• It remains relatively unknown whether SAD, as a manifest measure of visceral adiposity, differs by sex in the general population and in the subgroups defined by socio-economic characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this way, it will be possible to build a solid foundation for the scientific study of psychological sex differences and their biological and cultural origins. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, researchers and theorists take different perspectives on how much of gender is due to biological, neurochemical, and evolutionary factors (nature), or is the result of culture and socialization (nurture). (wikipedia.org)
  • 35-36 This distinction is often difficult to make due to challenges in determining whether a difference is biological or environmental/cultural. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gender is generally conceived as a set of characteristics or traits that are associated with a certain biological sex (male or female). (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cultures, gender is not always conceived as binary, or strictly linked to biological sex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each SCORE program serves as a national resource for translational research, at multiple levels of analysis, to identify the role of biological sex differences on the health of women. (nih.gov)
  • SCORE investigators provide leadership in the development and promotion of standards and policies for the consideration of sex as a biological variable (SABV) and sex differences in biomedical research. (nih.gov)
  • Identifying the contributions of biological sex can assist in understanding the diversity of health outcomes and how this knowledge can be applied to the development of the next generation of interventions and medical treatments leading to improvements in women's health. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, we estimated age-sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Here, we explore sex-biased infections for a multi-host fungal disease of bats, white-nose syndrome, and link disease-associated mortality between sexes, the distortion of sex ratios and the potential mechanisms underlying sex differences in infection. (usgs.gov)
  • Differences (disorders) of sex development (DSDs), formerly termed intersex conditions, are seen in infants who are born with ambiguous or abnormal genitalia and may have indeterminate phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • However, the paradigm of early gender assignment has been challenged by the results of clinical and basic science research, which show that gender identity development likely begins in utero and may not be the same as chromosomal or phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • In 2006, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) published proposed changes to the previously used nomenclature and definitions of disorders in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex is atypical. (medscape.com)
  • Phenotypic variances were similar between the sexes across trait categories and were not affected by mating system or study environment. (springer.com)
  • ORWH published the Specialized Centers of Research Excellence (SCORE) on Sex Differences (U54 Clinical Trial Optional) request for applications (RFA), RFA-OD-18-004 , in fiscal year (FY) 2018 and funded six new awards. (nih.gov)
  • Sex assortativity in adult contacts likely contributes to sex disparities in adult tuberculosis burden by amplifying incidence among men. (cdc.gov)
  • Only a few analyses have assessed the sex assortativity of contacts in sufficient detail to provide major insights into the transmission potential for diseases with major sex disparities, such as TB ( 10 , 15 , 16 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Identification of the sex difference in SAD is crucial for better understanding heath disparities in cardiometabolic outcomes among men and women and improving health care for both sexes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Knowledge of sex-specific socio-economic factors associated with SAD could promote the development of sex specific interventions to prevent obesity-related health disparities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There's a new paper in PLoS ONE, The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality *, which suggests that by measuring variation of single observed personality traits researchers are missing larger underlying patterns of difference. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Available data describe 21 surveys in 17 countries and show profound differences in sex-based and age-based patterns of contact. (cdc.gov)
  • Sex-specific social contact patterns might also be useful in understanding TB in women and children, as shown by analytical results suggesting most new M. tuberculosis infections among men, women, and children in South Africa and Zambia can be attributed to contact with men ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Several analyses have examined sex differences in social contact patterns, although most analyses report sex differences in the number of reported contacts. (cdc.gov)
  • Aspects of populations that create structure, like age and sex, can affect patterns of transmission, infection intensity and population outcomes. (usgs.gov)
  • The Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) announces the availability of administrative supplements to support research highlighting the impact of sex/gender differences (or similarities) and/or sex and gender factors in human health and illness, including basic, preclinical, clinical and behavioral studies. (nih.gov)
  • The issue of sex differences and similarities in performance has considerable significance today as women seek physically demanding careers in police-work, fire-fighting, the military, industry, and athletics. (humankinetics.com)
  • We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age-sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • ABSTRACT This study assessed the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, and its components, as defined by Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Jordanian patients attending a family practice clinic for management of cardiovascular risk factors. (who.int)
  • The prevalence increased with age in the total sample and in both sexes. (who.int)
  • However, evidence-based NCD policies cannot be formulated if we do not know the prevalence of these risks factors. (who.int)
  • Thus, the current survey was conducted with the overall objective of determining the prevalence of the major risk factors of NCDs nationwide. (who.int)
  • From what I can gather the authors discovered that the differences between sexes on personality were much clearer once you looked for the correlation across numerous single measured traits. (discovermagazine.com)
  • But there is also an evolutionary genetic aspect to sexual dimorphism we must consider: in Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits the authors note that evolution of sex specific traits is not going to occur fast. (discovermagazine.com)
  • All of this added complexity takes time to evolve, with the rough result that sexual differences in trait value take about an order of magnitude longer than other traits to come to the fore. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Modifiers which dampen this effect need to emerge, so that sex-specific selection doesn't have the side effect of dragging the other sex along in terms of trait value (this is a concern when you have traits, such as high testosterone, which might increase fitness in males, but reduce it their daughters). (discovermagazine.com)
  • The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex includes 70 pages on sexual selection in human evolution, some of which concerns psychological traits. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigate whether sexes differ in means and variances along the fast-slow pace-of-life continuum for life history and physiological and behavioral traits. (springer.com)
  • Psychological sex differences refer to emotional, motivational, or cognitive differences between the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two of his later books, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) explore the subject of psychological differences between the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1978 Women and sex roles: A social psychological perspective was published, one of the first textbooks on the psychology behind women and sex roles. (wikipedia.org)
  • sex based comparisons of pathophysiology, biomarkers, gene expression, clinical presentation and prevention and treatment of diseases The proposed research must address at least one objective from Goals 1 through 3 of the NIH Strategic Plan for Women's Health Research . (nih.gov)
  • Most performance differences are due to variations in morphological (structural) or physiological characteristics typical of women and men (Wells, 1991). (humankinetics.com)
  • This implies that sex differences on the genetic level may emerge via modulation of gene expression across networks of genes tuned by some 'master controllers' associated with differential sex development. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Of course, the methodological guidelines presented in this paper can and should be applied to domains of individual differences other than personality, including vocational interests, cognitive abilities, creativity, and so forth. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, emotion, sexuality, and tendency towards aggression. (wikipedia.org)
  • This book went into what factors influence a child's gender development, with contributors proposing the effects of hormones, social learning, and cognitive development in respective chapters. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aims to investigate sex-specific diversities in the treatment and oncologic outcomes of primary HR-NMIBC in a multicenter setting. (urotoday.com)
  • The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • WASHINGTON (November 13, 2017) - In a study of adolescent boys and girls, neuroscientists at Georgetown University Medical Center and Penn State University have found a sex difference in a gene linked to substance use disorders. (georgetown.edu)
  • To date, only adults have been studied for substance use disorders with regards to a particular genetic risk factor. (georgetown.edu)
  • The work is some of the first to look for genetic markers of risk in relation to adolescent brain development and how these factors relate to risk of future substance use disorders. (georgetown.edu)
  • While a single gene is not very informative in terms of population differences (e.g., the standard assertion that ~15 percent of variation is between races), synthesizing the variation of many genes allows one to easily distinguish populations, because there is such strong discordance in the correlation of differences. (discovermagazine.com)
  • For example, in size the difference between males and females is not as extreme as gorillas, but not as equitable as among gibbons. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The reason is simple: aside from the peculiarities on the sex chromosomes males and females are genetically the same. (discovermagazine.com)
  • We sought to define a reliable and easily repeatable method for CCA measurement and to examine the effects of sex, age, handedness, and cerebral volume. (ajnr.org)
  • The aims of this study are to examine the sex differences in SAD and its socio-economic correlates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings provide anatomic evidence of sex differences in interhemispheric connectivity. (ajnr.org)
  • Sex-specific differences in outcomes of patients diagnosed with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) have been reported with controversial findings. (urotoday.com)
  • Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The book proposed that the social environment a child grows up in is more important in determining gender than the genetic factors he or she inherits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Basic, clinical, and translational research approaches led to seminal contributions to the study of sex differences related to women's health. (nih.gov)
  • Evidence for such covariation is contradictory, possibly because systematic sources of variation (e.g. sex) have been neglected. (springer.com)
  • In addition, we test whether social and environmental characteristics such as breeding strategy, mating system, and study environment explain heterogeneity between the sexes. (springer.com)
  • Socio-economic factors, such as age, sex, and education have been linked to the population distribution of SAD in a descriptive population study in Finland [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another recent study has associated certain socio-economic factors with SAD/height ratio in the US representative population [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we examined the occurrence of and the factors associated with nonfatal overdoses within a Canadian sample of illicit opioid users not enrolled in treatment at the time of study recruitment. (cmaj.ca)
  • The Career Enhancement Core is a new feature of the program whose goal is to support pilot research and train the next generation of scientists in the study of sex differences. (nih.gov)
  • A total of 5,483 individuals aged 25-64 years of both sexes who were willing and normally resident in the designated study area were recruited into the survey. (who.int)
  • For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2-15·8) of LRI deaths. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • adults reported greater sex assortativity outside the home in most surveys. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • 22 , 23 , 24 There is evidence of a relation between poverty and overdose, 19 , 25 , 26 and injection in public places (which is indicative of poor housing) is a risk factor for overdose. (cmaj.ca)
  • The Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS) SCORE is advancing our understanding of stress exposures and neural regulation of reproductive aging health outcomes, and catalyzing growth of translational women's health and sex-differences research in aging women. (nih.gov)
  • Children preferentially mixed with women in all surveys (median sex assortativity 58%, interquartile range [IQR] 57%-59% for boys, 61% [IQR 60%-63%] for girls). (cdc.gov)
  • Men and women reported sex-assortative mixing in 80% and 95% of surveys (median sex assortativity 56% [IQR 54%-58%] for men, 59% [IQR 57%-63%] for women). (cdc.gov)
  • The risk for TB in men might be amplified if sex-assortative (like-with-like by sex, male or female) mixing is prevalent, such that men have greater contact with other men than with women ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The percentage difference for the CCA-cerebral volume from the group mean was +2.6% in women and −3.6% in men. (ajnr.org)
  • While socio-economic correlates of SAD are similar in women and men, the associations of age, race, and household income with SAD vary across sex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The current SCORE U54 program leverages over 15 years of our prior investment to create a disease-agnostic research program focused on sex differences and major medical conditions affecting women in the U.S. The former Specialized Centers of Research (SCOR) P50 program funded established scientists at centers across the country, with support from our NIH Institute and Center (IC) partners. (nih.gov)
  • 65 years of the metabolic syndrome are currently cardiovascular risk factors attending the in women. (who.int)
  • Nevertheless, variations in these characteristics are often as large or larger within each sex as they are between the sexes. (humankinetics.com)
  • Breeding strategy did not influence sex differences in variances or means. (springer.com)
  • We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Therefore there is still a window of opportunity to control these risk factors at the population level if we are to avoid the double disease burden. (who.int)
  • Demographic factors are fundamental in shaping infectious disease dynamics. (usgs.gov)
  • Sexes often experience different selection pressures leading to sex-specific allocation between reproduction and self-maintenance, facilitating divergence in life-history. (springer.com)
  • Sex-specific differences in means and possibly variances may therefore play a key role in the POLS framework. (springer.com)
  • We discuss our results in the light of sex-specific selection that might drive sex-specific differences in pace-of-life and ultimately POLS. (springer.com)
  • with no age group specific significant difference. (who.int)
  • The majority of Money's theories regarding the importance of socialization in the determination of gender have come under intense criticism, especially in connection with the inaccurate reporting of success in the infant sex reassignment of David Reimer. (wikipedia.org)
  • These NIH-supported Centers of Excellence are vital hubs for research on sex and gender that also provide pilot funding, training, and education. (nih.gov)
  • In 1966, The Development of Sex Differences was published by Eleanor E Maccoby. (wikipedia.org)
  • As NIH-supported Centers of Excellence, the SCORE program's centers provide leadership and serve as a resource in the development and promotion of standards and policies for the consideration of sex differences in biomedical research. (nih.gov)
  • In conclusion, we believe we made it clear that the true extent of sex differences in human personality has been consistently underestimated. (discovermagazine.com)
  • We found that a diverse set of factors was associated with overdose episodes. (cmaj.ca)
  • Research has identified a variety of risk factors for overdose. (cmaj.ca)
  • Family practitioners should be alerted to the importance of multiple risk factors in the metabolic syndrome. (who.int)
  • Previous research has indicated that most illicit drug users experience nonfatal overdoses and has suggested a variety of factors that are associated with risk of overdose. (cmaj.ca)
  • The Specialized Centers of Research Excellence (SCORE) on Sex Differences program is a signature program of the Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH). (nih.gov)
  • The current ORWH SCORE program remains the only NIH centers program supporting disease-agnostic research on sex differences. (nih.gov)
  • Corpus callosal cross-sectional area (CCA) may be a clinical indicator of disease progression, but factors influencing callosal morphology in healthy subjects must be determined before comparisons can be made in patients. (ajnr.org)
  • In patients subjected to reTUR and treated additionally with BCG, female sex was associated with increased risk of disease recurrence in univariate analysis (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.07-3.06, p = 0.03), but not in multivariate analysis (HR 1.99, 95% CI 0.98-4.02, p = 0.06). (urotoday.com)
  • There was no difference between sexes with regard to disease progression. (urotoday.com)
  • For example, the sex differences of world records in running races from 100 m to the marathon declined gradually until the 1990s, 2 , 3 with similar trends in most other sports, as well. (humankinetics.com)
  • yet small sample size, lack of SAD focus, and lack of assessment of SAD in socio-economic subgroups limit the evaluations of sex difference in SAD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Midsagittal CCA and total cerebral volume were measured and correlated with sex, age, and handedness. (ajnr.org)
  • Elle augmentait avec l'âge dans l'échantillon total et pour les deux sexes. (who.int)