-linked. (cdc.gov)

We argue that the impaired interferon-I and -III response of severe COVID-19 is reminiscent of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and influenza pathobiology, suggesting conserved virulence mechanisms among these viruses. (ersjournals.com)
is used as a model to study basic mechanisms of replication of caliciviruses because it grows well in cell culture and it has a reverse genetics system. (umd.edu)
Recent investigations in our labs, by analyzing the whole-plant dynamics of a turnip crinkle virus (TCV) population, coupled with cell biological interrogation of individual TCV variants, revealed possible novel mechanisms for cross protection and the closely related process of superinfection exclusion (SIE). (frontiersin.org)
The underlying mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle have been elucidated using various epithelial cell lines. (news-medical.net)
Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)
Interferon (IFN) is one of the mechanisms used by humans and animals to control virus infections. (usda.gov)
These results are consistent with replication mechanisms for other positive-sense RNA viruses suggesting that targeting PI3K could be a promising therapeutic option for not only astrovirus, but other positive-sense RNA virus infections. (bvsalud.org)
An APOBEC deaminase that functions as an inhibitor of RETROVIRIDAE replication and inhibits the mobility of RETROTRANSPOSONS via deaminase-dependent and independent mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)

In humans, DNA helicases play essential roles in facilitating cellular DNA metabolisms including genome replication, DNA repair, recombination, transcription as well as telomere maintenance. (eurekaselect.com)

The genome is positive sense single stranded RNA, which is very similar to mRNA and can be translated quickly to the host cell (Bauman 2012). (bartleby.com)
Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
RNA polymerases read the codes from specific areas of the DNA and transcribe the information into a mRNA copy of the DNA. (cdc.gov)

In addition to DNA or RNA polymerases, a helicase is therefore required to displace the single-stranded genome after replication, thus leading to the formation of progeny viral particles. (eurekaselect.com)

A new Science Signaling study evaluates whether macrophage ACE2 expression regulates the susceptibility of macrophages against SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. (news-medical.net)
An increase of CD163 actually promotes PRRSv entry and replication. (pigprogress.net)

The Coronaviridae is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses that includes SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. (nih.gov)
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus that has rapidly spread, causing a global pandemic. (nature.com)
The chikungunya pandemic that began 10 years ago was fueled in part by a single, nonsynonymous base change that enabled that alphavirus to replicate more efficiently in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. (cdc.gov)
COVID-19 emerged in China in late 2019 and rapidly became a global pandemic, prompting an enormous research effort to understand the virus and find treatments. (tocris.com)
Coronaviridae (CoV) is a zoonotic family of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that exhibit strong genetic diversity and pandemic potential. (peertechzpublications.com)
An antigenic shift may result in a worldwide pandemic if the virus is efficiently transmitted from person to person. (cdc.gov)

Mathematical modeling of plus-strand RNA virus replication to identify broad-spectrum antiviral treatment strategies. (cdc.gov)

Our review explores influenza A virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as a paradigm for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced ARDS pathogenesis and ageing as a risk factor for severe disease. (ersjournals.com)
Due to this mechanism, it is expected that Avigan may potentially have an antiviral effect on the new coronavirus as it is classified into the same type of single-stranded RNA virus as influenza, and its clinical application to treat COVID-19 is now under study. (fujirumors.com)
2008). "Coronavirus Replication and Interaction with Host" . (wikidoc.org)
The COVID-19 etiologic agent is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. (figshare.com)

An in vitro model for NoV replication remains elusive, making study of the virus difficult. (cdc.gov)
In vitro experiments using NV virus-like particles (VLPs) directly showed NV VLP attachment to HBGA, resulting in VLP internalization into the cell ( 19 ). (cdc.gov)
From these critical studies, putative NV receptors were identified, and thus it was hypothesized that a successful in vitro cell culture system would most likely possess these receptors to support NV replication. (cdc.gov)
The ability of the host's innate immune system to interact with CSFV replication has been studied in vitro by several groups (Bensaude et al. (usda.gov)
In addition, LF is effective in vitro against several non-enveloped viruses like rotavirus, enterovirus, PV, adenovirus and feline calicivirus (FCV). (immunecare.co.uk)

Replication and transcription occur in the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
The encapsidated RNA segments migrate to the nucleus. (medscape.com)
Thogotoviruses undergo replication and transcription within the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)

Therefore, the present study proposes the three‑dimensional structure of the helicase/protease enzyme of SPONV through homology modeling, using the crystal structure of the Dengue virus‑4 helicase/protease of the same viral family as a template. (spandidos-publications.com)
NS3 is an RNA helicase that is capable of unwinding DNA. (uams.edu)

Zika virus, the subject of several articles in the Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, reminds us of some of the impediments to responding to emerging vectorborne pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Obesity, and the associated metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor for increased disease severity with a variety of infectious agents, including influenza virus. (bvsalud.org)
The decreased antiviral responses also resulted in obese animals shedding higher infectious virus for longer making them more likely to transmit to contacts. (bvsalud.org)
SLIDE 2] Viral Hepatitis: Historical Perspective Before the discovery of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) during the 1960s and 1970s, patients with viral hepatitis were classified based on epidemiologic studies as having either infectious (transmitted person to person by the fecal-oral route) or serum (transmitted by transfusion of blood products) hepatitis. (cdc.gov)

Using the same 3-D model, but with highly purified Norwalk virus (NV), we attempted to replicate this study. (cdc.gov)
Previous research indicated that similar mutations lowered the ability of the SARS virus to replicate. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A virus is a biological agent that can self-replicate inside a host cell. (drishtiias.com)
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV), discovered in 1977, is a defective virus requiring the presence of HBV in order to replicate. (cdc.gov)

Dhori virus, another species of the Thogotovirus genus, also infects humans. (medscape.com)
Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, in the family Matonaviridae. (cdc.gov)
The Flavivirus genus is composed of more than 70 arthropod-transmitted viruses, of which 30 are known to cause human disease. (medscape.com)

Like dengue virus, another flavivirus, Zika virus was likely originally a pathogen of subhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
Dengue virus (DENV) is an important human pathogen and contains four serotypes (DENV-1-4) which can be transmitted by mosquitos. (medchemexpress.com)
The dengue virus genome is a positive-sense, single stranded RNA with a size of 11 kb that contains one open reading frame. (medchemexpress.com)
The structure of the dengue virus is roughly spherical, with a diameter of approximately 50 nm (1 nm is one millionth of 1 mm). (medchemexpress.com)
Based on genome-scale loss-of-function screens we discovered that Topoisomerase III-β (TOP3B), a human topoisomerase that acts on DNA and RNA, is required for yellow fever virus and dengue virus-2 replication. (utmb.edu)

The drug is to be considered for use only when there is an outbreak of novel or re-emerging influenza virus infections in which other influenza antiviral drugs are either not effective or insufficiently effective, and the Japanese government decides to use the drug as a countermeasure against such influenza viruses. (fujirumors.com)
SARS-CoV-2 exhibits higher overall virulence than influenza viruses [8-10]. (peertechzpublications.com)
Changes in influenza viruses can take the form of antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)

HIV), genome damage appears to be avoided during reverse transcription by strand switching, a form of recombination. (wikipedia.org)
Reverse transcription is accomplished using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus carries with it inside its shell. (msdmanuals.com)
RT-PCR is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA and next-generation sequencing. (drishtiias.com)

involves the synthesis of negative strand intermediates. (proteasomesignaling.com)

In many cases subgenomic RNAs are also created during replication. (wikipedia.org)
Here we experimentally mapped the in vivo RNA-RNA interactome of the full-length SARS-CoV-2 genome and subgenomic mRNAs. (nih.gov)

In this review we connect the current understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and host response to the clinical presentation of COVID-19, borrowing concepts from influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathogenesis and discussing how these ideas inform our evolving understanding of COVID-19-induced ARDS. (ersjournals.com)

Bourbon virus was discovered in 2014 in Bourbon County, Kansas, when it caused clinical illness in a single index patient who had had prior exposure to ticks, although the presumptive vector, ticks, has not been clearly established as the vector of disease in this single case. (medscape.com)
Clinical data indicate that severe COVID-19 most commonly manifests as viral pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a clinical entity mechanistically understood best in the context of influenza A virus-induced pneumonia. (ersjournals.com)
We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Integrating established knowledge of influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathophysiology, we discuss how shared clinical findings frame influenza as only an approximate model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
We also review clinically apparent differences in the immune responses elicited by these viruses according to the latest clinical data and recommend that investigators note these differences in ongoing efforts to elucidate the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. (ersjournals.com)
IFN treatment delayed the appearance of clinical signs and virus replication in the infected animals although it did not prevent lethal disease. (usda.gov)
Like other arenaviruses, Lassa virus lacks a ogy and clinical presentation, treatment, prevention conventional negative-strand coding arrangement and control as well as the current theories of its patho- and the isolates of the virus differ in their genetic, genesis and efforts in vaccine development. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

In tombusviruses and carmoviruses, RNA recombination occurs frequently during replication. (wikipedia.org)
Human-to-human transmission of NoV occurs primarily through the fecal-oral route, with the small intestine being the initial site of viral replication ( 1 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Our data show that relocalization occurs for SNAP47 during autophagy induction, and is required for normal virus replication. (umaryland.edu)
Viral replication occurs in the villous epithelium of the small intestine. (cdc.gov)
Drift occurs in all three types of influenza virus (A, B, C). (cdc.gov)

This virus was subsequently called "rotavirus" because of its similarity in appearance to a wheel (rota is Latin for wheel). (cdc.gov)
Up to two-thirds of children with severe rotavirus gastroenteritis show the presence of rotavirus antigen in serum (antigenemia) and children can have rotavirus RNA detected in serum. (cdc.gov)

they recruit the positive-strand viral genome to viral replication complexes formed in association with intracellular membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Positive-strand RNA viruses typically utilize host intracellular membranes to form replication organelles, which are potential antiviral targets. (bvsalud.org)

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus contained in a nucleocapsid. (tocris.com)

Thogoto virus initially attaches to sialic acid receptors in host cells through glycoproteins. (medscape.com)
Subsequently, clathrins from the host cell lead to endocytosis of the virus. (medscape.com)
This has prompted discussion about whether or not there are several strains, if this has an impact on how easily the virus can infect a host, and whether or not this affects how many more people are likely to die. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Inside a host cell, it makes its own replication machinery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
These interactions reveal that the viral genome and subgenomes adopt alternative topologies inside cells and engage in different interactions with host RNAs. (nih.gov)
Key areas of research include viral cell entry , viral replication and the hyperactive host immune response, known as cytokine storm . (tocris.com)
Host plants pre-infected with a mild isolate of a virus frequently become protected against secondary infections (superinfections) by more severe isolates of the same virus, or closely related viruses, but remain susceptible to more distantly related viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Hepatitis C is an enveloped virus, and the RNA also lacks a proofreading ability after replication, which results in mutations coding for many genotypes within the host. (bartleby.com)
For RNA virus genome size evolution we outline an emerging general pattern of genome (segment) enlargement being associated with a host- and mutation-constrained step-wise acquisition of key enzymes that seemingly improved the rudimentary RNA virus replication machinery. (caister.com)
Like viruses, viroid replication is completely dependent on the metabolism of the host plant. (nugmag.com)
Viruses are microscopic pathogens or parasites that depend on a living host in order to multiply. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
When a virus enters a host, it disrupts normal communication between healthy cells. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
The replication of CHIKV in the host results in genome mutation, making T-cells from CHIKV. (ijpsr.com)
The viruses are transferred to the host when he or she has been bitten by a female mosquito. (medscape.com)
Other approaches include the use of gene drive and exploration of the genetic redundancy to disrupt the receptors used by the virus to gain entry into its host. (bvsalud.org)

While viral RNA and antigen from gastrointestinal and stool samples of convalescent patients has been extensively reported, we believe this is the first study to detect viable virus. (researchsquare.com)
10] While the presence of viral RNA and/or antigen in gastrointestinal samples of convalescent patients has been widely reported,[5, 8] we believe this study is the first to detect viral RNA and/or antigen in the tissues of patients with LC, up to 426 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. (researchsquare.com)

The capability for recombination among +ssRNA virus pathogens of humans is common. (wikipedia.org)
First, Zika virus belongs to the most prevalent class of emerging pathogens, the zoonotic single- stranded RNA viruses, which have mutation rates as high as 1 base per 10 to the 4th power bases, each replication. (cdc.gov)
Due to the highly contagious nature of pathogens and the susceptibility of every human the virus spread rapidly across China then Globally. (benthamscience.com)
The immune system defends the body from pathogens by distinguishing normal, healthy cells from invader cells such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
Every cell, including pathogens like viruses, have their own electromagnetic frequencies. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
The autophagy pathway is targeted by many pathogens, either to protect themselves from degradation or to utilize components to benefit replication. (umaryland.edu)
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most important pathogens the swine industry is currently dealing with. (pigprogress.net)

RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viral evolution among Picornaviridae (e.g. poliovirus). (wikipedia.org)
Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptation for coping with genome damage. (wikipedia.org)
Recombination can also occur infrequently between +ssRNA viruses of the same species but of divergent lineages. (wikipedia.org)
Other +ssRNA viruses of plants have also been reported to be capable of recombination, such as Brom mosaic bromovirus and Sindbis virus. (wikipedia.org)
Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)

Filamentous (A) and spherical (B) virus particles with distinct surface projection are visible in culture supernatant that was fixed in 2.5% paraformaldehyde. (medscape.com)
Arrows indicate virus particles that have been endocytosed. (medscape.com)
If a particular genetic alteration changes the target of a drug or antibody that acts against the virus, those viral particles with the mutation will outgrow the ones that do not have it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Their viral particles (virions) are small (~50 nm), spherical and enveloped, that incorporate a single-stranded RNA of 9.5-12.5 kb ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. (neobiolab.com)
Caliciviruses are similar to picornaviruses in the pres- image reconstruction of recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles ence of VPg and in sequence similarity of their RNA-directed (left). (cdc.gov)

Plus-strand RNA viruses have evolved numerous ways to limit or block these cellular immune pathways. (nature.com)
We also briefly discuss parallel developments for taxonomic studies of cellular organisms where very similar techniques are applied, but observe little cross-talk with virus taxonomy. (caister.com)
2003). The 12.5 kb CSFV genome contains a single open reading frame that encodes a 3898-amino acid polyprotein and ultimately yields 11 to 12 final cleavage products (NH2-N^pro-C-E^rns-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH) through co- and post-translational processing of the polyprotein by cellular and viral proteases (Rice, 1996). (usda.gov)

Therefore, the specific detection of negatively stranded viral RNA in tissues or cells is a reliable marker of active enteroviral replication. (proteasomesignaling.com)
The present report presents the development of a real-time RT-PCR allowing Nepicastat molecular weight the specific detection and buy MK-4827 quantification of negatively stranded viral RNA. (proteasomesignaling.com)
Interestingly, the detection of negative-sense viral RNA is suggestive of ongoing viral replication. (researchsquare.com)

it belongs to the Caliciviridae family of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, nonenveloped viruses ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family that causes respiratory disease in children and has been implicated in recent outbreaks of acute flaccid myelitis, a severe paralysis syndrome. (umaryland.edu)
PRRS virus (PRRSv) belongs to the family of arteriviruses and is a small, enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA virus. (pigprogress.net)
Influenza is a single-stranded, helically shaped, RNA virus of the orthomyxovirus family. (cdc.gov)
West African sub-region with consideration of the mented RNA virus belonging to the Arenaviridae origin of the virus, its properties/strains, epidemiol- family. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

A non-live, recombinant influenza virus vaccine not requiring isolation or growth in hen's eggs was licensed in 2013. (cdc.gov)

Our ability to serologically diagnose infections with emerging arboviruses is often compromised by close antigenic relationships within virus families. (cdc.gov)
These viruses are known to be able to infect a wide range of tissues and are believed to establish persistent infections. (proteasomesignaling.com)
However, some infections caused by viruses can be difficult to diagnose. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
Since the immune system is the first line of defense against viruses, a weakened immune system can increase the chances of viral infections by a tenfold. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
There are certain cases wherein bioresonance therapy was effective against particular viral infections, such as the herpes virus. (bioresonancetherapy.com)
The impact of the virus is not only caused by the disease itself, but is also due to increased prevalence of secondary infections. (pigprogress.net)
More detailed information regarding the epidemiologic features and prevention measures for hepatitis B are presented in two previously published slide sets: 1) "Elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States: routine childhood vaccination," and 2) "Prevention of perinatal and early childhood hepatitis B virus infections in the United States," both of which are available from the National Technical Information Service (800-CDC-1824). (cdc.gov)
public health perspective (as a potential source of virus for human infections) and the animal health perspective. (cdc.gov)

These viruses encode one main proteinase and between one and three accessory proteinases which are mainly involved in expressing the replicase gene. (wikidoc.org)

It might seem as if Zika virus sprang from nowhere, but almost certainly it must have been infecting many more humans in Africa and Asia than we had been aware. (cdc.gov)
Human enteroviruses are among the most common viruses infecting humans. (proteasomesignaling.com)
Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)

SARS-CoV-2 requires two cysteine proteases for viral polypeptide processing to allow maturation and replication: the 3C-like protease also known as the Main protease (M pro ) and the papain-like protease (PL pro ). (biorxiv.org)
Viral proteases associated with viral replication, such as Mpro and PLpro , are also potential targets. (tocris.com)

This virus, which targets the lungs particularly, may injury different tissues. (aidstar-one.com)
Previous studies have demonstrated that viral RNA helicases represent promising pharmacological targets for antiviral drugs/inhibitors, as they are implicated in viral replication and proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)

RNA viruses have exceptionally high mutations rates because their replications enzymes are prone to errors when making new virus copies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Helicases are enzymes that manipulate DNA and RNA in all aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. (uams.edu)

Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
Here we review recent advancements in the field concerning the study of both of these aspects and with regard to two specific applications - virus taxonomy and the analysis of genome size evolution. (caister.com)

Lassa fever is an acute viral zoonotic illness caused by Lassa virus, an arenavirus known to be responsible for a severe haemorrhagic fever characterised by fever, muscle aches, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and, chest and abdominal pain. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Relatively frequent insertion and deletion events, ranging from single nucleotides to full-length genes, and extreme point mutation rates make macroevolutionary studies of RNA viruses an exquisite challenge. (caister.com)

Understanding the role of the LC in FCV replication is important because there are currently no antiviral drugs available for FCV and there are numerous reports of vaccine failure. (umd.edu)

Like all plus-strand RNA viruses, the SARS-CoV-2 replication process within cells requires de novo production of viral RNA species, including single-strand (ss)RNA and double-strand (ds)RNA that can be sensed by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) subsequently activating antiviral pathways 7 . (nature.com)

Although primarily based on observations made with TCV, this new model could be broadly applicable to other viruses as it provides a molecular basis for maintaining virus genome fidelity in the face of the error-prone nature of virus replication process. (frontiersin.org)

Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla Kitrinoviricota, Lenarviricota, and Pisuviricota (specifically classes Pisoniviricetes and Stelpavirictes) all of which are in the kingdom Orthornavirae and realm Riboviria. (wikipedia.org)
Positive-strand RNA viruses are common in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Positive-strand RNA viruses are found in three phyla: Kitrinoviricota, Lenarviricota, and Pisuviricota, each of which are assigned to the kingdom Orthornavirae in the realm Riboviria. (wikipedia.org)
are non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA viruses. (umd.edu)
While this model could have broader implications on many viruses, our discussions will center primarily on a few plant-infecting, positive sense (+) RNA viruses that were subjects of extensive SIE investigations. (frontiersin.org)
It is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA of positive polarity and has a single antigenic type. (cdc.gov)
Here, we established the presence of residual virus within the appendix and breast tissue of 2 patients who exhibited LC symptoms, 175 to 462 days upon positive diagnosis, using immunohistological techniques. (researchsquare.com)
Notably, with RNAscope, both positive-sense and negative-sense (replicative intermediate) viral RNA were detected. (researchsquare.com)
Furthermore, our positive finding in the breast tissue also corroborated with recent reports that immunocompromised patients had also experienced LC symptoms and persistent viral replication. (researchsquare.com)
Human astrovirus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. (bvsalud.org)
Remarkably, we found that TOP3B is required for efficient replication of all positive-sense-single stranded RNA viruses tested, including SARS-CoV-2. (utmb.edu)
The double-membrane vesicle (DMV): a virus-induced organelle dedicated to the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and other positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy13

Organisms102

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs48

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Polymerase14

Double-stranded6

Proteins23

Genomes10

Ribonucleic acid2

Cytoplasm4

Coronaviruses4

Genomic8

RdRp2

Infection39

Flaviviridae9

Genetic material5

Hepatitis C Vir4

Protein13

Mechanisms8

Genome replication1

MRNA3

Polymerases1

Entry and Replication2

Pandemic6

Broad-spectrum antiviral1

Coronavirus4

Vitro5

Nucleus3

Helicase2

Infectious4

Replicate4

Genus3

Dengue virus5

Influenza viruses4

Transcription3

Intermediates1

Subgenomic2

Pathogenesis1

Clinical7

Occurs5

Rotavirus2

Intracellular membranes2

Nucleocapsid1

Host15

Antigen2

Pathogens7

Recombination5

Particles6

Cellular3

Detection3

Family5

Recombinant1

Infections8

Encode1

Humans3

Proteases2

Targets2

Enzymes2

Taxonomy2

Zoonotic1

Mutation rates1

Antiviral drugs1

Plus-strand1

Error-prone1

Positive12