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Of 1,107/225/1,141 rumen microbial genera/metagenome assembled uncultured genomes (RUGs)/genes identified from whole metagenomics sequencing, 194/14/337 had significant host genomic effects (heritabilities ranging from 0.13 to 0.61), revealing that substantial variation of the microbiome is under host genomic control. (nature.com)
We identify a set of 2,882 core genes clusters based on 73 publicly available Salmonella enterica genomes and evaluate their value as typing targets, comparing whole genome typing and traditional methods such as 16S and MLST. (biomedcentral.com)
Rapid and reliable sub-typing of bacterial pathogens is important for identification of outbreaks and monitoring of trends in order to establish population structure and to study the evolution among bacterial genomes especially within and between the outbreak strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Today, the most widely used typing methods for bacterial genomes include multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and multilocus variable-number of tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). (biomedcentral.com)
Conserved genes are present across bacterial genomes of the same species (or genus). (biomedcentral.com)
A fraction of these genes--those conserved in all (or most) of the genomes of a given bacterial taxonomic group--is called the 'core-genome' of that group. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently there are more than a hundred bacterial species for which sufficient genomic data are available to estimate the species core-genome (that is, there are at least three genomes sequenced from the same species) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we examined landscapes of realized homologous recombination of 500 genomes from ten bacterial species and found all species have "hot" regions with elevated rates relative to the genome average. (ox.ac.uk)
The first is that ATP production, coupled to electron transport, and translation of mitochondrial proteins represent the essence of mitochondrial function: these functions are common to all mitochondrial genomes and can be traced unambiguously and directly to an α-proteobacterial ancestor. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequencing has also shown that mitochondrial genomes have, to variable extents, undergone a streamlining process ("reductive evolution" [ 20 ]), leading to a marked loss of coding capacity compared to that of their closest eubacterial relatives. (biomedcentral.com)
Since microbial virulence increases in microgravity, AMR gene sequences of MAGs were compared with genomes of respective ISS isolates and corresponding type strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, genetic and simple obesity share similar structural and functional features of dysbiosis, such as higher production of toxins with known potential to induce metabolic deteriorations (e.g. trimethylamine-N-oxide and indoxyl sulphate), higher abundance of genomes containing genes coding enzymes involved in the production of these toxic co-metabolites and higher abundance of pathways for biosynthesis of bacterial antigens (such as endotoxin) [13-15]. (deepdyve.com)

Distel, D. L., DeLong, E. F., and Waterbury, J. Epub … Bacterial Identification by 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Background All bacteria contain 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of approximately 1500 base pairs (bp) in length. (printerresource.com)
rRNA genes contain regions of variable DNA sequence that are unique to the species carrying the … Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. (printerresource.com)
In addition, IGS sequencing (e.g., sequencing of intergenic regions between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes) has been used to taxonomy studies, while partial sequencing of the gene gtfB , which encodes the enzyme glucosyltransferase B, has been used to investigate enzymatic activity and virulence 11-12 . (bvsalud.org)

Also, the comparison of nucliec acid sequences shows greater similarity between archaea and eukaryotes. (bartleby.com)
A. Ribosomal RNA analysis StructRNAfinder - predicts and annotates RNA families in transcript or genome sequences. (printerresource.com)
For the most variable core genes, the variance in amino acid sequences is higher than for the corresponding nucleotide sequences, suggesting that there is a positive selection towards mutations leading to amino acid changes. (biomedcentral.com)
classification of new phytoplasmas associated with diseases of strawberry in florida, based on analysis of 16s rrna and ribosomal protein gene operon sequences. (liverpool.ac.uk)
since the symptoms were suggestive of phytoplasma infection, plants were assayed for presence of phytoplasma by pcr amplification of 16s rdna and ribosomal protein (rp) gene sequences. (liverpool.ac.uk)
analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences amplified by pcr indicated that the symptoms were associated with infection by a phytoplasma, designated strawberry yellows (strawy) phytoplasma. (liverpool.ac.uk)
primers designed from sequences of the gene encoding the elongation factor tu (tuf gene) of several culturable mollicutes amplified most of the tuf gene from phytoplasmas of the aster yellows, stolbur and x-disease groups. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Mitochondria import nuclearly-encoded proteins, made in the cell cytoplasm, into the mitochondrial matrix where their mitochondrial targeting sequences are removed by proteolysis. (tcdb.org)
Bacteria also export (to the periplasm) N-tails of membrane proteins synthesized without leader sequences by a Sec (Type IIPS)-independent mechanism. (tcdb.org)

Other evidence shows that the enzymes involved in processes such as transcription and translation are more closely related to in Eukaryotes and Archaea compared to bacteria. (bartleby.com)
Only Streptococcus pyogenes shows evidence for the positive correlation between GC content and recombination that has been reported for several eukaryotes. (ox.ac.uk)
In eukaryotes, Argonaute (AGO) proteins discharge such functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play key roles in modulating gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
Like microRNAs (miRNAs) in eukaryotes, trans -acting bacterial sRNAs appear to recognize their targets by a seed-pairing mechanism using seeds as small as 6-7 nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondrial TAT transports folded proteins in those eukaryotes with TatA and TatC subunits encoded in the mitochondrial genome. (tcdb.org)

Of these, 3,114 were single genes confined to a single species. (blogspot.com)
Even still, it shows particular success against some anaerobic organisms including Bacteriodes fragilis , Peptostreptococcus species, and Propionibacterium acnes which for the most part are able to evade tetracycline. (kenyon.edu)
These previous metagenomic studies were based on microbiota profiles mostly identified using sequence polymorphisms of the 16S rRNA gene and therefore did not consider the functional versatility of unique rumen microbial species, nor the ability of some microbial organisms to integrate foreign DNA from other microbial organisms into their DNA. (nature.com)
The core genes--the genes that are conserved in all (or most) members of a genus or species--are potentially good candidates for investigating genomic variation in phylogeny and epidemiology. (biomedcentral.com)
We examined the size, gene content, and chromosomal features associated with these regions and the correlations between closely related species. (ox.ac.uk)
For example in Salmonella, only short regions of around 1 kb in length are hot whereas in the closely related species Escherichia coli, some hot regions exceed 100 kb, spanning many genes. (ox.ac.uk)
Genes with function related to the cell surface/membrane are often found in recombination hot regions but E. coli is the only species where genes annotated as "virulence associated" are consistently hotter. (ox.ac.uk)
For example, ribosomal proteins showed low recombination in all of the species. (ox.ac.uk)
Among specific genes, transferrin-binding proteins are recombination hot in all three of the species in which they were found, and are subject to interspecies recombination. (ox.ac.uk)
Among 46 MAGs retrieved, 18 bacterial species were identified, including one novel genus/species combination ( Kalamiella piersonii ) and one novel bacterial species ( Methylobacterium ajmalii ). (biomedcentral.com)
Phylogenetic analyses of five bacterial species showed ISS-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
Colonization of the gut starts just after birth when pioneering species interact, through surface receptors, with gut cells to promote the expression of a specific set of host genes and favour the colonization of commensal microorganisms [6]. (deepdyve.com)
and 16 were "novel" essential genes with no homologs reported to have an essential role in other bacterial species. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparison of nuclear-encoded cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins showed that intron positions were conserved (Yoshihama et al. (bartleby.com)
In this approach, heterologous proteins are expressed either as cytoplasmic or intracellularly or secreted as extracellularly [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
2022 ). The YidC transmembrane (TM) groove is essential for a high- affinity interaction, and the hydrophilic nature of the YidC groove plays an important role in protein transport across the cytoplasmic membrane bilayer to the periplasmic side. (tcdb.org)

In serotype 4b, gtcA appears to be the first member of a bicistronic operon which includes a gene with homology to Bacillus subtilis rpmE , encoding ribosomal protein L31. (asm.org)
Other bacterial sRNAs, referred to as cis -encoded sRNAs, are present in close proximity to their targets, such as upstream, opposite of the 5′ UTR of the target, or between two genes in an operon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

With the phylochip that we have developed we are able to simultaneously detect any currently identified organism, including pathogens, on the basis of sequence differences in a specific gene that is possessed by all bacteria, the 16S ribosomal gene. (genomeweb.com)
phytoplasmas are unculturable bacterial plant pathogens transmitted by phloem-feeding hemipteran insects. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Targeting of novel essential pathways is expected to play an important role in the discovery of new antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , that are difficult to control because of their ability to develop resistance, often multiple, to all current classes of clinical antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)

These similarites include introns, histones, several types of RNA polymerase, and methionine as the first amino acid in protein synthesis. (bartleby.com)
The involvement of RNA in such fundamental processes as protein synthesis and RNA processing has led to the idea that ribozymes were more common in early life. (printerresource.com)
The most widely understood role of RNA is in protein synthesis, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (see Chapter 2). (printerresource.com)
These modifications are essential for their proper function in protein translation (see Chapter 13: Protein Synthesis). (printerresource.com)
It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that has a mechanism of action that binds to the 23s subunit of the 50s ribosome that prevents bacterial protein synthesis. (dentistryiq.com)
Their mechanism of action is to bind to the 30s ribosomal subunit and prevent protein synthesis. (dentistryiq.com)
It is bacteriostatic with a mechanism of action of inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosome. (dentistryiq.com)
For example, it can have inhibitory effects on glycolysis followed by a direct effect on protein synthesis [ 2 ], as well as increase the absorption and retention of calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
Such interactions generally result in a decrease in protein synthesis, either by stimulating mRNA degradation or by inhibiting translation. (biomedcentral.com)

The three-domain tree, containing Eukarya, Archea, and Bacteria, soon became too simplistic due to the realization that some bacteria possessed the ability to exchange genetic information by horizontal gene transfer (Koonin and Wolf, 2012). (bartleby.com)
It is part of a larger protein assembly machinery present in each bacteria and is less likely to move over to another organism by natural recombination in nature. (genomeweb.com)
Specifically, tetracycline-speicific efflux pumps and ribosomal protection proteins are commonly employed by bacteria. (kenyon.edu)
Derived from tetracycline, glycylcyclines have added substituents that interfere with the mechanisms bacteria employ to resist tetracycline, including both the efflux pumps and ribosomal protection proteins. (kenyon.edu)
6. I want to study ribosomal RNA expression and potential processing sites in bacteria. (printerresource.com)
A., 1992, The use of 16S ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probes to study competition between ruminai fibrolytic bacteria. (printerresource.com)
This study also identified 43 growth-impairing inserts carrying multiple loci targeting 105 genes, of which 25 have homologs reported as essential in other bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Homologues of the yeast Oxa1 protein are found in chloroplasts of plants and in a wide variety of bacteria. (tcdb.org)
Microorganisms capable of catabolizing lignin-derived ar- carbohydrate and protein components of the organic matter omatics are essentially fungi and bacteria (Bugg et al. (lu.se)

The numerous modified nucleotides in eukaryotic ribosomal RNA. (printerresource.com)
Conceptual parallels exist between bacterial and eukaryotic small-RNA (sRNA) pathways, yet relatively little is known about which protein may recognize and recruit bacterial sRNAs to interact with targets. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, the conserved genes in general appear to evolve more slowly, and can be used for determining relationships among bacterial isolates [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ribosomal RNA identification of the isolates showed high score similarity with Pseudomonas spp. (lu.se)
Bacterial metabolism selected lignin model compounds (vanillin, vanillate, 4- hydroxybenzoate, p-coumarate, benzoate, and ferulate) was carried out with three of the Pseudomonas isolates and in addition with the strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440 from a Introduction culture collection. (lu.se)
Next, the isolates were differentiated by sequencing a specific region of the gene encoding the enzyme glucosyltransferase B ( gtfB ). (bvsalud.org)
Based on the genetic similarity of the isolates and pattern of amino acid variations identified by partial sequencing of the gtfB gene, base-pair changes were identified and correlated with different virulence patterns among the isolates. (bvsalud.org)

The manner in which the molecule binds prevents amino-acyl tRNAs from binding to the A site of the ribosome and subsequently prevents peptide formation and bacterial growth. (kenyon.edu)
In this study, using a combination of the bioinformatics design and molecular genetics, the protein A signal peptide from Staphylococcus aureus was modified, redesigned and then fused to the mature hGH coding region. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the native signal protein peptide of S. aureus protein A was not able to deliver hGH to the extracellular space, it was modified using bioinformatics tools and fused to the n-terminal region of hGh to show that the redesigned signal peptide was functional. (biomedcentral.com)

Previous analyses of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons from patients with Lewy-body pathology revealed a deficiency in nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial respiration, many of which are targets for the transcription factor estrogen-related receptor gamma ( Esrrg /ERRγ). (nature.com)
Laser-captured microdissected (LCM) DAergic neurons from postmortem tissue of patients with Lewy-pathology revealed a deficiency in expression for nuclear-encoded genes involved in mitochondrial respiration and function 12 . (nature.com)
Direct regulators of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are members of the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) family, encoded by Esrra , Esrrb and Esrrg . (nature.com)

In terms of the distribution of identified genes in a specific category relative to the whole genome, only the categories of PE/PPE and conserved hypotheticals have statistical significance. (hindawi.com)
Technological advances in high throughput genome sequencing are making whole genome sequencing (WGS) available as a routine tool for bacterial typing. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic variation within the core genome is useful for investigating molecular evolution and providing candidate genes for bacterial genome typing. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, more of the genome content should be considered rather than just one or a few genes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The genome of T. maritima consists of a single circular 1.8 megabase chromosome encoding for 1877 proteins. (eol.org)
Whole-genome transposon-mutagenesis (TM) followed by identification of insertion sites is one of the most practical and frequently used experimental approaches to screen for essential bacterial genes [ 6 - 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The discovery of novel essential genes or pathways that have not yet been targeted by clinical antibiotics can underlie the development of alternative effective antibacterials to overcome existing mechanisms of resistance. (biomedcentral.com)

Six among the 42 genes identified in this study are on the list of the top 100 persistence targets selected by the TB Structural Genomics Consortium. (hindawi.com)

about 85% of the tuf gene from two aster yellows strains and a tomato stolbur phytoplasma was sequenced. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)

Variations in the antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) and virulence genes of the selected 20 MAGs were characterized to predict the ecology and evolution of biosafety level (BSL) 2 microorganisms in space. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the presence of S. mutans in individuals with low caries experiences could be explained by differences in bacterial virulence factors or endogenous factors within the host populations. (bvsalud.org)

Base modifications occur primarily in tRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and occur after the RNA is transcribed. (printerresource.com)

The tigecycline antibiotic is structurally very similar to minocycline and similarly binds to the bacterial 30S ribosome unit. (kenyon.edu)

While ERRγ deletion did not fully recapitulate the transcriptional alterations observed in postmortem tissue, it caused reductions in genes involved in synaptic and mitochondrial function and autophagy. (nature.com)

Only one of these microbial genes was directly involved in methanogenesis ( cofG ), whereas others were involved in providing substrates for archaea (e.g. bcd and pccB ), important microbial interspecies communication mechanisms ( ABC.PE.P ), host-microbiome interaction ( TSTA3 ) and genetic information processes ( RP-L35 ). (nature.com)
In our population, selection based on abundances of the 30 most informative microbial genes provided a mitigation potential of 17% of mean CH 4 emissions per generation, which is higher than for selection based on measured CH 4 using respiration chambers (13%), indicating the high potential of microbiome-driven breeding to cumulatively reduce CH 4 emissions and mitigate climate change. (nature.com)
Moreover, it is well recognized that the excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can affect the relative proportions of gut microbial populations and foster bacterial resistance [24]. (deepdyve.com)

In this study, we performed a new bioinformatics analysis on microarray-based gene expression data obtained from the public domain to explore genes that were differentially induced by drugs between the group of capreomycin and PA-824 and the group of mainly the first-line TB drugs. (hindawi.com)
catharanthus roseus genes regulated differentially by mollicute infections. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Conclusions: The partial sequencing of the gtfB gene can be a useful tool for elucidating the colonization patterns of S. mutans . (bvsalud.org)
Caries is an infectious and transmissible disease associated with bacterial colonization of dental surfaces 1 . (bvsalud.org)

The most extensively characterized class of bacterial sRNAs are the trans -encoded sRNAs that are encoded distant from the genes for their mRNA targets and that typically have only limited complementarity (10-30 nt) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Antibiotics in current use target a surprisingly small number of cellular functions: cell wall, DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

As technology [improved] to put more DNA probes on smaller surfaces, it was possible to make more sophisticated versions of a 16S ribosomal gene-based identification system possible. (genomeweb.com)
Standardized procedures for identification of relevant genes and of variation are needed to enable comparison between studies and over time. (biomedcentral.com)
Identification of genes with different degrees of variation is important especially in trend analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
For the first time in P. aeruginosa , we applied regulated antisense RNA expression and showed the feasibility of this technology for the identification of novel essential genes. (biomedcentral.com)

We use the 16S gene because every bacterium has this gene, it is essential for protein production and therefore essential for life. (genomeweb.com)

Some organisms such as pathogenic [ Escherichia ] coli and cholera ( Vibrio cholera ) are at the top of the list, but the fundemental point with an event like Katrina is what are the unexpected organisms that show up? (genomeweb.com)
the scfv gene was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. (liverpool.ac.uk)

2007 ). Several Oxa1-type insertases in the ER serve as catalytically active core subunits in the ER membrane protein complex (EMC), the guided entry of tail-anchored (GET) and the GET- and EMC-like (GEL) complex. (tcdb.org)

14 ). It is important to identify the transcription factors involved in regulation of these genes to reveal potential avenues for modulating transcriptional programs that could be dysfunctional in PD. (nature.com)
The genes pertaining to cell membranes, such as transmembrane transport, cell wall organization, and regulation of cell shape, were enriched. (biomedcentral.com)
To also target low expressed essential genes, we included some variant steps that were expected to overcome the non-stringent regulation of the promoter carried by the expression vector used for the shotgun antisense libraries. (biomedcentral.com)
A limited study had indicated that in Sinorhizobium meliloti the YbeY ortholog regulates the accumulation of sRNAs as well as the target mRNAs, raising the possibility that YbeY may play a previously unrecognized role in bacterial sRNA regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Of 54 detectable E. coli sRNAs in our microarray analysis, 30 sRNAs showed a differential expression upon HU stress, of which 28 sRNAs displayed a YbeY-dependent change in expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent advances in genetic engineering have made it possible for microorganisms to be used for expression of heterologous proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

from a hybridoma cell line (2a10) producing an immunoglobulin g1 directed against the major membrane protein of the stolbur phytoplasma, we have engineered scfv (single-chain variable-fragment) antibodies from the variable heavy (vh) and light (vl) domains of the immunoglobulin. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Insertion of a membrane protein via the Oxa1p export machinery follows the 'positive-inside' rule for membrane protein topology. (tcdb.org)

The highly conserved bacterial YbeY RNase has structural similarities to the MID domain of AGOs. (biomedcentral.com)

MAGs were further used to analyze if genes involved in AMR and biofilm formation of viable microbes in ISS have variation due to generational evolution in microgravity and radiation pressure. (biomedcentral.com)

Our study has identified 42 genes specifically induced by capreomycin and PA-824. (hindawi.com)

We demonstrate that deletion of ERRγ from DAergic neurons in adult mice was sufficient to cause a levodopa-responsive PD-like phenotype with reductions in mitochondrial gene expression and number, that partial deficiency of ERRγ hastens synuclein-mediated toxicity, and that ERRγ overexpression reduces inclusion load and delays synuclein-mediated cell loss. (nature.com)
Further evidence suggests that during PD progression, transcriptional programs for the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial structure and function are disrupted 11 . (nature.com)
tomato flower abnormalities induced by stolbur phytoplasma infection are associated with changes of expression of floral development genes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Loss of ybeY function, which results in a marked resistance to HU, had global affects on sRNA-mediated gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

The production of recombinant mature hormone in suitable hosts and secretion of this therapeutic protein into the extracellular space can be considered as one of the best cost-effective approaches not only to obtain the active form of the protein but also endotoxin-free preparation. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, the addition of glycine was shown to improve hGH secretion onto the culture medium. (biomedcentral.com)

The latter can replace E. coli YidC for Sec-independent insertion of proteins ( Bloois et al . (tcdb.org)

2018 ). Through YidC, proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer via the SecYEG-dependent complex, but YidC functions as a chaperone in protein folding processes. (tcdb.org)

The mechanism of action is that the active moiety damages bacterial and protazoal DNA, leading to cell death. (dentistryiq.com)

For example, even if comprehensive insertion libraries are produced, it is inevitable that some genes, especially the shortest ones, could elude insertion and be spuriously annotated as essential, while transposon insertions that occur at gene ends and do not fully inactivate the function could lead to genes being incorrectly classified as non-essential. (biomedcentral.com)
The matrix exposed C-terminal α-helical domain of Oxa1 can bind mitochondrial ribosomes to facilitate co-translational insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial membrane ( Jia et al . (tcdb.org)
2001 ). Mitochondria have two, one for co-translational, and one for post-translational insertion of membrane proteins. (tcdb.org)
At different stages of the insertion process, conformational changes in YidC's TM domain and membrane core have a mechanistic effect on Pf3 coat protein insertion. (tcdb.org)

On the other hand, recombinant therapeutical proteins have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their advantages including low side effects, minimized cytotoxicity, high selectivity, and very low non-specific interactions [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

in fact, these genes are targets of the transcriptional coactivator and master regulator of transcription of mitochondrial genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) 12 . (nature.com)

For example, you were given a sample that was said to contain [ Bacillus ] anthracis (anthrax), but tests showed that this pathogen wasn't present. (genomeweb.com)
In Bacillus subtilis , TAs have been shown to be essential for viability ( 22 , 28 ). (asm.org)

Dr. Michael Jaffin says the best evidence shows that antibiotics have added benefit in treating periodontitis in conjunction with scaling and root planing. (dentistryiq.com)

Additionally, splicing reactions require the energetically expensive and complex machinery of the spliceosome, comprised of over 150 proteins and 5 snRNA units (Wahl et al. (bartleby.com)
At least for those proteins that contain their N-termini in the intermembrane space, export is mediated by the Oxa1p export machinery. (tcdb.org)

Various flavoproteins and iron-sulphur proteins have been identified as potential electron carriers for use during cellular respiration. (eol.org)

There is also evidence that some genes with "housekeeping" functions tend to be overrepresented in cold regions. (ox.ac.uk)
Mitochondrial DNA may also lose genes whose functions are substituted for by unrelated genes encoded in the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms9

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes50

Information Science4

Health Care2

Genomes12

RRNA genes3

Sequences9

Eukaryotes6

Species13

Cytoplasmic3

Operon2

Pathogens3

Synthesis9

Bacteria9

Eukaryotic2

Isolates5

Peptide3

Nuclear-encoded3

Genome6

Pathways1

Genomics1

Strains2

Virulence2

TRNA1

Ribosome1

Mitochondrial function1

Microbial3

Differentially2

Colonization2

MRNA1

Biosynthesis1

Identification4

Bacterium1

Escherichia2

Subunits1

Regulation4

Differential1

Microorganisms1

Membrane protein2

Similarities1

Biofilm1

Specifically1

Expression4

Secretion2

Coli1

Processes1

Mechanism1

Insertion4

Specific1

Targets1

Bacillus2

Antibiotics1

Machinery2

Electron1

Functions2