AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
HydrolysisProstaglandinsPhospholipase DProstaglandins EPhospholipases A2Prostaglandins FPhospholipases AType C PhospholipasesDinoprostonePhospholipasesProstaglandin D2Prostaglandins AReceptors, Prostaglandin EPhospholipase C gammaProstaglandin AntagonistsReceptors, ProstaglandinPhosphoinositide Phospholipase CPhospholipase C betaProstaglandins DSignal TransductionProtein Sorting SignalsPhospholipase A2 InhibitorsDinoprostProstaglandin-Endoperoxide SynthasesReceptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 SubtypeReceptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 SubtypeArachidonic AcidIndomethacinAlprostadilKineticsReceptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 SubtypePhospholipases A1IsoenzymesProstaglandins, SyntheticArachidonic AcidsProstaglandins E, SyntheticProstaglandins HPhospholipase C deltaCyclooxygenase 2PhosphatidylinositolsEnzyme ActivationGroup IV Phospholipases A2Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 SubtypeMolecular Sequence DataGroup II Phospholipases A2Receptors, Phospholipase A2CalciumPhosphatidic AcidsProstaglandin H2Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-LyaseProstaglandin EndoperoxidesIntramolecular OxidoreductasesCells, CulturedCyclooxygenase InhibitorsAmino Acid SequencePhospholipases A2, SecretoryCyclooxygenase 1Cell LineDiglyceridesEstrenesLysophospholipaseSubstrate SpecificityAdenosine TriphosphateProstaglandins F, SyntheticProstaglandins BEpoprostenolInositol PhosphatesGroup VI Phospholipases A2Enzyme InhibitorsPhospholipidsProstaglandin Endoperoxides, SyntheticQuinacrineGlycerophospholipidsProstaglandins GPhosphatidylcholinesPyrrolidinonesCytosolDose-Response Relationship, DrugCell MembraneProtein Kinase CPhosphatidylinositol 4,5-DiphosphateCyclic AMPGTP-Binding ProteinsHydroxyprostaglandin DehydrogenasesTime FactorsPhosphoric Diester HydrolasesBase SequenceEicosanoidsPhosphorylationCattleRabbitsLysophosphatidylcholines6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alphaHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationThromboxane B2Membrane ProteinsRNA, MessengerBinding SitesPhospholipases A2, CytosolicRecombinant Proteins
PathwaysEnzymeLipidSynthesisIntracellularCytosolicEndocannabinoidInhibitsReceptorsClostridiumPhospholipidsArachidonic acidProteinsThromboxaneEnzymatic activityPhysiologicalInflammationSnake venomEnzymesGPCRProliferationPathwayCyclooxygenaseCyclicPharmacologicallyCancersActivityMechanismCellGlucoseFunctionalGroupCellular functionsCellsReviewMajorPlasma
Pathways7
  • One of the systems intensely studied in recent years is the endocannabinoid signaling pathway, as light was shed over a series of important interactions of cannabinoid receptors with biochemical pathways, specifically for sepsis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Hence, MAGL acts as a crucial node in concurrently coordinating multiple lipid signaling pathways in both physiological and disease contexts. (tuskonus.org)
  • Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
  • Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
  • However, dysregulations of these signalling pathways are also causes for pathophysiological processes and diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
Enzyme8
  • TNFα treatment of DU145 cells increased mRNA levels of PTSG2 (gene of COX-2) and decreased the mRNA of the AEA synthetic enzyme N -acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine selective phospholipase D. mRNA levels of the AEA hydrolytic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N -acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase were not changed. (researcher-app.com)
  • 2004). Although ABHD12 and ABHD6 may possess assignments in 2-AG hydrolysis using configurations, both hereditary and pharmacological inactivation of MAGL result in dramatic elevations in both mass amounts and depolarization-induced interstitial degrees of 2-AG in the mind, confirming that MAGL is definitely the principal enzyme involved with degrading 2-AG (Longer et al. (tuskonus.org)
  • These outcomes were quite astonishing since phospholipases have already been regarded as the prominent AA-releasing enzyme for prostaglandin creation (Buczynski et al. (tuskonus.org)
  • 2009). Rather, there can be an anatomical demarcation in enzymes that regulate this process in which MAGL plays this role not only in the brain, but also in the liver and lung, whereas cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is the dominant AA-releasing enzyme in gut, spleen and macrophages (Bonventre et al. (tuskonus.org)
  • Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate-limiting enzyme for hydrolysis of plasma lipoprotein triglycerides, is a normal constituent of the arterial wall. (jci.org)
  • Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by decreasing activity of enzyme cyclooxygenase, which in turn decreases formation of prostaglandin precursors. (medscape.com)
  • Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by decreasing activity of the enzyme, cyclooxygenase, which results in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors, which in turn results in reduced inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Inhibit the enzyme phospholipase and have a primary role in treatment of CME secondary to uveitis. (medscape.com)
Lipid4
  • In addition to being involved in cellular signaling as a lipid second messenger involved in the regulation of signaling enzymes, such as PLC-γ, PLC-δ, and PKC-α, -β, and -γ isoforms, arachidonic acid is a key inflammatory intermediate and can also act as a vasodilator. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lipid precursor phosphatidylethanolamine (PTLM), through the action of N -acyltransferase (NAT) and of arachidonic acid (ARa), leads to the formation of N -arachidonoyl-phosphatidylethonolamine (NAPE), which, through the action of NAPE-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), forms N -Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide-AEA) and phosphatidic acid (PHa). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • One of them is represented by the phospholipase C (PLC), which acts on the lipid precursor phosphatidylinositol (PTLS) to form 1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • PS lipase synthesizes lysophosphatidylserine, an important signaling lipid that functions in the mammalian central nervous system. (inrae.fr)
Synthesis4
  • Transfection of iPLA2gamma into HCA-7 cells also led to increased AA release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis via both COX-1 and COX-2, with a concomitant increase in cell growth. (rhea-db.org)
  • 2010). As well as the function of MAGL in terminating 2-AG signaling, we've discovered that MAGL produces AA lately, the precursor for pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis using tissue. (tuskonus.org)
  • These findings indicate that LTD 4 -stimulated inositol phosphate synthesis and [Ca ++ ] i increases in tracheal smooth muscle cells are receptor-mediated events and are dependent on the availability of extracellular Ca ++ . It is suggested that Ca ++ influx plays a major role in the LTD 4 signal transduction mechanism. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This new NSAID also blocks prostaglandin synthesis by inhibitingcyclooxygenase 1 and 2, and is unique in it's once a day dosing. (medscape.com)
Intracellular4
  • Group VIB Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2gamma promotes cellular membrane hydrolysis and prostaglandin production in a manner distinct from other intracellular phospholipases A2. (rhea-db.org)
  • The effects of leukotriene D 4 (LTD 4 ) on the concentration of intracellular cytosolic free calcium ([Ca ++ ] i ) and on phosphoinositide hydrolysis were studied in cultured guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cellular signalling is the base for the extra- and intracellular communication. (mdpi.com)
  • The signal source can be either extracellular, such as nitric oxide (NO) (114), or intracellular, such as bicarbonate (189). (pancreapedia.org)
Cytosolic1
  • Arachidonic acid for signaling purposes appears to be derived by the action of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, 85 kDa), whereas inflammatory arachidonic acid is generated by the action of a low-molecular-weight secretory PLA2 (sPLA2, 14-18 kDa). (wikipedia.org)
Endocannabinoid4
  • Further studies are necessary to determine the extent to which inflammatory mediators are involved in the abnormal endocannabinoid signalling system in prostate cancer. (researcher-app.com)
  • In detail, the entry shows the important mechanisms modulated by the endocannabinoid signaling pathway, as well as of the molecular and cellular links it has with sepsis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • paradigms through improving endocannabinoid signaling. (tuskonus.org)
  • The endocannabinoid 2-AG is normally regarded as produced through hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipase C (PLC) or release a diacylglycerols (DAG) and Ophiopogonin D' degradation of DAG by diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) or (Gao et al. (tuskonus.org)
Inhibits1
Receptors1
  • Secreted phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 s) participate in a very broad spectrum of biological processes through their enzymatic activity and as ligands for membrane and soluble receptors. (ijbs.com)
Clostridium1
  • Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C (Cp-PLC), also called alpha-toxin, is the major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. (ucr.ac.cr)
Phospholipids1
Arachidonic acid3
  • Arachidonic acid is freed from phospholipid by hydrolysis, catalyzed by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2). (wikipedia.org)
  • Arachidonic acid is a precursor to a wide range of eicosanoids: The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2, which in turn may be converted to various prostaglandins, to prostacyclin, to thromboxanes, and to the 17-carbon product of thromboxane metabolism of prostaglandin G2/H2, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT). (wikipedia.org)
  • Lentiviral transfection of iPLA2gamma into HEK293 cells resulted in marked increases in spontaneous, stimulus-coupled, and cell death-associated release of arachidonic acid (AA), which was converted to prostaglandin E2 with preferred cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 coupling. (rhea-db.org)
Proteins5
  • Aberrant expression, overexpression or signal reprogramming of GPCRs and G proteins in tumour cells can contribute to cancer development and progression. (nature.com)
  • G proteins, GPCRs and their linked signalling circuitry represent novel therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment. (nature.com)
  • These studies indicate that G proteins, GPCRs and their linked signalling circuitry represent novel therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment. (nature.com)
  • Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
Thromboxane1
  • MAGL blockade decreases bulk AA amounts in the mind, to 2-AG elevation stoichiometrically, which also leads to a reduced amount of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory degrees of downstream COX-driven prostaglandin and thromboxane creation in the mind (Nomura et al. (tuskonus.org)
Enzymatic activity1
  • Three areas of physiological engagement of sPLA 2 -BPs have appeared most clearly: cellular transport and signalling, and regulation of the enzymatic activity of sPLA 2 s. (ijbs.com)
Physiological1
  • Growing evidence suggests that a major physiological function of the cannabinoid signaling system is to modulate neuroinflammation. (420magazine.com)
Inflammation1
  • Lipases are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from routine metabolism of dietary triglycerides to cell signaling and inflammation. (isotonix.com)
Snake venom1
  • The snake venom myotoxin (MT)-III is a group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) with pro-inflammatory activities. (ucr.ac.cr)
Enzymes2
  • Lactase are enzymes are involved in the hydrolysis of lactose into the smaller sugars galactose and glucose. (tlsslim.com)
  • Ivanušec A, Šribar J, Križaj I. Secreted Phospholipases A 2 - not just Enzymes: Revisited. (ijbs.com)
GPCR1
  • Detailed three dimensional structures of GPCRs in various activation states can now help to explain the functional impact of cancer-associated GPCR mutations, and guide the rational design of signalling-selective GPCR agonists, antagonists and allosteric modulators. (nature.com)
Proliferation1
  • Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathway2
  • Another pathway is represented by the action of ARa and phospholipase A1 on phosphatidylinositol, which leads to the formation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipid (lysoPI). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The results indicate that key regulators in BmK venom induced apoptosis are PTEN, acting through downregulation of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in Raji cells and p27 in Jurkat cells. (micrornainhibitors.com)
Cyclooxygenase1
  • Both can also be oxidized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase, generating prostaglandins, ethanolamines, and several other intermediate subproducts [ 21 , 22 ]. (irjournal.org)
Cyclic1
  • Cyclic nucleotide signaling can be initiated by two general mechanisms. (pancreapedia.org)
Pharmacologically2
  • Many cell types involved in this process express components of the cannabinoid signaling system that can be endogenously or pharmacologically controlled. (420magazine.com)
  • Nepafenac undergoes amide hydrolysis by intraocular hydrolases to form the pharmacologically active amfenac. (medscape.com)
Cancers1
  • In cancers, MAGL inhibitors have already been shown to possess anti-cancer properties not merely through modulating the endocannabinoideicosanoid network, but also by managing fatty acid discharge for the formation of protumorigenic signaling lipids. (tuskonus.org)
Activity2
  • Hotspot mutations in Gα s (R201 and Q227) as well as Gα q and Gα 11 (R183 and Q209) disrupt the GTPase activity, thereby leading to constitutive activity and persistent signalling. (nature.com)
  • showed hydrolysis of medium-chain saturated (C14:0), long-chain unsaturated (C18:1, C18:2, C20:4) monoacylglycerols (MAGs) and 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2-2-glycerol ester (15d-PGJ2-G). Only marginal diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerol (TAG), or lysophospholipase activity PANTHER PTHR12277:SF54 There are two genes ABHD16 A and B in amniotes. (inrae.fr)
Mechanism1
  • The second signaling mechanism involves the binding of a small signaling molecule to a soluble cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
Cell1
  • it became progressively evident that phosphatidylcholine plays an important and general role in cell signalling. (gerli.com)
Glucose2
  • 1 H-[ 13 C] MRS, i.e., indirect detection of signals from 13 C-coupled 1 H, together with infusion of 13 C-enriched glucose has provided insights into the coupling between neurotransmission and glucose oxidation. (frontiersin.org)
  • This process is completed when amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1, 4-glycosidic linkages of polysaccharides to yield dextrins, oligosaccharides, maltose and D-glucose. (tlsslim.com)
Functional1
  • specifically, evidence showing that cannabinoids inhibit neuroinflammation and that immune cells express the entire machinery that constitutes a functional cannabinoid signaling system. (420magazine.com)
Group1
  • Although group VIA Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2beta (iPLA2beta) has been implicated in various cellular events, the functions of other iPLA2 isozymes remain largely elusive. (rhea-db.org)
Cellular functions1
  • Mitochondria are the center of many diverse cellular functions integrating signals between the organelle and the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells4
  • AEA uptake and hydrolysis in DU145 and RAW264.7 macrophage cells were assayed using AEA labeled in the arachidonic and ethanolamine portions of the molecule, respectively. (researcher-app.com)
  • Levels of AEA, related N -acylethanolamines (NAEs), prostaglandins (PG) and PG-ethanolamines (PG-EA) in DU145 cells and medium were quantitated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. (researcher-app.com)
  • Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-mediated transmembrane signal control systems were investigated in intact murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115). (shengsci.com)
  • The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
Review1
  • Therefore, authors are invited to submit original research and review articles which address the progress and current standing of cellular signalling processes. (mdpi.com)
Major1
  • ABHD16A (abhydrolase domain-containing protein 16A, phospholipase) encodes the major phosphatidylserine (PS) lipase in the brain. (inrae.fr)
Plasma1
  • The signaling by an extracellular ligand is limited by its ability to cross the plasma membrane. (pancreapedia.org)