Signals targets effector cyclic gmp dependent protein kinases. Medical search. Frequent questions

An evolving paradigm expanding the genetic basis of cancer suggests that developmental programs indelibly imprint restricted repertoires of homeostasis, forming the substrate for lineage-dependent tumor induction by deregulation of tissue-specific survival pathways. (jefferson.edu)
He has over 12 years of experience in the field of innate immunity with specific expertise in Toll-like receptor (TLR), inflammasome and cGAS-STING signalling pathways. (monash.edu)
For instance, mtDNA and bacterial DNA are highly similar thereby activating similar cell autonomous immune signalling pathways. (nature.com)
In addition, mitochondria harbour many damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can initiate a variety of inflammatory signalling pathways [ 3 ]. (nature.com)
Early- and late-phase LTP also involve different signaling pathways. (jneurosci.org)
During RT, alterations in signaling pathways result in changes in the local immune microenvironment. (nature.com)
Here, we investigated how retrograde signaling pathways orchestrate metabolic rewiring to compensate for mitochondrial defects. (bvsalud.org)
It plays a key role during sperm capacitation [ 3 - 6 ] and the acrosomal exocytosis [ 7 - 10 ], where it affects different intracellular signalling pathways. (plos.org)
In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES , and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways. (lookformedical.com)
[email protected] tion of the important signalling pathways [3]. (sagepub.com)
This new generation may rival the so-called magic bullets in the treatment of diseases that arise as a consequence of the deregulation of multiple signaling pathways provided the challenge of optimization of the activities shown by the pharmacophores with the different targets is addressed. (biomedcentral.com)
We show that these opposing responses are driven via engagement of distinct odorant-directed signal transduction pathways within AWC. (plos.org)
Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
The regulatory influence of the rhodopsin domain on the enzyme activity is only partially understood and holds the key for a deeper understanding of intra-molecular signaling pathways. (elifesciences.org)
they usher in a new direction for optogenetics aiming to unravel the details of these signaling pathways. (elifesciences.org)
Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be involved in E-LTP, but until now there has been no information about the role of the NO-signaling pathway in L-LTP. (jneurosci.org)
The lcn2-induced phenotypic changes of astrocytes occurred through a Rho-ROCK (Rho kinase)-GFAP pathway, which was positively regulated by nitric oxide and cGMP. (jneurosci.org)
Hippo signaling pathway, also known as the Salvador/Warts/Hippo (SWH) pathway, controls organ size in animals through the regulation of cell proliferationand apoptosis. (medchemexpress.cn)
The Hippo pathway consists of a core kinase cascade in which Hpo phosphorylates the protein kinase Warts (Wts) Hpo (MST1/2 in mammals) is a member of the Ste-20 family of protein kinases. (medchemexpress.cn)
GW786034 is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-focused multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor involved in inhibiting the angiogenesis pathway. (gw786034inhibitor.com)
MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v.) and group IV (Tada- activate protein kinase G and map kinase pathway of lafil 4 mg/kg, p.o. (sagepub.com)
The described setup and experimental design enable real-time monitoring of substrate turnover in light-activated enzymes on a molecular scale, thus opening the pathway to a deeper understanding of enzyme activity and protein-protein interactions. (elifesciences.org)

Recently, signaling by GCC and its downstream effector, cyclic GMP (cGMP) has emerged as a principal regulator of proliferation in human colon cancer cells. (jefferson.edu)
We discovered that IKKe works redundantly along with TBK1, the major effector kinase downstream of STING. (monash.edu)
To test a possible downstream target of PKG, we examined changes in phospho-CRE-binding protein (phospho-CREB) immunofluorescence in the CA1 cell body area and obtained results similar to those of the electrophysiology experiments. (jneurosci.org)
in an operon with an upstream PurR/LacI-type transcriptional regulator gene, named amlR ( ACSP50_2475 ), and a gene downstream ( ACSP50_2473 ) encoding a GGDEF-EAL-domain-containing protein putatively involved in c-di-GMP signaling. (frontiersin.org)
We ascribe these effects to ACSP50_2473 , which is localized downstream of amlE and presumably involved in the metabolism of the second messenger c-di-GMP. (frontiersin.org)
group ation of their intracellular downstream signaling mech- II (toxic control, MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v. (sagepub.com)

A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups. (wikipedia.org)
In 1992 Lawrence Haynes and King-Wai Yau uncovered cNMP's role in the light-dependent cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel of cone photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
Wei-Jen Tang and James Hurley reported in 1998 that adenylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cAMP, is regulated not only by hormones and neurotransmitters, but also by phosphorylation, calcium, forskolin, and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). (wikipedia.org)
Each cyclic nucleotide has three components. (wikipedia.org)
And finally, a cyclic nucleotide contains a phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
The atom numbering convention is used to identify the carbons and nitrogens within a cyclic nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
Upon binding of dsDNA, cGAS produces a cyclic di-nucleotide molecule, cGAMP. (monash.edu)
SE50/110, but that its metabolism is coupled to the nucleotide messenger system of c-di-GMP. (frontiersin.org)
It is known to act through protein phosphorylation via PRKA and through the activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors like EPAC. (plos.org)
Sperm intracellular cAMP levels depend on the activity of adenylyl cyclases, mostly SACY, though transmembrane-containing adenylyl cyclases are also present, and on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) whose role is to degrade cAMP into 5'-AMP. (plos.org)
Goupil S, Maréchal L, El Hajj H, Tremblay M-È, Richard FJ, Leclerc P (2016) Identification and Localization of the Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 10A in Bovine Testis and Mature Spermatozoa. (plos.org)
A cyclic nucleotide, unlike other nucleotides, has a cyclic bond arrangement between the ribose sugar and the phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
A cyclase enzyme (lyase) catalyzes the formation of the cyclic nucleotide from its nucleotide triphosphate precursor ( Figure 1 ). (pancreapedia.org)
Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group of the molecule of nucleotide triphosphate (ATP or GTP) is attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the ribose, forming a cyclic 3',5'-phosphate ester with release of pyrophosphate. (pancreapedia.org)
Cyclic nucleotide signaling can be initiated by two general mechanisms. (pancreapedia.org)
After a ligand binds to the GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G-protein, which is composed of three subunits: a guanine nucleotide binding α-subunit, and a βγ-heterodimer (98). (pancreapedia.org)
The end products of this catalytic reaction are a cyclic nucleotide (cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP) and a pyrophosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
Baker DA: Cyclic nucleotide signaling in malaria parasites. (biomedcentral.com)

As can be seen in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) images, the 'cyclic' portion consists of two bonds between the phosphate group and the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups of the sugar, very often a ribose. (wikipedia.org)
Evgeny Fesenko, Stanislav Kolesnikov, and Arkady Lyubarsky discovered in 1985 that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) can initiate the photoresponse in rods. (wikipedia.org)
cAMP is 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cGMP is 3'5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cCMP is cytidine 3',5'-monophosphate, and cUMP is uridine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
MNU was dissolved im- (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediately before use in glacial acetic acid and water (pH into their intermediate inactive 50 derivatives and 5- 4.5-5). (sagepub.com)

The major sensor of cytosolic double stranded (ds)DNA is the enzyme cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase). (monash.edu)
Among PRRs, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a recently identiﬁed DNA sensor, which plays a pivotal role in recognizing cytosolic DNA [3]. (gw786034inhibitor.com)
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses foreign DNA to produce 2'3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3′-cGAMP). (knoblauchpublishing.com)

This occurs through the downregulation of methylmalonyl coenzyme A epimerase (MCEE), mediated by an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2-driven transcription factor Sp1/early growth response protein 1 transcriptional switch driven by metastatic signalling at its promoter level. (biomed.news)
One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
The ligand-binding site is in the extracellular domain and the cytosolic domain has a heterotrimeric G protein-binding site (127). (pancreapedia.org)
The signal source can be either extracellular, such as nitric oxide (NO) (114), or intracellular, such as bicarbonate (189). (pancreapedia.org)
The signaling by an extracellular ligand is limited by its ability to cross the plasma membrane. (pancreapedia.org)
Like most bacteria, Xcc uses a variety of extracellular protein structures to interact with their surrounding environment and drives cellular movement. (biomedcentral.com)
These extracellular protein structures called flagella and pili contribute cellular movement in the form of 'swimming' and 'swarming', respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)

Our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of cGAS-STING signalling and have important implications for the effective therapeutic targeting of STING-related diseases. (monash.edu)
In contrast, activation of IRF3 and ISRE signaling upon stimulation with TRIFΔRIP, cGAS/STING or RIG-I-CARD remained unaltered. (mdpi.com)
As ASFV is a nucleocytoplasmic virus and mainly completes viral replication and assembly in the cytoplasm [21], it is hypothesized that ASFV may encode early proteins to prevent the sensing of foreign DNA from being recognized by cytosolic DNA receptors, especially cGAS. (gw786034inhibitor.com)
Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential inhibitory effect of the DP96R gene on cGAS-STING-mediated DNA recognition and signaling. (gw786034inhibitor.com)

Dr Dominic De Nardo is leader of the Innate Immune Signalling Group in the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology within the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute . (monash.edu)
Despite its small genome and limited number of effector proteins, Ehrlichia efficiently establishes an intracellular infection and avoids immune defenses in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts through complex molecular and cellular reprogramming strategies. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
In this work, we have revealed that early viral protein UBCv1, the only known conjugating enzyme encoded by a virus, modulates innate immune and inflammatory signaling. (mdpi.com)
Specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) expressed by cancer cells can be identified by the immune system and results in the activation of immune system effectors and the consequent elimination of the cancer cells. (oaepublish.com)
During the Elimination phase, some newly transformed cells can be quickly eliminated by immune effector cells, such as natural killers (NKs), but this phase can also favor the development of heterogeneous tumor cancer cells resulting in the selection of new variants resistant to immune edition. (oaepublish.com)
To our knowledge, this is for the ﬁrst time that DP96R of ASFV China 2018/1 is reported to negatively regulate type I IFN expression and NF-kB signaling by inhibiting both TBK1 and IKKb, which plays an important role in virus immune evasion. (gw786034inhibitor.com)
ASFV utilizes multiple self-encoding proteins to evade the host's innate and adaptive immune responses [9e13]. (gw786034inhibitor.com)
It has been postulated that DP96R is a potential immune evasion protein, although its mechanism of action remains virtually unknown [9,22]. (gw786034inhibitor.com)
Efficient inactivated or protein vaccines typically rely on an effective adjuvant to elicit an immune response and boost vaccine activity. (ijbs.com)
Adjuvants formulated with a TLR9 agonist, CpG-2722, with various cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) that are STING agonists increased germinal center B cell response and elicited humoral immune responses in immunized mice. (ijbs.com)
2'3′-cGAMP is a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING, which triggers the innate immune response. (knoblauchpublishing.com)
Here, we review the status of 2'3′-cGAMP research and outline the role of 2'3′-cGAMP in immune signaling, adjuvant applications, and cancer immunotherapy, as well as various 2'3′-cGAMP detection methods. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

In these photoreceptors, the C-terminus of the rhodopsin is directly linked to either a histidine kinase (histidine kinase rhodopsin), a phosphodiesterase (rhodopsin phosphodiesterase, RPDE), or a guanylyl cyclase (rhodopsin guanylyl cyclase, RGC). (elifesciences.org)

stitute of 11 distinct gene families, which initiate the Carcinogenesis was induced by single tail vein injection of st sequential lcleavage of cyclic adenosine monophosphate MNU on day 1 in each animal. (sagepub.com)

Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS . (lookformedical.com)
This highly conserved group of serine/threonine kinases regulates several cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and various stress responses. (medchemexpress.cn)
Despite an improved understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling regulates S. Typhimurium biofilms, the processes that affect the intracellular c-di-GMP levels and the formation of multicellular communities in vivo during infections remain unknown. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

To handle this relevant issue, WT mice had been primed s.c. with 20?g from the potent subunit amphiphilic vaccine (Amph\vaccine) containing the ovalbumin epitope, SIINFEKL, and cyclic di\GMP, seeing that an adjuvant for LN targeting (Fig.?1A) 24, 25. (baxkyardgardener.com)
In this study, we investigated the adjuvant activities of combinations of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists in a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain protein vaccine. (ijbs.com)
Thus, the antigen-dependent Th responses observed in the animals immunized with different vaccines were shaped by the antigen-independent cytokine-inducing profiles of their adjuvant. (ijbs.com)

Three-train L-LTP was also blocked by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that NO contributes to L-LTP by stimulating guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which acts in parallel with PKA to increase phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB. (jneurosci.org)
Most of the effects of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) are mediated by cGMP, which is synthesized by soluble guanylyl cyclase and degraded by phosphodiesterases. (rupress.org)

In close agreement, induction of GCC signaling in mucosal sheets ex vivo and intestinal cells in vitro inhibited proliferation by activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase and delaying the cell cycle at the G1/S transition. (jefferson.edu)
The Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) is one of the key regulators of the malaria parasite life cycle in both sexual and asexual blood-stages. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, disrupting cGMP binding through mutating the conserved arginine 492 to lysine (R492K) abolished the cGMP-dependent activation of the deletion mutant (500-600 fold higher K A for cGMP), suggesting that the cGMP binding at the CNB-D mainly triggers the activation of this mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
Kim JJ, Flueck C, Franz E, Sanabria-Figueroa E, Thompson E, Lorenz R, et al: Crystal structures of the carboxyl cGMP binding domain of the Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase reveal a novel capping triad crucial for merozoite egress. (biomedcentral.com)

Trafficking of STING to the Golgi leads to clustering of STING, providing a platform for the initiation of signal transduction. (monash.edu)
however both chains are required for signal transduction . (lookformedical.com)
Efforts are underway to use chemoinformatics to help understand drug effects from a signal transduction network perspective [ 3 ], to confidently predict new molecular targets for known drugs, and to explain polypharmacology. (biomedcentral.com)

Roquin proteins preclude spontaneous T cell activation and aberrant differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) or T helper 17 (Th17) cells. (cipsm.de)
However, it could be activated efficiently by cGMP (7.0 U/mg), suggesting that the allosteric activation mechanism of PfPKG is dependent only on cGMP binding. (biomedcentral.com)
Upon cGMP binding, conformational changes in the regulatory (R) domain, especially in the area that bridges the regulatory and catalytic domains, induce kinase activation. (biomedcentral.com)
After the spectroscopic characterization of the late rhodopsin photoproducts, we analyzed truncated variants and revealed the involvement of the cytosolic N-terminus in the structural rearrangements upon photo-activation of the protein. (elifesciences.org)
Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the activation and inactivation of these novel proteins is of utmost interest. (elifesciences.org)
Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

Enzymerhodopsins represent a recently discovered class of rhodopsins which includes histidine kinase rhodopsin, rhodopsin phosphodiesterases, and rhodopsin guanylyl cyclases (RGCs). (elifesciences.org)

Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process. (biomed.news)
Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. (biomedcentral.com)

This recombinant protein was biotinylated in vivo by AviTag-BirA technology, which method is BriA catalyzes amide linkage between the biotin and the specific lysine of the AviTag. (cusabio.com)
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. (lookformedical.com)

Finally, we propose that PggH could modulate the activities of PDE-As and the intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP, resulting in phenotypic changes including in biofilm formation. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

To benefit from those effects, it is required that the multitarget drug exhibit balanced in vitro and in vivo activities to match potency for the corresponding targets, as well as optimized PK and safety profiles. (biomedcentral.com)

2'3′-cGAMP and its analogs are thus putative targets for immunotherapy and are currently being testedin clinical trials to treat solid tumors. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

Targeted gene deletion mutants of amlE and amlR were constructed by use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. (frontiersin.org)
Although a high level of PDE10A gene expression is observed in the testis, information on the identity of the isoforms or on the cell type that express the PDE10 protein is lacking. (plos.org)
The SenX3-RegX3 mycobacterial two-component system (responsible for the virulence and phosphate dependant gene expression of M. tuberculosis) has also been identified as a target site for use in identifying BCG sub-strains [8]. (dnapk-signaling.com)

Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)

The second signaling mechanism involves the binding of a small signaling molecule to a soluble cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
In the cytosol, the signal molecule binds to the heme-binding domain of the soluble cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)

Discovery of cyclic nucleotides has contributed greatly to the understanding of kinase and phosphatase mechanisms, as well as protein regulation in general. (wikipedia.org)
The significance of loss of GCC ligands early in intestinal tumorigenesis remains obscure because (patho)physiological roles of GCC signaling in intestine, beyond regulation of intestinal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, are poorly defined. (jefferson.edu)
To decipher the molecular basis for the variation in expression and protein production among strains, different regulation levels were analyzed in representative clinical isolates and reference strains. (cnrs.fr)
IMPORTANCE Recent studies provided important insight into our understanding of the role of c-di-GMP signaling and the regulation of enteric biofilms. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

Like other nucleotides, cyclic nucleotides are composed of three functional groups: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a single phosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
cAMP and cGMP are currently the most well documented cyclic nucleotides, however there is evidence that cCMP (with cytosine) is also involved in eukaryotic cellular messaging. (wikipedia.org)
Although more than 50 years have passed since their initial discovery, interest in cyclic nucleotides and their biochemical and physiological significance continues. (wikipedia.org)
The understanding of the concept of second messengers, and in particular the role of cyclic nucleotides and their ability to relay physiological signals to a cell, has its origins in the research of glycogen metabolism by Carl and Gerty Cori, for which they were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. (wikipedia.org)
The two most well-studied cyclic nucleotides are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), while cyclic CMP (cCMP) and cyclic UMP (cUMP) are less understood. (wikipedia.org)
While all nucleotides have this structure, the phosphate group makes a second connection to the ribose ring at the 3' carbon in cyclic nucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
There are two main groups of cyclic nucleotides: the canonical or well-established and the non-canonical or unknown-function cyclic nucleotides. (pancreapedia.org)
The two well-established cyclic nucleotides are adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP). (pancreapedia.org)
The non-canonical cyclic nucleotides include the purines inosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic IMP), xanthosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic XMP) and the pyrimidines cytidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic cCMP), uridine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic UMP), and thymidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cTMP) (145). (pancreapedia.org)
An overview of the non-canonical cyclic nucleotides is provided in Section V. (pancreapedia.org)
This cyclic conformation allows cyclic nucleotides to bind to proteins to which other nucleotides cannot. (pancreapedia.org)

Because the phosphate group has two separate bonds to the ribose sugar, it forms a cyclic ring. (wikipedia.org)

Acts by specifically binding and stimulating NPR1 to produce cGMP, which in turn activates effector proteins that drive various biological responses. (cusabio.com)
In addition to its PRKA-dependent effects, different studies have clearly demonstrated that cAMP also activates EPAC ( E xchange P roteins directly A ctivated by c AMP) during capacitation and acrosome exocytosis [ 15 - 17 ]. (plos.org)
PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA , and activates transcription. (lookformedical.com)
Nitrate represses production of an important biofilm component, curli, and activates flagella via the modulation of intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

In mammals, adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is known to play highly important roles in sperm motility and acrosomal exocytosis. (plos.org)
PilG and PilH antagonistically control flagellum-dependent and pili-dependent motility in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we present evidence demonstrating the role of two single domain response regulators PilG and PilH in the antagonistic control of flagellum-dependent (swimming) and pili-dependent (swarming) motility. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, we demonstrate that for the conditions tested PilG and PilH have inverse regulatory effects on flagellum-dependent and pili-dependent motility in Xcc and that this regulatory impact depends on these proteins influences on genes/proteins involved in flagellar biosynthesis and pilus assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, flagellum-dependent and pili-dependent motility are essential to Xcc 's ability to attach to host surfaces and to elicit disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the importance of flagellum-dependent and pili-dependent motility for Xcc survival and ability to cause disease, it is critical that these systems are effectively regulated and controlled. (biomedcentral.com)

Both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP are second messengers. (pancreapedia.org)

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. (lookformedical.com)

Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
Co-immunoprecipitation, bacterial two-hybrid and pull-down analyses showed that PilH and PilG were able to interact with district subsets of proteins that potentially account for their regulatory impact. (biomedcentral.com)

Conversely, either NO or cGMP analogs paired with one-train tetanization produced late-phase potentiation, and the cGMP-induced potentiation was blocked by inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis and an inhibitor of PKG, but not by an inhibitor of PKA. (jneurosci.org)

Many proteins have been identified as substrates for the kinase activity of DNA-PK. (dnapk-signaling.com)

They have been identified as secondary messengers in both hormone and ion-channel signalling in eukaryotic cells, as well as allosteric effector compounds of DNA binding proteins in prokaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)

Taylor HM, McRobert L, Grainger M, Sicard A, Dluzewski AR, Hopp CS, et al: The Malaria Parasite Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Plays a Central Role in Blood-Stage Schizogony. (biomedcentral.com)

The interferon alpha-beta receptor signals through the action of JANUS KINASES such as the TYK2 KINASE. (lookformedical.com)
Staphylococcus aureus gamma-hemolysin CB (HlgCB) is a core-genome-encoded pore-forming toxin that targets the C5a receptor, similar to the phage-encoded Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL). (cnrs.fr)

Without the auto-inhibitory sequence, we expected that the mutant would completely lose its control on the activity, since the catalytic cleft of the kinase is open. (biomedcentral.com)

3 hr, and is reduced by inhibitors of PKA and of protein or RNA synthesis. (jneurosci.org)

Here, we demonstrate that ROS-RET signalling requires increased electron entry and uninterrupted electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC). We find that in old fruit flies, ROS-RET is abolished when electron flux is decreased and that their mitochondria produce consistently high levels of mtROS. (biomed.news)
Mitochondria are the center of many diverse cellular functions integrating signals between the organelle and the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)

NFPs are mainly found in bacteria where formyl modified methionine initiates protein synthesis [ 7 ]. (nature.com)
In cancer, the design and synthesis of new molecules that simultaneously modulate multiple biochemically distinct oncogenic targets is of current interest. (biomedcentral.com)
The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. (lookformedical.com)

Here, we demonstrate that HlgCB, another leucocidin, which targets the same receptors as PVL, highly contributes to S. aureus virulence in -negative strains. (cnrs.fr)

Notwithstanding the success of combination therapy, the use of a single drug that modulates several targets might be therapeutically advantageous over the use of drugs in combination. (biomedcentral.com)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS . (lookformedical.com)

synthesized by GGDEF domain-containing diguanylate cyclases and degraded by HD-GYP domain-containing phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to 2 GMP or by EAL domain-containing PDE-As to 5′-phosphoguanylyl-(3′,5′)-guanosine (pGpG). (knoblauchpublishing.com)

IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence. (lookformedical.com)
Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. (lookformedical.com)

Field M, Graf LH Jr, Laird WJ, Smith PL (1978) Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: In vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. (springer.com)
Inverse to the reported increase in sensitivity caused by NO shortage, concentrating NO attenuated the cGMP response in a concentration-dependent manner. (rupress.org)

CpG-2722 induced antigen-dependent T helper (Th)1 and Th17 responses, while 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 induced a Th2 response. (ijbs.com)
The combination of CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 generated a distinct antigen-dependent Th response profile characterized by higher Th1 and Th17, but lower Th2 responses. (ijbs.com)

Microbial rhodopsins (Rhs) are transmembrane proteins that utilize light-induced isomerization of their retinal cofactor to function as light-sensitive ion channels, pumps and sensors. (elifesciences.org)

The false growth suggests to determine the absence and Bone of available globulins, the effect on hypertrophy Source and protein of activity, and the stimulation of kinase. (seabaygame.com)

In that context, differentiated enterocytes in villi exhibit higher guanylin expression and ligand-dependent cGMP accumulation compared to proliferating progenitor cells in crypts. (jefferson.edu)
Since excess pGpG feedback inhibits PDE-A activity and thereby can lead to the uncontrolled accumulation of c-di-GMP, a PDE that degrades pGpG to 2 GMP (PDE-B) has been presumed to exist. (knoblauchpublishing.com)

At steady state, STING is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein that exists as a preformed dimer. (monash.edu)
Post-Golgi, STING is located in endosome and later lysosomal vesicles, which appears important for termination of signalling. (monash.edu)

Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. (lookformedical.com)
A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. (lookformedical.com)

These observations suggest that GCC signaling may regulate the renewal of the intestinal epithelium by restricting the proliferating compartment and promoting the transition from proliferation to differentiation along the crypt to villus axis. (jefferson.edu)

Gupta DD, Saha S, Chakrabarti MK (2005) Involvement of protein kinase C in the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in a human colonic carcinoma cell line, COLO-205. (springer.com)
Iron and BIM (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death) proteins were involved in the cytotoxic sensitization process. (jneurosci.org)
LCN2 protein induced upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cell migration, and morphological changes similar to characteristic phenotypic changes termed reactive astrocytosis. (jneurosci.org)
This approach was based on the assumption that the deregulation of a protein was causally linked to a disease state, and the pharmacological intervention through inhibition of the deregulated target was able to restore normal cell function. (biomedcentral.com)
This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)

Altogether, we present a previously uncharacterized dysregulation of propionate metabolism as an important contributor to cancer and a valuable potential target in the therapeutic treatment of metastatic carcinomas. (biomed.news)

Anatomy22

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs162

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes45

Information Science3

Pathways16

Pathway7

Downstream6

Nucleotide18

Guanosine monophosphate4

Synthase3

Extracellular9

CGAS4

Immune13

Phosphodiesterase1

Adenosine monophosphate1

Regulates3

Adjuvant3

Guanylyl cyclase3

CGMP-dependent4

Transduction3

Activation7

Histidine1

Mitochondrial2

Recombinant2

Biofilm formation1

Vivo1

Putative1

Gene3

Tyrosine1

Molecule2

Regulation4

Nucleotides11

Ribose sugar1

Activates4

Motility6

Second messengers1

Inflammatory1

Bacterial3

Inhibitor1

Substrates1

Allosteric1

Plays1

Receptor2

Catalytic1

Inhibitors1

Mitochondria2

Synthesis3

Contributes1

Modulates1

Activator1

Cyclases1

Bind2

Concentration2

Responses2

Transmembrane1

Stimulation1

Accumulation2

STING2

Vertebrate2

Proliferation1

Cell5

Metabolism1