• Ras activates several pathways, of which the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade has been well-studied. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ras proteins are membrane-bound small GTPases that act as molecular transducers, coupling cell surface receptors to intracellular effector pathways to regulate cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Cross-talk of the MAPK signaling pathway with other proteins and signaling pathways have a crucial impact on clinical outcomes of targeted therapies and plays important role during development of drug resistance in cancers. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss cross-talk of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway with other signaling pathways, in particular interplay with the Hippo/MST pathway. (mdpi.com)
  • In addition, the influences of aberrant expressed SDC-1 in Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and rat sarcoma virus (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways were detected by western blot analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In general, the evidence from this study suggested that SDC-1 suppressed cell growth, migration through blocking JAK1/STAT3 and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in human colorectal carcinoma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our model therefore shows the complexity of the interaction between the two pathways and highlights the need for such integrated computational models to give insight into the dysregulation of insulin signalling along with more data at the individual level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nutrient response signalling pathways are activated in response to feeding and control such aspects of an organism's response to feeding as satiety and the generation, consumption and storage of energy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it remains challenging to elucidate dominant allosteric signal transduction pathways, especially for large and multi-component protein machineries where long-range allosteric regulation exits. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, we unveiled the possible allosteric pathways upon SPRED1 binding through difference contact network analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • R-Ras proteins function distinctly from classic Ras proteins by regulating distinct signaling pathways that promote MPNST tumorigenesis by mediating migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously shown that three related Ras proteins (the classic Ras proteins) are highly activated in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells with neurofibromin loss and that they drive cancer cell proliferation and survival by activating multiple cellular signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined the activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in the presence and absence of R-Ras signaling and found that R-Ras proteins regulated 13 signaling pathways distinct from those regulated by classic Ras proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among them, the Rho GTPase family plays a pivotal role in regulating the biochemical and cytoskeletal pathways relevant to cell migration. (rupress.org)
  • This is the result of the modulation of a substantial number of signaling pathways whose participation in the alkaline response has been elucidated within the last ten years. (microbialcell.com)
  • These regulatory inputs involve not only the conserved Rim101/PacC pathway, but also the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin, the Wsc1-Pkc1-Slt2 MAP kinase, the Snf1 and PKA kinases and oxidative stress-response pathways. (microbialcell.com)
  • The analysis of available data highlights cases in which diverse signaling pathways are integrated in the gene promoter to shape the appropriate response pattern. (microbialcell.com)
  • Cancer cell biology takes advantage of identifying diverse cellular signaling pathways that are disrupted in cancer. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Signaling pathways are an important means of communication from the exterior of cell to intracellular mediators, as well as intracellular interactions that govern diverse cellular processes. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Unraveling of dysregulated signaling pathways may advance the understanding of tumor pathophysiology and lead to the improvement of targeted tumor therapy. (eurekaselect.com)
  • In this review article, different signaling pathways and how their dysregulation contributes to the development of tumors have been discussed. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Cripto-1 overexpression in U87 glioblastoma cells activates MAPK, focal adhesion and ErbB pathways. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Hypoxia, a condition of oxygen deprivation, is considered a hallmark of tumor microenvironment regulating several pathways and promoting cancer progression and resistance to therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This new generation may rival the so-called magic bullets in the treatment of diseases that arise as a consequence of the deregulation of multiple signaling pathways provided the challenge of optimization of the activities shown by the pharmacophores with the different targets is addressed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. (mdpi.com)
  • Another Ras-activated signaling pathway is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which stimulates protein synthesis and cellular growth, and inhibits apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
  • Targeted inhibition of individual kinases of the MAPK signaling pathway using synthetic compounds represents a promising way to effective anti-cancer therapy. (mdpi.com)
  • Our results demonstrate an association between cognitive impairment and a defect in a signalling pathway that depends on a Ras-like GTPase. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • We have developed a model of insulin signalling in rodent adipocytes that includes both transcriptional feedback through the Forkhead box type O (FOXO) transcription factor, and interaction with oxidative stress, in addition to the core pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Closer study of an R-Ras regulated pathway containing the signaling protein ROCK1 showed that inhibition of either R-Ras, R-Ras2 or ROCK1 similarly impaired cellular migration and invasion and altered cellular morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The combination of growth factors and RTKs can activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and negatively regulate TSC1/2, promoting Rheb to become GTP loaded, which can activate mTORC1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Proteins( IGFBPs) phase 50 response pathway good research with reviewed N cell and C formation enzymes binding for conjugating Insulin like Growth Factors I and II( IGF I and IGF II). (evakoch.com)
  • The morphological transition requires the RhoA-ROCK (Rho-associated coil-containing protein kinase) pathway and is prevented by RhoE. (rupress.org)
  • The anchor cell induces nearby epidermal precursor cells to generate vulval cells via an epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway. (wormbook.org)
  • Thus, we propose a model where Rab40c/CRL5 regulates ANKRD28 ubiquitylation and degradation, leading to a decrease in PP6 activity, which ultimately affects FAK and Hippo pathway signaling to alter focal adhesion dynamics. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • We showed previously that cytoplasmic release of mtDNA activates the cGAS STING TBK1 pathway resulting in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression that promotes antiviral immunity4. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Ras proteins function as binary molecular switches that control intracellular signaling networks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two factors concur to determine specific Rho GTPase function: tissue specificity of GTPase effectors and distinct intracellular localizations of closely related Rho GTPases, due to different lipid modifications [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High and stable ATP levels prevent aberrant intracellular protein aggregation in yeast. (waseda.jp)
  • Inhibition of R-Ras/R-Ras2 and ROCK1 signaling also triggered the accumulation of abnormal intracellular vesicles, indicating that these signaling molecules regulate the movement of proteins and other molecules in the cellular interior. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Emerging evidence suggests that lysosomes may also be the cellular center for intracellular transport (Fig. 1 ), signaling (Fig. 2 ), and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lysosomes function as an intracellular signal transduction platform. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General Samuel T. Williams: From Pancho Villa to of residues are experienced regulated for the high 3-phosphate by which SP1 assemblies present to connected formation phagosome by UCP1 in transmembrane C1q-mediated fusion momenta, and preferentially by the intracellular genes as Once. (evakoch.com)
  • Numerous intracellular signaling molecules have been implicated in migratory processes. (rupress.org)
  • Mutant Ras is a driver both in tumor initiation and tumor maintenance [ 5 ] [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The NF1 gene product, neurofibromin, is a GTPase-activating protein and acts as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the small GTPase, Ras. (bvsalud.org)
  • Loss of the Ras GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin promotes nervous system tumor pathogenesis in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have shown that classic Ras proteins promote proliferation and survival, but not migration, in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations in cis-acting splicing elements or changes in the activity of constitutive or alternative splicing could have a profound regulatory proteins that compromise the accuracy of either impact on human pathogenesis, in particular in tumor development and progression. (biologists.com)
  • In addition to its role in controlling cell cycle progression, the tumor suppressor protein p53 can also affect other cellular functions such as cell migration. (rupress.org)
  • Oncogenic mutations or abnormal expression of signaling components disrupt the regulatory networks that govern cell function, thus enabling tumor cells to undergo dysregulated mitogenesis, to resist apoptosis, and to promote invasion to neighboring tissues. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Ras signaling is activated by cellular receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), cytokines receptors, and extracellular matrix receptors [ 12 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Neuronal excitation is also influenced by the amounts of neurotransmitter receptors and signaling molecules retained at particular synaptic sites. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent studies revealed a key role for PSD- 95, a scaffolding molecule enriched at glutamatergic synapses, in modulation of clustering of several neurotransmitter receptors, adhesion molecules, ion channels, cytoskeletal elements and signaling molecules at postsynaptic sites. (frontiersin.org)
  • Members of the Rho family of small G proteins transduce signals from plasma-membrane receptors and control cell adhesion, motility and shape by actin cytoskeleton formation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Dietary sugars trigger the production of insulin or insulin-like peptides which are sensed by Insulin receptors at the cell surface and initiate a kinase cascade, leading to the activation of the downstream kinase Akt (PKB), the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface, and ultimately glucose uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the trans-Golgi network (TGN), phosphorylated lysosomal enzymes bind to M-6-P receptors, which direct the enzymes into clathrin-coated vesicles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The reversed polarity of the posterior 2 ° precursor cell lineage requires WNT signaling mediated by both Frizzled class and Ryk class WNT-receptors LIN-17 and LIN-18 , respectively. (wormbook.org)
  • Semaphorins were originally identified in the nervous system for their ability to regulate axon guidance through the interaction with their receptors, plexins and neuropilins [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which ultimately turn on genes involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations in Ras genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins, which can cause unintended and overactive signaling inside the cell, even in the absence of incoming signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first two Ras genes, HRAS and KRAS, were identified from studies of two cancer-causing viruses, the Harvey sarcoma virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus, by Edward M. Scolnick and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1982, activated and transforming human ras genes were discovered in human cancer cells by Geoffrey M. Cooper at Harvard, Mariano Barbacid and Stuart A. Aaronson at the NIH, Robert Weinberg at MIT, and Michael Wigler at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
  • The three human ras genes encode extremely similar proteins made up of chains of 188 to 189 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • This cascade transmits signals downstream and results in the transcription of genes involved in cell growth and division. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, radial nerve showed an unexpected level of complexity with the expression of 3,370 genes significantly altered more than two-fold with age, including genes involved in nerve function, signaling, metabolism, transcriptional regulation and chromatin modification. (nature.com)
  • In humans, three Ras genes ( H-ras , N-ras, and K-ras ) encode four distinct Ras proteins: H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras4A, and K-RasS4B, the latter 2 resulting from alternative RNA splicing of the K-ras gen. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Additionally, Ras proteins are recognized as major oncogenes, as mutations in all three Ras genes occur in approximately 30% of human cancers [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
  • Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
  • There is no longer a need for signals to activate these genes. (cancerquest.org)
  • Many of these genes are responsible for providing the positive signals that lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
  • Several molecular mechanisms with antifungal agents have been reported for C. albicans where insertions, deletions, and point mutations in genes codifying target proteins are frequently related to the antifungal drug resistance. (intechopen.com)
  • Thus, the expression of different genes sharing the same signaling network can be coordinated, allowing functional coupling of their gene products. (microbialcell.com)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
  • The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • Deregulation of the MAPK signaling occurs under many pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes and cancers. (mdpi.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. (cancerindex.org)
  • Ras proteins are the founding members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases, which in humans is composed of more than 150 members [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • GTPase activator proteins towards Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like small GTPases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Like all other GTPases, Rho proteins act as molecular switches, with an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rho GTPases are key integrating molecules from different extracellular signals, as they can be activated by different GEFs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the mechanisms that regulate activation / inactivation of the GTPases is of obvious biological significance and is a subject of intense investigation. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • They regulate signalling though inhibition of phosphatases and induction of the activity of Stress Activated Protein Kinases, which themselves modulate feedbacks to insulin signalling and FOXO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consistent with classical Ras inhibition, DN R-Ras and R-Ras2 knockdown inhibited proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, DN R-Ras inhibition impaired migration and invasion but not survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of R-Ras action inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion but not survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This approach was based on the assumption that the deregulation of a protein was causally linked to a disease state, and the pharmacological intervention through inhibition of the deregulated target was able to restore normal cell function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The D is aspartate57, which is specific for guanine versus adenine binding, and Q is glutamine61, the crucial residue that activates a catalytic water molecule for hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the quintessential examples having long-range allosteric regulation is the ternary complex, SPRED1-RAS-neurofibromin type 1 (NF1, a RAS GTPase-activating protein), in which SPRED1 facilitates RAS-GTP hydrolysis by interacting with NF1 at a distal, allosteric site from the RAS binding site. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our findings suggested that SPRED1 loading allosterically enhanced KRAS-NF1 binding, but hindered conformational transformation of the NF1 catalytic center for RAS hydrolysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • A third ras gene was subsequently discovered by researchers in the group of Robin Weiss at the Institute of Cancer Research, and Michael Wigler at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, named NRAS, for its initial identification in human neuroblastoma cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is prenylated at its C-terminus, and localizes to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. (cancerindex.org)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • Note that by convention gene names are italicized and the proteins they make are not. (cancerquest.org)
  • As an example TP 53 refers to the gene and p53 refers to the protein. (cancerquest.org)
  • This gene is highly expressed in fetal brain and encodes a protein of relative molecular mass 91K, named oligophrenin-1, which contains a domain typical of a Rho-GTPase-activating protein (rhoGAP). (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The GTPase signalling molecules RhoA and Rac1 regulate merlin function, but to date only mutation in the NF2 gene has been identified as a causal event in schwannoma formation. (bmj.com)
  • In 1986, the NF2 gene was mapped to chromosome 22, and in 1993, two groups independently isolated the gene and named its encoding protein merlin or schwannomin. (bmj.com)
  • 5, 6 The NF2 gene is a tumour suppressor, as corroborated by studies showing complete inactivation of the gene in more than 60% of schwannomas, either by mutation in both alleles or by loss of one allele and mutation in the other. (bmj.com)
  • Mutations of the NF1 gene potentially results in the activation of multiple Ras proteins, which are key regulators of many biologic effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, gene overexpression is also frequently associated to antifungal resistance as well as an increase in the activity of proteins that reduce oxidative damage. (intechopen.com)
  • The response of cells to environmental signals, as well as their differentiation, death or malignant transformation, involves changes in gene expression. (biologists.com)
  • Here, we find that persistent mtDNA stress is not associated with basally activated NF-κB signalling or interferon gene expression typical of an acute antiviral response. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • mutations that permanently activate Ras are found in 20 to 25% of all human tumors and up to 90% in certain types of cancer (e.g., pancreatic cancer). (wikipedia.org)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • 29% of melanomas are driven by mutations in N-Ras, while H-Ras mutations appears mutated in 5% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and 6% of bladder cancers [ 11 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This process is thought to be regulated by molecules that regulate synapse number, morphology and strength. (frontiersin.org)
  • They are small (21-25 kDa) molecules that share structural homology and become activated only when bound to GTP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The best-characterized molecules are Rho, which controls the stress fibers and focal adhesion formation, and Rac and Cdc42, which regulate membrane ruffling, and filopodium formation, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ras is the prototypical member of the Ras superfamily of proteins, which are all related in three-dimensional structure and regulate diverse cell behaviours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rho proteins belong to the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ras and Ras-related proteins are often deregulated in cancers, leading to increased invasion and metastasis, and decreased apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Insulin and oxidative stress combined produce a lower degree of activation of insulin signalling than insulin alone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fasting (nutrient withdrawal) and weak oxidative stress upregulate antioxidant defences while stronger oxidative stress leads to a short term activation of insulin signalling but if prolonged can have other effects including degradation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1) and FOXO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oxidative stress can have effects that are both up- and down-regulatory on insulin signalling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oxidative stress generated during such stressful conditions may damage DNA and proteins, and as a consequence the cellular processes are disturbed. (springer.com)
  • Special cellular machinery should be activated to fight against increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level to protect from oxidative injury. (springer.com)
  • Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)
  • This activates cascade of events which, in the end, affects oxidative status of the cells and provides robust protection against oxidative challenge. (springer.com)
  • The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Ras, from "Rat sarcoma virus", is a family of related proteins that are expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first Ras G12C inhibitor is an important milestone, only a small percentage of patients will benefit from it. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Cells were transfected with doxycycline-inducible vectors expressing either a pan-inhibitor of the R-Ras subfamily [dominant negative (DN) R-Ras] or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)
  • Over the right time that we have worked to develop the Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource ELM, our conviction is continuing to grow that you will see more than a million LM situations in a ACY-1215 kinase inhibitor higher eukaryotic proteome. (insulin-receptor.info)
  • Experimentalists are similarly afflicted: while trying to identify LMs, they are likely to spend a lot of resources, time and ACY-1215 kinase inhibitor effort carrying out experiments within the false motif candidates, which usually vastly outnumber the genuine ones in any set of proteins of interest (1). (insulin-receptor.info)
  • Specialized databases for phosphorylation sites include ACY-1215 kinase inhibitor PhosphoSite, Phospho.ELM and Phosida (23C25). (insulin-receptor.info)
  • EGF-receptor and Notch signaling are antagonistic: EGF-receptor signaling leads to down-regulation of the Notch-like receptor LIN-12 , while LIN-12 signaling induces negative regulators of EGF-receptor signaling such as MAP kinase phosphatase LIP-1 and the tyrosine kinase ARK-1. (wormbook.org)
  • The fact that many Rho family effector proteins will specifically recognize the GTP bound form of the protein has been exploited experimentally to develop a powerful affinity purification assay that monitors Rac and Cdc42 protein activation. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • The assay uses the Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding (CRIB) region (also called the p21 Binding Domain, PBD) of the Cdc42 / Rac effector protein, p21 activated kinase 1 (PAK). (cytoskeleton.com)
  • p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a specific effector of the Rho GTPase Cdc42, is activated by HGF, and we have previously shown that activated PAK4 induces a loss of both actin stress fibres and focal adhesions. (silverchair.com)
  • For this reason, Ras inhibitors are being studied as a treatment for cancer and other diseases with Ras overexpression. (wikipedia.org)
  • DRAM2 overexpression also increased proteins CDK4, CyclinD3, and decreased p27 expression, all of which are cell cycle-related factors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Additionally, SDC-1 overexpression restrained cell migration via inhibiting the protein expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and elicited cell adhesion through increasing intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, SDC-1 overexpression suppressed JAK1/STAT3 and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK-related protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The GTPase Rab11 regulates endosomal protein trafficking and previous work has shown that loss of Rab11 caused intestinal inflammation and hyperplasia in mice and flies. (sdbonline.org)
  • Ceramide generated in late endosomal compartments is recognized as a potent regulator of cell signaling, but its molecular interactions with late endosomal transmembrane proteins have not been studied in depth. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • The NF1-GRD stimulates Ras GTPase activity in turning off signalling. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. (cancerindex.org)
  • A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, these proteins can also associate with claudin, occludin and F-actin, at tight junction stands, where they provide a linkage between the actin cytoskeleton and the tight junction. (thermofisher.com)
  • One of the main functions of FAs is to physically connect the cellular actin cytoskeleton to ECM, therefore sensing, integrating, and transducing extracellular signaling. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Keap1 is a cysteine-rich protein, known to be anchored to actin cytoskeleton [ 5 ], serving as an adaptor protein for the Cul3-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. (springer.com)
  • GTP binding to Ras induces changes in conformation, mainly in two regions named switch I and switch II, that greatly increase the affinity of Ras for its downstream effectors [ 14 ] [ 15 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11-deficiency. (sdbonline.org)
  • Residues conserved across the rhoGAP family are largely confined to one face of this bundle, which may be an interaction site for target G proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Typically Rho proteins are 190-250 residues long and consist only of the GTPase domain and short terminal C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Precursors of lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and then migrate to the cis-Golgi, where mannose residues on the oligosaccharide chain are phosphorylated to form mannose-6-phosphate (M-6-P), an important sorting signal for lysosomal enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The PAK-PBD protein supplied in this kit corresponds to residues 67-150. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Mechanistically, we found that Rab40c binds the protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) complex and ubiquitylates one of its subunits, ankyrin repeat domain 28 (ANKRD28), thus leading to its lysosomal degradation. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • In this review we will highlight mechanisms that control targeting of PSD-95 at the synapse, and discuss how this molecule influences the retention and clustering of diverse synaptic proteins to regulate synaptic structure and strength. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this manner the neurons strike a "balance" that allows for neurons to become activated and convey discrete synaptic signals, while preventing excessive excitation. (frontiersin.org)
  • ICA69 regulates activity-dependent synaptic strengthening and learning and memory. (neurotree.org)
  • ZO-1 is a protein located on a cytoplasmic membrane surface of intercellular tight junctions. (thermofisher.com)
  • The CRIB/PBD protein motif has been shown to bind specifically to the GTP-bound form of Rac and/or Cdc42 proteins. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • The PAK-PBD is in the form of a GST fusion protein, which allows one to "pull-down" the PAK-PBD/GTP-Rac (or GTP-Cdc42) complex with glutathione affinity beads. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Allosteric regulation is the most direct and efficient way of regulating protein function, wherein proteins transmit the perturbations at one site to another distinct functional site. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our findings suggest a role for nucleotides in neurofibromin regulation and may lead to therapeutic modulation of Ras signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • A network of intercellular signaling, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation underlies the precise formation of this organ, which is the connection between the hermaphrodite uterus and the outside of the nematode. (wormbook.org)
  • see RTKRas/MAP kinase signaling ), LIN-12 (see LIN-12/Notch signaling in C. elegans ), and WNT (see Wnt signaling ), as well as the functions of the SynMuv and mediator proteins (see Transcriptional regulation ). (wormbook.org)
  • INTRODUCTION Linear motifs (LMs) are short elements embedded within larger protein Rabbit polyclonal to ZFP161 sequence segments that operate as sites of regulation (1C5). (insulin-receptor.info)
  • These properties may be important for the inherent robustness of cellular systems (13), as cell regulation is usually progressively revealed to be cooperative, networked and redundant in nature (14C20). (insulin-receptor.info)
  • However, useful advances are now being made in the bioinformatics tools that address the amazing modularity of eukaryotic regulatory proteins. (insulin-receptor.info)
  • Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SDC-1 mRNA and protein levels were down-regulated in human colorectal carcinoma tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this paper, we verified the mRNA and protein expression of SDC-1 in human colorectal carcinoma tissues and focused on the biological cellular effects of SDC-1 on human colorectal carcinoma cell lines (SW620, SW480 and LOVO), by evaluating cell viability, apoptosis, migration and adhesion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results show that 2HF induced apoptosis in both histological types of lung cancer and inhibited proliferation and growth through suppression of CDK4, CCNB1, PIK3CA, AKT and RPS6KB1 (P70S6K) signaling. (oncotarget.com)
  • Single-cell imaging of ATP-reduced yeast mutants revealed that ATP levels in these mutants underwent stochastic and transient depletion, which promoted the cytotoxic aggregation of endogenous proteins and pathogenic proteins, such as huntingtin and α-synuclein. (waseda.jp)
  • The present study demonstrates that cellular ATP homeostasis ensures proteostasis and revealed that suppressing the high volatility of cellular ATP levels prevented cytotoxic protein aggregation, implying that AMPK and ADK are important factors that prevent proteinopathies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. (waseda.jp)
  • Dendrite pruning requires the developmentally regulated degradation of the cell adhesion molecule Neuroglian , and loss of Rab11 causes defects in the developmental degradation of Neuroglian and another target, the ion channel Ppk26 . (sdbonline.org)
  • Therefore, identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes and elucidating the relationship between lysosomes and the development and progression of cancer can provide important information for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction and may yield new therapeutic targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because these signals result in cell growth and division, overactive Ras signaling can ultimately lead to cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
  • ZO-1 may be involved in signal transduction at cell-cell junctions. (thermofisher.com)
  • The precise pattern of vulval precursor cell fates involves the graded action of the EGF signaling and LIN-12 (Notch) mediated lateral signaling. (wormbook.org)
  • the pattern of vulE and vulF cells requires an additional signal from the anchor cell as well as WNT signaling. (wormbook.org)
  • Deregulation of cell signaling in cancer. (eurekaselect.com)
  • S1P is generated intracellularly by two sphingosine kinases (SphK1, SphK2) and is exported out of cells by Spinster 2 (Spns2) to exert its effects through activation of five specific cell surface S1PRs in autocrine or paracrine manners. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium release can also dephosphorylate TFEB and promote its nuclear translocation and regulate lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These four Ras isoforms are ubiquitously expressed and are highly similar in primary sequence, structure, and biochemical properties [ 5 ] [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Ras proteins act as molecular switches that cycle between two conformational states: an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Ras also binds a magnesium ion which helps to coordinate nucleotide binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rab40c is a SOCS box-containing protein which binds Cullin5 to form a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex (Rab40c/CRL5) to regulate protein ubiquitylation. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Most resulting proteins lead in techniques with IGFBPs, which plan methylated to modulate the CLASP of acts in the mode, react salt of IGFs to trim members for mice, promote cornea like supplements of IGFs, and be as encoding mitochondria here of IGFs. (evakoch.com)
  • renders six epidermal precursor cells competent to respond to other developmental signals. (wormbook.org)
  • Ras-driven cancers are usually aggressive and difficult to treat. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Existing models of insulin signalling focus on short term dynamics, rather than the longer term dynamics necessary to understand many physiologically relevant behaviours. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To test the idea that loss of Rab11 may promote cancer progression, archival human patient tissues were analyzed and 51 out of 70 colon cancer tissues had lower Rab11 protein staining. (sdbonline.org)
  • Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Other files and scripts are available as additional files with this journal article and can be downloaded from https://github.com/graham1034/Smith2012_insulin_signalling . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alterations in Ras signaling are implicated in the development of different diseases, such as neurological disorders, developmental disorders, and autism. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Higher cells of download Hanging Sam: A Military and mental Canadian initiation in the 5'-end novo depends the lipid protein directly than NALP1-mediated deafness to the chain. (evakoch.com)
  • Membrane embedded proteins are functionally regulated by the lipid composition of the surrounding bilayer. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • In general, K-Ras is the most frequently mutated isoform (accounting for 75% of Ras mutation in cancer), followed by N-Ras (17%) and H-Ras (7%) [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • interaction( Hh) is a bound transfer that is very proteins in modifications resulting past plasma mRNA, fibril-associated information DNA, isoform kinase and activity( characterised in Hui and Angers, 2011). (evakoch.com)