• Sterile alpha and toll/interleukin receptor (TIR) motif containing protein 1 (SARM1) is an NAD+ hydrolase and cyclase involved in axonal degeneration. (umassmed.edu)
  • IGF-1 binds IGF-IR, IGF-IIR, and the insulin receptor and plays a key role in cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and tumor progression. (joplink.net)
  • Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are major targets of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) tyrosine kinase activated by IGFs, and are known to play important roles in the activation of downstream signaling pathways, such as the Erk1/2 pathway. (oncotarget.com)
  • We mapped all estrogen receptor and RNA polymerase II binding sites on a genome-wide scale, identifying the authentic cis binding sites and target genes, in breast cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Figure 1: Summary of estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding sites and correlation with nucleotide and gene number. (nature.com)
  • Figure 2: Estrogen-mediated transcript changes and correlation with estrogen receptor binding. (nature.com)
  • Figure 3: Estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding relative to specific gene targets. (nature.com)
  • Figure 4: Identification of enriched motifs within the estrogen receptor binding sites and validation of transcription factor binding. (nature.com)
  • Figure 5: Involvement of cooperating transcription factors at estrogen receptor binding sites. (nature.com)
  • Figure 7: Assessment of estrogen receptor binding properties in different cell systems. (nature.com)
  • In the version of this article initially published online, the estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding data were aligned incorrectly in the top panel of Figure 3, which represents estrogen receptor binding at the ESR1 gene region. (nature.com)
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the growth hormone receptor . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mature IGFs are generated by proteolytic processing of inactive precursor proteins, which contains the N- and C-terminal propeptide regions. (joplink.net)
  • Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have been shown to induce proliferation of many types of cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • We previously demonstrated the critical involvement of SRC-2 in murine embryo implantation as well as in human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) decidualization, a cellular transformation process required for trophoblast invasion and ultimately placentation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Piperine significantly increased the ratio of phospho-AKT1 (pAKT1)/AKT1, phosphos-AKT2 (pAKT2)/AKT2, and phospho-ERK1/2 (pERK1/2)/ERK1/2 in the testis. (frontiersin.org)
  • ERK1/2 and AKT pathways may involve in the piperine-mediated stimulation of Leydig cell development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Knockdown of USP9X suppressed basal activation of the Erk1/2 pathway, which was significantly restored by exogenous expression of IRS-2 but not by IGF-IR, suggesting that the stabilization of IRS-2 by USP9X is critical for basal Erk1/2 activation. (oncotarget.com)
  • Taken all together, our findings indicate that USP9X is required for the promotion of prostate cancer growth by maintaining the activation of the Erk1/2 pathway through IRS-2 stabilization. (oncotarget.com)
  • Administration of insulin increased colon cancer cell proliferation and polyp formation in Azoxymethane (AOM)-induced cancer model ( 19 , 20 ). (amegroups.org)
  • The activation of PI3K/Akt pathway can increase cell survival, cell growth and proliferation ( 22-24 ). (amegroups.org)
  • The analysis of inflammatory markers (TNF-α) in tumor indicated that BF-rTK + GCV significantly inhibited TNF-α expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We previously found that bladder tumor growth was significantly reduced in rats treated with BI-TK + GCV after 15 days of treatment [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this review was to discuss the current understanding of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) genetic advance and aetiology. (scialert.net)
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complex heterogeneous group of metabolic condition characterized by elevated levels of serum glucose, caused mainly by impairment in both insulin action and insulin secretion. (scialert.net)
  • Studies suggest that people with Laron syndrome have a significantly reduced risk of cancer and type 2 diabetes . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Affected individuals appear to develop these common diseases much less frequently than their unaffected relatives, despite having obesity (a risk factor for both cancer and type 2 diabetes). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers are working to determine how mutations in the GHR gene may protect people with Laron syndrome from developing cancer and type 2 diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Resistance to the effects of insulin is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epidemiological studies showed that obesity is associated with many cancers including colon cancer ( 2 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Many altered factors in obesity are known to activate PI3K/Akt pathway including increased blood levels of insulin, Insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and decreased blood level of adiponectin ( 9 , 10 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Increased insulin in obesity may play a key role in obesity-associated carcinogenesis and prognosis of colon cancer ( 12 ). (amegroups.org)
  • However, the effect of insulin has not been studied in colon cancer prognosis although increased insulin level has been regarded as a major factor for the poor prognosis of obesity-associated breast cancer and reduction of insulin by metformin was found to improve treatment outcome ( 26 , 27 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Changes in metabolism caused by insensitivity to growth hormone and the resulting shortage of IGF-I cause many of the other features of the condition, including obesity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition to nucleosomes, chromatin contains non-histone chromatin-associated proteins, of which the high-mobility group proteins are the most abundant. (nature.com)
  • Although HMG proteins do not possess intrinsic transcriptional activity, they are called architectural transcription factors because they modulate the transcription of their target genes by altering the chromatin structure at the promoter and/or enhancers 15 . (nature.com)
  • Thirty-day treatment of rats with piperine significantly increased serum T levels without affecting LH concentrations. (frontiersin.org)
  • Stimulates glucose transport in bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also with regard to enhancing glucose uptake. (joplink.net)
  • However, the order of events and the precise function of high-mobility group proteins during transcription initiation remain unclear. (nature.com)
  • Here we show that high-mobility group AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2) induces DNA nicks at the transcription start site, which are required by the histone chaperone FACT complex to incorporate nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.X. Further, phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139 (γ-H2AX) is required for repair-mediated DNA demethylation and transcription activation. (nature.com)
  • We have previously shown that HMGA2-induced transcription requires phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139, which in turn is mediated by the protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) 10 . (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, this resource has allowed the identification of cis -regulatory sites in previously unexplored regions of the genome and the cooperating transcription factors underlying estrogen signaling in breast cancer. (nature.com)
  • Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification of arginine that controls a diverse array of cellular processes, including gene regulation, protein stability, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Mutations in the GHR gene impair the receptor's ability to bind to growth hormone or to trigger signaling within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Difference images obtained by digital subtraction of a reference image from a postbinding image allow for visual confirmation of binding: where binding occurs, reflectivity increases and spots become brighter. (genengnews.com)
  • Thus, it is possible that these factors can activate PI3K/Akt pathway which in turn increases the resistance to chemotherapy in obesityassociated colon cancer ( 11 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Insulin can stimulate PI3K/Akt activity to increase the carcinogenesis of colon cancer ( 9 ). (amegroups.org)
  • IGF-1 binds to both insulin and IGF-1 receptors to stimulate PI3K/Akt activity ( 25 ). (amegroups.org)
  • For example, these hormones stimulate the growth and division of cells called chondrocytes, which play a critical role in producing new bone tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Short stature results when growth hormone cannot adequately stimulate the growth of bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Consistent with increase in serum T, piperine increased Leydig cell number, cell size, and multiple steroidogenic pathway proteins, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, 17α-hydroxylase/20-lyase, and steroidogenic factor 1 expression levels. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study tested insulin-caused resistance to oxaliplatin via activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in HT29 cells. (amegroups.org)
  • Insulin decreased drug efficacy of oxaliplatin in HT29 cells, which could be mediated by the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. (amegroups.org)
  • T2DM is a complex trait where common genetic variants having modest individual effects act together and interact with environmental factors to modulate the risk of the disease. (scialert.net)
  • To identify genes, signaling pathways and networks that are controlled by SRC-3 and potentially important for hormone-dependent decidualization, we performed RNA-sequencing on HESCs in which SRC-3 levels were significantly reduced at the time of administering the deciduogenic stimulus. (frontiersin.org)
  • IGF-1 expression is regulated by growth hormone. (joplink.net)
  • This signaling also leads to the production, primarily by liver cells, of another important growth-promoting hormone called insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Growth hormone and IGF-I have a wide variety of effects on the growth and function of many parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Growth hormone and IGF-I also influence metabolism, including how the body uses and stores carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from food. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As a result, even when growth hormone is available, cells are unable to respond by producing IGF-I and stimulating growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cells' inability to react to growth hormone, which is described as growth hormone insensitivity, disrupts the normal growth and function of many different tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies suggest that insensitivity to growth hormone may help prevent the uncontrolled growth and division of cells that can lead to the development of cancerous tumors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In brief: DGCR8 microprocessor complex, which is important for miRNA biogenesis, is regulated by peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and expression fluctuates in gonadotrope cells across the mouse estrous cycle. (umassmed.edu)
  • that stimulates the growth and division of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Label-free systems are widely appreciated in proteomics because there is no need to modify proteins chemically with fluorescent or other tags that might compromise protein function. (genengnews.com)
  • To analyze protein function, the array was then exposed to three different analyte solutions sequentially ( Figure 1 ). (genengnews.com)
  • In a human prostate carcinoma cell line, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of USP9X reduced IGF-IR as well as IRS-2 protein levels and increased their ubiquitination. (oncotarget.com)
  • We show here that, like SRC-2, SRC-3 is expressed in the epithelial and stromal cellular compartments of the human endometrium during the proliferative and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle as well as in cultured HESCs. (frontiersin.org)
  • also known as NCOA3 or AIB1) is a member of the multifunctional p160/SRC family of coactivators, which also includes SRC-1 and SRC-2. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we will focus on HMG AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2), a member of the HMGA family that mediates transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1, commonly known as TGFβ1) signaling 16 . (nature.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) belongs to the family of insulin-like growth factors that are structurally homologous to proinsulin. (joplink.net)
  • Our results show that PAD inhibition leads to an increase in DGCR8 mRNA and protein. (umassmed.edu)
  • Affected individuals are close to normal size at birth, but they experience slow growth from early childhood that results in very short stature. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The insulin-like growth factors, isolated from plasma, are structurally and functionally related to insulin but have a much higher growth-promoting activity. (joplink.net)
  • High level of plasma insulin has also been demonstrated to significantly increase the formation of aberrant crypt foci in obese rat model with injection of AOM ( 21 ). (amegroups.org)
  • The T2DM is a genetically heterogeneous disease, with several relatively rare monogenic forms and a number of more common forms resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. (scialert.net)
  • People with Laron syndrome have the opposite situation, an increased sensitivity to insulin, which likely helps explain their reduced risk of this common disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This difference in mass cannot be explained by the difference in molecular weights alone and appears to be highly protein dependent. (genengnews.com)
  • Finally, we measured anchorage-independent cell growth, a characteristic cancer feature, by soft-agar colony formation assay. (oncotarget.com)
  • In 1990s, Giovannucci et al proposed that prolonged high blood level of insulin is associated with increased colon cancer incidence ( 13 , 14 ). (amegroups.org)
  • A recent prospective study further demonstrated that fasting blood level of insulin is positively correlated with waist circumference and colon cancer ( 18 ). (amegroups.org)
  • PI3K specific inhibitor Ly294002 abolished such an effect of insulin. (amegroups.org)
  • Here we identified the deubiquitinase, ubiquitin specific peptidase 9X (USP9X) as a novel binding partner of IRS-2. (oncotarget.com)
  • Knockdown of USP9X significantly reduced anchorage-independent cell growth of prostate carcinoma cell line. (oncotarget.com)
  • With the SPRimager®II from GWC Technologies, real-time data is presented as charts that quantify molecular binding to the array and also as array images for evaluation by that most powerful of scientific instruments, the human eye. (genengnews.com)
  • R3 IGF-1 is significantly more potent than human IGF-I in vitro. (joplink.net)
  • Less appreciated is the fact that SPRi systems provide real-time data, which enables the user to monitor the progress of binding without disturbing molecular interactions. (genengnews.com)
  • Active DNA demethylation also requires GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA damage protein 45 alpha) and TET1 (ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1), which sequentially oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) 18 , 19 and are cleared through DNA repair mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • A 6-mo regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide given for 2 mo followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 mo is the preferred treatment for patients with fully susceptible organisms who adhere to treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • A 400-spot protein array was fabricated on an N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated (NHS) SPRchip using the GeSiM® Nanoplotter with nanotip ( HTS Resources ) for analysis on the SPRimager II ( Figure 1 ). (genengnews.com)