• Pepducins employ lipidated fragments of intracellular G protein-coupled receptor loops to modulate GPCR action in targeted cell-signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • These conserved families of secreted morphogens/signals, such as Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg)/Wnt, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Decapentaplegic (Dpp - a BMP homolog), act away from their sources and, upon binding to receptors, activate gene regulatory pathways to induce functions in recipient cells 1 , 2 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Essential roles of cytonemes or cytoneme-like filopodia have been discovered in many vertebrate and invertebrate systems and are implicated in most signaling pathways, including Hh, Dpp, FGF, EGF, Ephrin, and Wnt under various contexts 4 - 18 . (biorxiv.org)
  • TREM-1 acts in synergy with Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in amplifying the inflammatory response. (hycultbiotech.com)
  • NRP-1 mediates activation of intracellular signaling pathways through interaction with its co-receptors, Plexin-A1 and VEGFRs. (ecmbio.com)
  • Effector proteins are then recruited to activate various cellular signaling pathways, including RAS/RAF/MEK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and JAK/STAT ( 1 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • In particular, it is unclear whether ligand affinity uniformly affects the different signaling pathways involved in T cell activation. (nature.com)
  • Our analysis indicated that ligand affinity differentially affected signaling pathways associated with specific kinases and biological processes. (nature.com)
  • Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
  • Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
  • However, dysregulations of these signalling pathways are also causes for pathophysiological processes and diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
  • Chronically high insulin levels may disrupt the close apposition of β-adrenergic receptors and PKA, identifying a new mechanism for crosstalk between heterologous signal transduction pathways. (nature.com)
  • The detection of mechanical signals, and their integration into biochemical pathways, is integral to the cell's ability to sense, measure and respond to its physical surroundings. (mechanobio.info)
  • Activation of this gene may be an important early step in cell growth and intracellular signal transduction pathways triggered in response to certain neural peptides or to cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. (genetex.com)
  • Pepducins are cell-penetrating peptides that act as intracellular modulators of signal transference from receptors to G proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Humanin has at least two receptors, one of which is the immune-modulating protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor-like-1, which reduces inflammation. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • SH2 domains bind to short phosphotyrosine-containing sequences in growth factor receptors and other phosphoproteins. (ufoscience.org)
  • Factors mandating cellular consequence include cell surface-receptors, cytoplasmic proteins, and nuclear proteins. (janechin.net)
  • Signaling specificity is conferred by receptors and mediated through associated-kinases. (janechin.net)
  • Thus, GAGs/PGs may modulate downstream signaling of key cellular mediators including insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), estrogen receptors (ERs), or Wnt members. (hindawi.com)
  • Once intracellular concentration increases, autoinducers bind to their receptors, triggering signaling cascades that alter transcription factor activity and therefore, gene expression. (asm.org)
  • When the intracellular concentration of autoinducers is low, autoinducer receptors act as kinases , transferring phosphate to LuxO (LuxO~P). LuxO~P promotes the expression of proteins used for building biofilms. (asm.org)
  • Intracellular autoinducer concentration in turn increases, autoinducers bind their receptors and change receptor activity from kinase to phosphatase. (asm.org)
  • Cell membranes are highly enriched in signaling receptors, transmembrane mechanosensors, pumps and channels, and, depending on their makeup, can recruit and retain a pool of mechanosensors important in the field of mechanobiology. (mechanobio.info)
  • For example, many membrane bound proteins carry signal peptides that are recognized by signal receptors that guide them to the target site. (mechanobio.info)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins ( RECEPTORS, ODORANT ) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • α-CGRP and β-CGRP, also known as CGRP I and II, respectively, belong to the calcitonin family of peptides comprising such members as calcitonin, amylin, calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide, adrenomedullin 1, and intermedin. (bachem.com)
  • In dogs, pigs and numerous other species, variants of the CGRP-like calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide (CRSP) are expressed in place of β-CGRP. (bachem.com)
  • Recent studies have shown that the previously cloned G protein-coupled orphan receptor, named calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), can interact with members of a new family of three single-transmembrane domain receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). (bachem.com)
  • Previous studies on the highly branched Caenorhabditis elegans PVD sensory neuron identified a membrane co-receptor complex that links extracellular signals to intracellular actin remodeling machinery, promoting high-order dendrite branching. (stanford.edu)
  • The GHRH receptor is a cell surface-associated seven membrane-spanning domain protein linked to a G protein (Gs). (medscape.com)
  • Growth hormone circulates bound to a specific binding protein (GHBP), which is the extracellular portion of the growth hormone receptor. (medscape.com)
  • HN may offer cytoprotection by interacting with a receptor and triggering a cascade of intracellular signals. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Amyloid-bearing neurons were protected by HN's ability to bind and activate the Janus family of tyrosine kinases 2 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway, comprised of glycoprotein 130, ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor, and the IL-27 receptor (WSX-1). (dailynewsmall.com)
  • NRP-1 has been implicated as a receptor involved in axon guidance and VEGF signaling. (ecmbio.com)
  • What is the role for SH2 domains in signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases? (ufoscience.org)
  • SH2 domain-mediated interactions represent a crucial step in transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. (ufoscience.org)
  • This is, for example, pivotal for the delivery of signals from the T cell receptor (TCR) which plays a critical role in T cell biology (2). (ufoscience.org)
  • Previous work established that cocaine/methamphetamine exposure increases protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, which dephosphorylates the GABA B R2 subunit, promotes internalization of the GABA B receptor (GABA B R) and leads to smaller GABA B R-activated G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) currents in VTA GABA neurons. (mssm.edu)
  • Finally, a peptide that potentially reduces recruitment of PP2A to GABA B Rs and thereby limits receptor dephosphorylation increases the magnitude of baclofen-induced GIRK currents. (mssm.edu)
  • Thus, limiting PP2Adependent dephosphorylation of GABA B Rs may be a useful strategy to increase receptor signaling for treating diseases. (mssm.edu)
  • Growth factors that signal through tyrosine-kinase receptor families include the epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming-growth factor-α (TGF-α). (janechin.net)
  • Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) signals through a serine/threonine-kinase receptor pathway. (janechin.net)
  • The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)
  • The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a HER-family receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is involved in cell signaling in healthy tissue. (biorxiv.org)
  • According to the kinetic proofreading model, antigen discrimination properties could be explained by the gradual amplification of small differences in binding affinities as the signal is transduced downstream of the T cell receptor. (nature.com)
  • T cells have the ability to sense and discriminate a wide range of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules according to their affinity for the T cell receptor (TCR). (nature.com)
  • Disruption of PKA scaffolding mimics the interference of insulin with β-adrenergic receptor signalling. (nature.com)
  • The membrane proteins studied include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), E-cadherin and ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters). (cgu.edu.tw)
  • Following the complex positioning (3), SRP / SRP receptor complex dissociates from the peptide due to GTP hydrolysis. (mechanobio.info)
  • Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons , that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons . (lookformedical.com)
  • A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • The intact receptor lacks tyrosine kinase activity, but binding of GH and dimerization results in association with JAK2, a member of the Janus kinase family, which results in self-phosphorylation of the JAK2 and a cascade of phosphorylation of cellular proteins. (medscape.com)
  • The influenza A viruses infect host epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
  • The signal may stimulate or inhibit the receiving cell, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Target cells expressing single viral proteins were then used to identify the molecules recognized by cytotoxic Tlymphocytes (CTLS). (ox.ac.uk)
  • These and more recent results with nonviral glycoproteins are consistent with the existence of a mechanism for degrading viral (and perhaps host) proteins and exposing them at the cell surface for recognition by cytotoxic T cells in association with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • PGs, molecules which consist of a protein core that is covalently modified with GAG chains, are distributed both to the ECM "proper" associated with the cell membrane as well as located to intracellular compartment. (hindawi.com)
  • Aptamer is a short-chain nucleic acids that can identify a variety of different molecules. (cgu.edu.tw)
  • And these molecules can be released from both nerve terminal (anterograde signal), and from muscle fiber (retrograde signal). (intechopen.com)
  • Bacterial communication relies on versatile chemical signaling molecules called autoinducers, which regulate bacterial gene expression in a process known as quorum sensing. (asm.org)
  • Based on meta-analysis and comprehensive review, high-profile studies support the theory that transplanted BMMSCs activate autophagy, as evidenced by the expression levels of signal molecules such as Beclin-1, Atg5, LC3-II, and mTOR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CD4+ T helper cells are primarily responsible for helping other immune cells through direct cell-cell interactions or by secreting cytokines after recognizing viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (cdc.gov)
  • The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) typically express CD8 and induce apoptosis of cells on which they recognize foreign antigens presented by MHC class I molecules, providing a defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The dispersion amplitude requires only three (apo) or four (holo) long-lived and ordered water molecules (residence time 0.01-4 ms at 300 K). Comparison of MRD pro®les from the different complexes indicates that the displaced cavity water molecules are short-lived. (lu.se)
  • We have shown that both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and PAKs (p21-activated kinases) play a role in integrin regulation of the Erk pathway, acting primarily at the level of Raf-1. (nih.gov)
  • The SH3 proteins interact with adaptor proteins and tyrosine kinases. (ufoscience.org)
  • Interacting with tyrosine kinases, SH3 proteins usually bind far away from the active site. (ufoscience.org)
  • Hormones mobilize intracellular second messengers and initiate signalling cascades involving protein kinases and phosphatases, which are often spatially compartmentalized by anchoring proteins to increase signalling specificity 1 . (nature.com)
  • The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. (genetex.com)
  • In this complex, the claudin-like transmembrane protein HPO-30 recruits the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to dendrite branching sites, stimulating the Arp2/3 complex to polymerize actin. (stanford.edu)
  • TREM-1 is synthesized as a 234 amino acid (aa) precursor with a signal peptide (16 aa), an extracellular domain (184 aa), a transmembrane domain (29 aa), and a short cytoplasmic domain (5 aa). (hycultbiotech.com)
  • Neuropilins are transmembrane proteins that contain two CUB domains (a1 and a2), two coagulation factor-like domains (b1 and b2), and a MAM domain in the extracellular region. (ecmbio.com)
  • Results have shown that, contrary to expectation, the majority of the proteins recognized by class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted CTLS are not transmembrane glycoproteins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our lab has recently developed a new strategy to regulate RTK activity by designing a peptide that specifically binds to the transmembrane (TM) region of the RTK to allosterically modify kinase activity. (biorxiv.org)
  • Signaling is then transduced across the membrane by altering the configuration of the transmembrane (TM) domain, by dimerization of the TM helical region or a change in the arrangement of the TM helices within such a dimer. (biorxiv.org)
  • We show that this autoinhibition is relieved by the extracellular core domain of the transmembrane septal protein Cg1604. (pasteur.fr)
  • In the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the center of the brain's reward circuit, GABAergic neurons control the excitability of dopamine (DA) projection neurons and are the site of initial psychostimulant-dependent changes in signaling. (mssm.edu)
  • Conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons rapid messages control the movement of body parts. (optimalhealth.in)
  • Neurons that receive neurotransmitter signals are called postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sometimes signals between neurons occur in the reverse direction (called retrograde neurotransmission). (msdmanuals.com)
  • We report here our biochemical and structural analysis of this interaction, revealing that the intracellular domain (ICD) of HPO-30 is intrinsically disordered and employs two distinct mechanisms to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (stanford.edu)
  • Human brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) encodes a protein product consisting of a C-terminal mature domain (mature BDNF) and an N-terminal prodomain, which is an intrinsically disordered protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • Adaptor proteins contain a series of protein-binding sites that link respective interaction partners to each other and facilitate the generation of larger signaling complexes (1). (ufoscience.org)
  • Although sulfated GAGs (sGAGs) appear intracellularly, the knowledge about intracellular effects and putative interaction partners is scarce. (degruyter.com)
  • Respecting the preferentially intracellular localization of sGAG in vesicle-like structures, also the interaction data indicate sGAG-specific modulation of vesicle-based transport processes. (degruyter.com)
  • We observed that PET1 behaves as a pH-responsive peptide that modulates the configuration of the EGFR TM through a direct interaction. (biorxiv.org)
  • We defined quantitative signatures of ligand affinity based on protein phosphorylation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) stoichiometry for critical molecular events associated with TCR signaling. (nature.com)
  • While the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Cd3 and the inducible interaction between Cd3 and Zap70 remained largely unaffected, the abundance of activated Zap70 dropped with decreasing peptide affinity. (nature.com)
  • Cytosolic proteins that are associated with the plasma membranes are often localized based on their interaction with membrane lipids such as the phosphoinositides. (mechanobio.info)
  • Immunocytochemical double labeling using anti-HA mouse monoclonal and anti-NRP-1 rabbit polyclonal (NP2111) antibodies in COS-7 cells mock transfected (A,D) or transfected with NRP-1 constructs (B,E). The specificity of the binding in E was demonstrated by using NRP-1 peptide (NX2115) in the presence of the anti-NRP-1 antibody (C,F). (ecmbio.com)
  • What determines the specificity of the interactions of SH2 proteins with phosphorylated tyrosine residues in proteins? (ufoscience.org)
  • For example, the binding of SH2 domains to target proteins involves the recognition of a phosphorylated tyrosine residue, and specificity of individual SH2 domains is mediated by the recognition of amino acid residues immediately C-terminal to the phospho-tyrosine (2). (ufoscience.org)
  • Strikingly, each signal and signaling pathway can generate a wide range of cell types and organizations in diverse contexts 3 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Thus integrins modulate the efficiency of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, acting at several distinct levels. (nih.gov)
  • Numerous studies have shown that human nitric oxide (HN) has protective effects on various cell types against stress conditions and apoptosis through modulating signaling systems, such as the JAK/STAT pathway and the BCL-2 family of proteins. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • How the actions of PP2A become selective for a particular signaling pathway is poorly understood. (mssm.edu)
  • These ATG proteins also perform an important parallel role in 'noncanonical' autophagy, a lysosome-associated signaling pathway with key functions in immunity, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Here, we review the diverse, and still expanding, collection of stimuli and processes now known to harness the noncanonical autophagy pathway, including engulfment processes, drug treatments, TRPML1 and STING signaling, viral infection, and other pathogenic factors. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Intracellular insults can initiate neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction or intrinsic pathway (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. (lookformedical.com)
  • Various nutrients such as niacinamide, NAC, astragalus, DHEA peptides, and vitamin D to name a few help support and modulate the immune system. (nwrestorativemedicine.com)
  • Based on its ability to modulate substance P signaling, an additional function of CGRP in nociception has been proposed. (bachem.com)
  • This study is a proof-of-concept that acidity-responsive membrane peptide ligands can be generally applied to RTKs. (biorxiv.org)
  • Yet, characterization of the emergence of differences in signaling events triggered by ligands with different affinities along the TCR signaling cascade remains incomplete. (nature.com)
  • The divergence between signals induced by ligands with different affinities occurred early in the canonical TCR signaling cascade. (nature.com)
  • By linking the partial APP peptides to an N-terminal signal sequence, the researchers forced production of Aβ40 and Aβ42 within the endoplasmic reticulum. (alzforum.org)
  • Proteins that are destined for the endoplasmic reticulum also carry a signal peptide. (mechanobio.info)
  • Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are protein modules (of approximately 100 amino acids) found in many proteins involved in tyrosine kinase signalling cascades. (ufoscience.org)
  • Each stage of the cell cycle is profiled by distinct protein complexes and phosphorylation events. (janechin.net)
  • Overall, 477 proteins were found interacting with at least one of four distinct sGAGs. (degruyter.com)
  • This is achieved through the recognition of distinct signal sequences that target proteins to each of these regions. (mechanobio.info)
  • Antibody-mediated protection is therefore effective against homologous viral strains but inadequate against heterologous strains with serologically distinct coat proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • The amino acid sequences of CGRP peptides are well conserved among species, as illustrated in Scheme 1. (bachem.com)
  • Scheme 1: Amino acid sequences of various CGRP peptides. (bachem.com)
  • When we use modern sequencing methods to read short sequences (short reading), such sections are very difficult to orient. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • In addition, the epitopes recognized were contained within short linear sequences of amino acids, and rapid degradation of large NP fragments within the target cell did not prevent recognition by CTLS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Their function is to bind tyrosine-phosphorylated sequences in specific protein targets. (ufoscience.org)
  • SH3 domains bind to target proteins through sequences containing proline and hydrophobic amino acids. (ufoscience.org)
  • Mitogenic and anti-proliferative signals trigger specific sequences of cytosolic events through which the signal is eventually relayed to the nucleus. (janechin.net)
  • Usually, signal sequences are cleaved off co-translationally by SPases (signal peptidases), and the resulting cleaved signal sequences are termed signal peptides (4-5). (mechanobio.info)
  • Protein recruitment is essentially a form of protein recognition, made possible by the presence of specific amino-acid sequences within the protein structure. (mechanobio.info)
  • These results led to the suggestion that the epitopes recognized by class-I-restricted CTLS resulted from degradation of viral proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • T he question arose as to whether a similar phenomenon would be found with viral proteins which are naturally inserted in the target cell membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These humoral immune responses target external viral coat proteins that are conserved for a given strain. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, T cells, which mediate cellular immune responses, can target internal proteins common to heterologous viral strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we used time-resolved high-throughput proteomic analyses to identify and quantify the phosphorylation events and protein-protein interactions encoding T cell ligand discrimination in antigen-experienced T cells. (nature.com)
  • We measured this using an improved fluorescent reporter and by phosphorylation of endogenous cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB). (nature.com)
  • Egan, J. J., Greenberg, A. S., Chang, M. K. & Londos, C. Control of endogenous phosphorylation of the major cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate in adipocytes by insulin and beta-adrenergic stimulation. (nature.com)
  • The pathological characteristics of AD are exhibited by the extracellular plaques of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and the hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As generation of site-specific PTMs in proteins is challenging, we used short synthetic peptides to quantify the effects on tubulin binding of three site-specific PTMs located within the PHF6∗ (paired helical filament [PHF] residues 275-280) and PHF6 (residues 306-311) hexapeptide motifs: K280 acetylation, Y310 phosphorylation, and K311 succinylation. (bvsalud.org)
  • This structure allows pepducin lipopeptides to anchor in the cell membrane lipid bilayer and target the GPCR/G protein interface via a unique intracellular allosteric mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prevalence and similarities of these signaling filopodia suggest that the polarized target-specific morphogen exchange through filopodial contacts is an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism. (biorxiv.org)
  • First, HPO-30 ICD binding to the WRC requires dimerization and involves the entire ICD sequence, rather than a short linear peptide motif. (stanford.edu)
  • Experiments with deletion mutants of the nucleoprotein (NP) gene showed that transport of epitopes to the membrane for recognition by CTLS was independent of a definable signal sequence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A mutant haemagglutinin has been produced that lacks a hydrophobic signal sequence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To ensure intracellular expression of the protein, the sequence coding for the signal peptide was removed. (iswavld2023.org)
  • SRP (signal recognition particle) interacts with the signal sequence as soon as it emerges from the ribosomal polypeptide exit tunnel (1-2). (mechanobio.info)
  • This protein, termed Nischarin, is a large cytosolic macromolecule that is not related to well-known protein families. (nih.gov)
  • There are several cells in which the Bax cytosolic protein is inactive. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Moreover, protein synthesis by the cytosolic ribosomes of eukaryotes does not involve the formylation of N-terminal Met. (microbialcell.com)
  • The most critical of these proteins is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), which couples GH binding to the activation of gene expression that leads to the intracellular effects of GH, including synthesis of IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and ALS. (medscape.com)
  • We started the current investigation with the premise that a better understanding of the processes that produce cytoneme contacts and control contact-driven signal release is essential to understanding morphogenesis. (biorxiv.org)
  • In times of stress, the human body's HN peptide acts as a cytoprotective and controls mitochondrial processes. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • These factors couple extracellular signals to intracellular processes to determine cell cycle progression. (janechin.net)
  • The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
  • Therefore, authors are invited to submit original research and review articles which address the progress and current standing of cellular signalling processes. (mdpi.com)
  • In order for subcellular processes to be carried out within defined compartments or cellular regions, mechanisms must exist to ensure the required protein components are present at the sites and at an adequate concentration. (mechanobio.info)
  • It is frequently associated with other domains typical for proteins in signal transduction processes. (embl.de)
  • By identifying many sGAG-specific interacting proteins, our data provide a resource for upcoming studies aimed at molecular mechanisms and understanding of sGAG cellular effects. (degruyter.com)
  • Several investigations suggest that, besides their extracellular actions, also intracellular mechanisms of sGAG-derivatives seem possible. (degruyter.com)
  • In this review, we consider some of the theoretical aspects of protein haptenation, how mechanisms of protein haptenation can be investigated experimentally and how we can use such knowledge in the development of novel, alternative approaches for predicting skin sensitization potential in the future. (cdc.gov)
  • The basis of hapten- molecular mechanisms of the sensitization pro- protein binding work is the hypothesis that upon cess will result in novel opportunities for the skin absorption, only protein-reactive chemicals development of alternative methods for assessing (or those that can be metabolically or chemically skin sensitization hazard and relative potency of converted to protein-reactive species) are able to chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Neuronal microtubule-associated protein 2D is a dual A-kinase anchoring protein expressed in rat ovarian granulosa cells. (nature.com)
  • In transgenic mice models the HCV core protein has been found to induce insulin resistance via TNF production. (isciii.es)
  • Besides, virus C infection may induce insulin resistance by blocking intracellular signaling, and lastly, insulin resistance has been associated with a decreased rate of sustained response to peginterferon alpha plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. (isciii.es)
  • IGFBP-3 is another protein to which HN has a strong affinity. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
  • Hence, how ligand affinity converts into signaling potency (that is, magnitude of T cell responses) remains unresolved. (nature.com)
  • The IGFBPs are a family of 6 structurally related proteins with a high affinity for binding IGF. (medscape.com)
  • Neuropilin-1 synthetic peptide corresponds to amino acids within the a1 CUB domain of human neuropilin-1. (ecmbio.com)
  • with short synthetic peptides. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Carrier-protein conjugated synthetic peptide surrounding phospho Tyr576 of human FAK. (genetex.com)
  • Wong, W. & Scott, J. D. AKAP signalling complexes: focal points in space and time. (nature.com)
  • Bacterial IbeA interacts with endothelial Caspr1 to trigger intracellular focal adhesion kinase activation, leading to E. coli internalization into the brain endothelial cells. (microbialcell.com)
  • A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)
  • These peptides are acidity-responsive, allowing them to preferentially target acidic environments like tumors. (biorxiv.org)
  • Humanin also inhibits cells' apoptosis (the death of cells) by targeting the protein, Bax. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Apoptosis is induced by the apoptosis-inducing protein Bax (Bcl2-associated X protein), present in both normal development and many disorders. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Integration of intracellular metabolic states with extracellular signals leads to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or quiescence. (janechin.net)
  • There is a signal crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, which may be regulated to produce synergistic effect on the preconditioning of stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell-Penetrating Peptides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that FGF is Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the producing cell surface and that this modification both inhibits free FGF secretion and activates target-specific bidirectional FGF-FGFR signaling through cytonemes. (biorxiv.org)
  • However, recent advances in microscopy revealed that both signal-producing and receiving cells could extend signaling filopodia named cytonemes and selectively deliver or receive signals through cytoneme-cell contact sites 4 - 9 . (biorxiv.org)
  • We asked: (1) How do cytonemes recognize a specific target cell and form signaling contacts? (biorxiv.org)
  • Integrins clearly play a key role in regulating both mitogenic signalling and cell migration. (nih.gov)
  • A 75 bp sORF [short open reading frame] was found in all clones that protected cells against cell death triggered by a mutant version of amyloid precursor protein (APP), a probable etiology of Alzheimer's disease. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Extracellular signals direct the cell-cycle 'engine. (janechin.net)
  • Stages of the cell cycle are G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2, M (Mitosis), and G0 (quiescence), with mitosis as the shortest and most visually dramatic process of the cycle after which two daughter cells result, Figure 1-1. (janechin.net)
  • The Restriction point is also known as a checkpoint, where 'the cell is arrested at a particular phase of the cycle due to a lack of appropriate signals' (Hartwell and Weinert, 1989). (janechin.net)
  • Restriction points receive signals from central- and peripheral cellular networks to determine subsequent cell fate. (janechin.net)
  • Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
  • We propose that the resulting disruption of native TM interactions disrupts the conformation of the kinase domain, inhibiting EGFR's ability to send migratory cell signals. (biorxiv.org)
  • Because of its essential roles in cell signaling, misregulation or overexpression of EGFR often causes a cancerous phenotype. (biorxiv.org)
  • The kinetic proofreading model postulates that TCR ligand discrimination is due to several signaling steps that introduce a delay between ligand binding and T cell activation. (nature.com)
  • This implies that the pMHC ligand dwell time on the TCR determines the probability of completing a series of signaling events leading to T cell activation 5 . (nature.com)
  • The molecular engineering places the peptides in arguably a more natural location within the cell-inside the lumen of the ER and other components of the intracellular membrane system. (alzforum.org)
  • ADAM17 is a metalloprotease and disintegrin that lodges in the plasmatic membrane of several cell types and is able to cleave a wide variety of cell surface proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases (ADAM), originally named metalloproteinases disintegrin cystein-rich (MDC), are membrane-anchored cell surface proteins containing both disintegrin and metalloproteinase domains. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is estimated that as much as 10% of the cell surface proteins undergo ectodomain shedding. (frontiersin.org)
  • usually perform the entire task of transducing signals within a target cell. (optimalhealth.in)
  • The formylation of N-terminal Met in bacterial proteins is not strictly essential for either translation or cell viability. (microbialcell.com)
  • In contrast, gram-positive bacterial autoinducers are made of peptide and must be actively transported through their peptidoglycan cell wall using the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter system . (asm.org)
  • That threshold makes it energetically unfavorable for intracellular autoinducers tocontinue to leave the cell (whether through diffusion or transport), resulting in an increase in their intracellular concentration. (asm.org)
  • The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
  • Interestingly, the organization of a cell, and its various regions, do play a role in directing the recruitment of proteins to a given site. (mechanobio.info)
  • Apoptotic cell death is induced by aberrant Aβ peptides and tau aggregates in the hippocampus and temporal lobe. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bacterial cell wall is a multi-layered mesh, whose major component is peptidoglycan (PG), a sugar polymer cross-linked by short peptide stems. (pasteur.fr)
  • FAK (phospho Tyr576) antibody detects FAK (phospho Tyr576) protein at cell membrane by immunohistochemical analysis. (genetex.com)
  • Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)
  • A pepducin molecule consists of a short peptide derived from a GPCR intracellular loop tethered to a hydrophobic moiety. (wikipedia.org)
  • The short intracellular domain associates with a signal-transduction molecule, DNAX-activation protein 12 (DAP12), triggering the secretion of inflammatory cytokines that amplify the host response to microbial agents. (hycultbiotech.com)
  • We have applied this strategy to EGFR and created the PET1 peptide. (biorxiv.org)
  • Short term inflammatory responses are good they bring immune cells and collagen building precursors to an area to promote healing and regeneration. (nwrestorativemedicine.com)
  • This review focuses on the structure of ADAM17, its signaling in the cardiovascular system and its participation in certain disorders involving the heart, blood vessels, and neural regulation of autonomic and cardiovascular modulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The accumulation of a protein at a given site is known as protein localization. (mechanobio.info)
  • The nuclear localization signal is one such example. (mechanobio.info)
  • Understanding how signals might inform cells of their positional identity, directionality, and interactions and organize these functions in diverse tissue-specific patterns is critical to understanding morphogenesis. (biorxiv.org)
  • WW domain-mediated interactions reveal a spliceosome-associated protein that binds a third class of proline-rich motif: the proline glycine and methionine-rich motif. (embl.de)
  • In yeast, this bridging involves interactions between the WW domains in the splicing factor PRP40 and a proline-rich domain in the branchpoint binding protein, BBP. (embl.de)
  • Recombinant DNA techniques have been used to express the proteins of influenza virus individually. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This has been extended to the influenza matrix protein, and a peptide epitope defined that is recognized by human CTLS in association with HLA -A2. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Direct overexpression of intracellular Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in mice is extremely artificial,' wrote Virginia Lee of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia in an e-mail to Alzforum. (alzforum.org)
  • However, the Atg8 family of proteins are not found solely attached to double-membrane autophagosomes. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • The N-terminus of Nischarin interacts with a short segment of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha5 integrin subunit. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, FBP21 interacts directly with the U1 snRNP protein U1C, the core snRNP proteins SmB and SmB', and the branchpoint binding protein SF1/mBBP. (embl.de)
  • This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase which is found concentrated in the focal adhesions that form between cells growing in the presence of extracellular matrix constituents. (genetex.com)
  • Thus, the principle of protein or peptide haptenation could be used in in vitro assays to predict the sensitization potential of a new chemical entity. (cdc.gov)
  • After its protective benefits on individuals with Alzheimer's disease, it was reclassified as a neuropeptide from its original classification as a mitochondrial peptide. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Another round of cat-and-mouse between scientists and the surreptitious cause of Alzheimer's pathogenesis shows intracellular Aβ lesions lead to age-dependent neurodegeneration and motor impairment in rodents. (alzforum.org)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of aberrant Aβ peptide plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles in pathology [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 37 amino acid peptides α-CGRP and β-CGRP are encoded by different genes on chromosome 11. (bachem.com)
  • Humanin is a 24-amino acid peptide that originates from the cell's mitochondria and appears innately. (dailynewsmall.com)
  • Adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52-amino acid peptide with a pluripotentialactivity. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • The present study also underscores how toxic intraneuronal Aβ42 can be compared to the just two-amino-acid-shorter Aβ40. (alzforum.org)
  • All molecular weights (MW) are confirmed by comparison to Bio-Rad Rainbow Markers and to western blot mobilities of known proteins with similar MW. (ecmbio.com)
  • Binding to the barbed end requires ICD dimerization and inhibits both actin polymerization and depolymerization, resembling the actin capping protein CapZ. (stanford.edu)
  • Both peptides show similar biological activity. (bachem.com)
  • The peptides are similar in their biological activities. (bachem.com)
  • This lends itself to large-scale antigen production in a very short time and also avoids the biological risk involved in handling Brucella to produce LPS antigen. (iswavld2023.org)
  • Here, we used mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods to determine and quantify, in a time-dependent manner, early molecular events triggered following TCR stimulation with peptides of varying affinities. (nature.com)
  • In affected indivi- chemicals possessing the ability to react with duals, it has a serious impact on their quality of proteins, and hence these methods do not esti- life. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, the transplantation of BMMSCs can decrease aberrant amyloid-beta peptides as well as tau aggregates, inhibit neuroinflammation, and stimulate synaptogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These viruses have a positive-sense RNA genome which encodes structural and non-structural proteins [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • One possibility is that the similarity of the formyl and acetyl groups, their identical locations in N‑terminally formylated (Nt‑formylated) and Nt-acetylated proteins, and the recently discovered proteolytic function of Nt-acetylation in eukaryotes might also signify a proteolytic role of Nt‑formylation in bacteria. (microbialcell.com)
  • We suggest that the faster emergence of nascent proteins from bacterial ribosomes is one mechanistic and evolutionary reason for the pretranslational design of bacterial fMet/N‑degrons, in contrast to the cotranslational design of analogous Ac/N‑degrons in eukaryotes. (microbialcell.com)
  • 1994). High-res- belongs to the family of intracellular lipid bind- olution crystal structures (Sacchetti ni et al. (lu.se)
  • It stimulates intracellular cAMP production after ligand-induced activation. (medscape.com)
  • What do proteins with SH3 domains bind to? (ufoscience.org)
  • Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are evolutionary conserved small protein modules that bind specifically to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides. (ufoscience.org)
  • Based on the results that extracellular aa 203-355 of Caspr1 bind with IbeA, we tested the blocking effect of recombinant Caspr1(203-355) peptides in neonatal rat model of meningitis. (microbialcell.com)