Sex chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Autosomes differ from allosomes because autosomes appear in pairs whose members have the same form but differ from other pairs in a diploid cell, whereas members of an allosome pair may differ from one another and thereby determine sex. (wikipedia.org)
Autosomes are homologous chromosomes i.e. chromosomes which contain the same genes (regions of DNA) in the same order along their chromosomal arms. (wikipedia.org)
These chromosomes also contain the genetic codes for the production of essential proteins, and the disproportion in chromosomes in XY individuals caused by them carrying only a single X for every pair of non-sex chromosomes (called autosomes) can lead to an imbalance in the production of proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers then compared the activity of genes from sex chromosomes and from autosomes, broken down by male and female turtles. (sciencedaily.com)
Sex chromosomes evolve from autosomes and are typically extremely conserved, not only among species but entire classes of organisms. (nature.com)
This review introduces the differences in population history for sex chromosomes and autosomes, provides the expectations for genetic diversity across the genome under different evolutionary scenarios, and gives an introductory description for how deviations in these expectations are calculated and can be interpreted. (nih.gov)
2012]. Current models of sex chromosome evolution propose that sex chromosomes originate from autosomes [Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 2000] and have done so multiple times independently in diverse lineages across the tree of life [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
Our results show substantially reduced Z-linked expression relative to autosomes in both sexes, as previously observed in bombycoid moths. (biorxiv.org)
We also analyze chromosomal distributions of sex-biased genes and show an excess of male-biased and a dearth of female-biased genes on the Z chromosome relative to autosomes, consistent with predictions of sexually antagonistic evolution. (biorxiv.org)
Abnormalities that affect autosomes (the 22 paired chromosomes that are alike in males and females) are more common than those that affect. (msdmanuals.com)
The chromosomes other than sex chromosomes are called autosomes . (istudy.pk)
At meiosis in females, the two X chromosomes pair and segregate like autosomes so that each egg receives one X chromosome. (istudy.pk)
In haploid cells, 22 of the 23 chromosomes are called autosomes and are simply numbered 1 through 22. (sciencing.com)
These chromosomes do create pairs, just as autosomes form homologous pairs. (sciencing.com)
In a human being, 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes in each cell. (nebstudent.com)
Sex chromosomes can evolve gene contents that differ from the rest of the genome, as well as larger sex differences in gene expression compared with autosomes. (ed.ac.uk)
The first 22 pairs of chromosomes, called autosomes,are numbered from 1 to 22, from largest to smallest. (standardofcare.com)
Because the rearranged autosomes often intimately associate with the sex body, it. (cuni.cz)
This meant that males could have matching autosomes and Y chromosome with a mismatched X, or matching autosomes and X chromosome with a mismatched Y. For this specific experiment we picked eight of the novel genotypes, which have previously been shown to exhibit phenotypic differences, as well as their corresponding wild type populations for RNA pooled sequencing. (lu.se)
Second, we will study truly genome-wide patterns of variation (autosomes, X chromosome, Y chromosome, and mtDNA) among multiple populations in Kenya. (grantome.com)
In collaboration with anthropologists, who are studying, cultural variation, we will assess how genetically diverse individuals are, and use patterns of variation across the sex chromosomes and autosomes to infer recent and ancient demography in these populations. (grantome.com)

Not content with one pair of sex chromosomes, the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) has five. (bioedonline.org)
Theoretically, such transitions can happen on the same pair of sex chromosomes (homologous transition) or involve an autosome, which then becomes a new sex chromosome (heterologous transition). (nature.com)
In most of these cases, sex is determined by a special pair of sex chromosomes. (istudy.pk)
Each person usually has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (nih.gov)

After introducing the theory, this review catalogs recent studies of genetic diversity on the sex chromosomes across species within the major research areas that sex chromosomes are typically applied to, arguing that there are broad similarities not only between male-heterogametic (XX/XY) and female-heterogametic (ZZ/ZW) sex determination systems but also any mating system with reduced recombination in a sex-determining region. (nih.gov)
2011]. Sex chromosomes are defined by the presence of a sex-determining region containing a sex-determining factor, and strong selection favors the reduction of recombination in the heterogametic sex between the sex-determining region and nearby sexually antagonistic alleles that have differential fitness effects on males versus females [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
A deficiency in PAR1 recombination has been linked to Klinefelter syndrome, a genetic condition where males are born with an extra X chromosome. (nih.gov)
Sex-antagonistic genes, XY recombination and feminized Y chromosomes. (unil.ch)
Most PAR genes should thus evolve similarly to autosomal rather than sex-linked genes, unless recombination is very rare in the PAR. (ed.ac.uk)
First, wouldn't recombination scramble the eye color alleles among the sex chromosomes? (stackexchange.com)
Sex chromosomes are an ideal system to study processes connected with suppressed recombination. (muni.cz)
This evidence suggests that microsatellite expansion is an early event shaping the Y chromosome where this process is not opposed by recombination, while accumulation of TEs and chromosome shrinkage predominate later. (muni.cz)
Meiosis - the pairing and recombination of chromosomes, followed by segregation of half to each egg or sperm cell - is a major crossroads in all organisms reproducing sexually. (news-medical.net)

either there was no chromosomal sex determination in the last common ancestor and both systems developed independently, or one lineage retained the ancestral sex chromosomes while in the other lineage a transition to the alternate system occurred. (nature.com)
Researchers estimate that 1 male in about 500 newborn males has an extra X chromosome, making KS among the most common chromosomal disorders seen in all newborns. (nih.gov)
The change in composition and number of chromosomes is called Chromosomal disorder. (nebstudent.com)
These mechanisms are ultra-conserved in some organismal groups (e.g. all mammals share the same sex chromosomal system), however, in other groups even sister species vary in their way how sex is determined. (leibniz-lib.de)
The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of x chromosome. (nih.gov)
The likelihood that alleles will recombine during meiosis varies with the linear distance of one chromosome to another in the chromosomal sequence, this distance is referred to in centimorgans. (standardofcare.com)
Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids, chromosomal arms, which are joined to each other at a small constricted region called the centromere, the primary constriction. (standardofcare.com)
However, the described link between chromosomal asynapsis and transcriptional silencing demonstrated that MSCI is tightly associated with the asynapsis of largely non-homologous sex chromosomes and is a specific form of more general mechanism called meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC). (cuni.cz)
Patients receiving cfDNA results for autosomal aneuploidies and who had confirmatory genetic results for the relevant sex chromosomal aneuploidies were included. (bvsalud.org)
What Chromosomal Conditions Are Related to The X Chromosome? (healthynj.org)

Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies (SCAs) arise due to carriage of an atypical number of X and/or Y-chromosomes beyond the typical female (XX) or male (XY) complement. (nih.gov)
Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are common genetic syndromes characterized by the presence of an aberrant number of X and Y chromosomes due to meiotic defects. (nih.gov)
Adults with supernumerary sex chromosome aneuploidies compared with 2 sex chromosomes had a small but statistically significant increased risk of VTE . (genetic.org)
The aim of this study was to assess the performance of cell-free DNA ( cfDNA ) screening to detect sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) in an unselected obstetrical population with genetic confirmation. (bvsalud.org)
JS Genetics announces the availability of XCAT-KS, its proprietary buccal swab test for the diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and other male sex chromosome aneuploidies. (news-medical.net)
If you decide to use PGD for gender selection with Dr. Suchada then her choice of PGD is one that screens for all chromosome abnormalities (aneuploidies) at the same time. (ivfservicesthailand.com)

These consist of two X chromosomes in most females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in most males. (wikipedia.org)
Females therefore have 23 homologous chromosome pairs, while males have 22. (wikipedia.org)
since males are XY they can pass along either an X or a Y. Females in such species receive an X chromosome from each parent while males receive an X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of the softshell turtles included in the study, the sex chromosomes are referred to as Z and W, and it's the females of the species who have mismatched, or ZW, chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
Sex-linked characteristics include hemophilia and color blindness , which are carried as recessive genes in females. (daviddarling.info)
However, males are on average older at diagnosis and are more likely to develop progressive disease than females, suggesting a potential role of the sex chromosomes in MS. Some of the genes found on the female sex chromosome, the X chromosome, have shown some association with MS, but there is very little known about the genes on the Y chromosome, and whether they play any role in MS. (msaustralia.org.au)
But researchers had long been confused about which ones are autosomal (inherited equally by males and females), and which ones determine sex. (bioedonline.org)
Sex chromosomes are fundamental in many species for the development of males or females, including vertebrates, and are known to play an important role in the evolution of sex ratios, sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and sexual conflict in species with genotypic sex determination (GSD) [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
Females with 3 X chromosomes often appear normal physically and mentally and are fertile. (msdmanuals.com)
By virtue of having 2 X chromosomes, females have 2 loci for every X-linked gene, as compared with a single locus in males. (msdmanuals.com)
Skewed inactivation may account for the occasional manifestation of minor symptoms in females who are heterozygous for X-linked disorders such as hemophilia and muscular dystrophy (all would presumably be asymptomatic if they had a 50:50 distribution of active X chromosomes). (msdmanuals.com)
Previous studies have found that around one in 1,000 females have an additional X chromosome, which can result in delayed language development and accelerated growth until puberty, as well as lower IQ levels compared to their peers. (technologynetworks.com)
Males generally have one X and one Y chromosome, and females two X chromosomes. (nih.gov)
In females , there is a pair of identical sex chromosomes called the X chromosomes. (istudy.pk)
Males normally contain one X and one Y chromosome, whereas genetically typical females have two X chromosomes. (sciencing.com)
In this sex-determination system, males are ZZ whereas females are ZW. (sciencing.com)
In humans, males have XY chromosomes, females have XX but only one of these is active, meaning that both sexes only have one active copy of the X chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in cells other than egg cells. (nih.gov)
X-inactivation ensures that females, like males, have one functional copy of the X chromosome in each body cell. (nih.gov)
Because X-inactivation is random, in normal females the X chromosome inherited from the mother is active in some cells, and the X chromosome inherited from the father is active in other cells. (nih.gov)
46,XX testicular difference of sex development is a condition in which individuals with two X chromosomes in each cell, the pattern typically found in females, have a male appearance. (nih.gov)
In a diploid cell, males have both an X and a Y chromosome , while females have two X chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
Just one question: doesn't crossing over occur between X-chromosomes in females? (stackexchange.com)
The inability of NLGN4Y to compensate for mutations in NLGN4X may help explain why males, who only have one X chromosome, tend to have a greater incidence of NLGN4X-associated ASD than females. (nih.gov)
Females typically have 2 of the same sex chromosomes, written as XX. (nih.gov)

The SRY sequence's prominence in sex determination was discovered when the genetics of sex-reversed XX men (i.e. humans who possess biological male-traits but actually have XX allosomes) were studied. (wikipedia.org)
Professor Anna Murray, at the University of Exeter, said: "Our study is important because it starts from the genetics and tells us about the potential health impacts of having an extra sex chromosome in an older population, without being biased by only testing men with certain features as has often been done in the past. (technologynetworks.com)

In humans, each cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46 chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Many scientists argue that sex determination in plants is more complex than that in humans. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, in humans and many other species, sex chromosomes are referred to as X and Y. Typically, two X chromosomes result in a female while XY chromosomes result in males. (sciencedaily.com)
The importance of maintaining a proper balance is made evident by diseases caused by abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes, including Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome in humans, and Valenzuela said these processes have evolutionary and health implications in many other organisms as well. (sciencedaily.com)
The platypus has 26 pairs of chromosomes in total, compared with the 23 pairs present in humans. (bioedonline.org)
In humans, sex is determined by one pair of chromosomes: a woman has two X chromosomes, and a male has an X and a Y. One of the platypus's sex chromosome pairs contains units similar to these, but another resembles the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system found in birds. (bioedonline.org)
Researchers discovered specific regions on chromosome 21 that cause memory and decision-making problems in mice with Down syndrome, shedding light on the condition in humans. (scitechdaily.com)
A University College London-led research team has, for the first time, identified specific regions of chromosome 21, which cause memory and decision-making problems in mice with Down syndrome, a finding that provides valuable new insight into the condition in humans. (scitechdaily.com)
Why Do Most Humans Have 23 Pairs of Chromosomes? (howstuffworks.com)
First, though, humans also happen to be a 'diploid' species, which means that most of our chromosomes come in matched sets called homologous pairs (the two members of each pair are called homologues). (howstuffworks.com)
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, while all other great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans) have 24 pairs of chromosomes,' Belen Hurle, Ph.D., says via email. (howstuffworks.com)
Thus, humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes. (howstuffworks.com)
46 is the diploid number in humans, whereas 23 - the number of unpaired chromosomes contributed by each gamete - is the haploid number . (sciencing.com)
The XY system is the sex-chromosome scheme used by humans, other primates and many other mammalian as well as non-mammalian animal species. (sciencing.com)
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans (the other is the Y chromosome). (nih.gov)
This project will include a three-pronged approach to utilizing and studying sex chromosome variation across humans. (grantome.com)
Nearly all humans who possess a Y chromosome will be morphologically male. (isogg.org)

An intriguing scenario in sex chromosome evolution connected to speciation is hybridisation, particularly in crosses of species with different male and female heterogametic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Based on Haldane's rule, one would expect that the heterogametic sex in hybrids tends to show greater inviability or sterility than the homogametic sex 18 and one proposed explanation for this is dominance theory 19 . (nature.com)
Hybrids between different species might be expected to suffer deleterious incompatibilities because alleles from orthologous genes from different species may not interact well in hybrids, and if these genes are on the sex chromosomes and are recessive, the heterogametic sex is likely to suffer the most. (nature.com)
The evolution of heterogametic sex chromosome is often - but not always - accompanied by the evolution of dosage compensating mechanisms that mitigate the impact of sex-specific gene dosage on levels of gene expression. (biorxiv.org)

Diverse mechanisms are involved in the determination of sex in animals. (wikipedia.org)
For mammals, sex determination is carried by the genetic contribution of the spermatozoon. (wikipedia.org)
Fish and amphibians, for example, have genetic sex determination but their sex can also be influenced by externally available steroids and incubation temperature of eggs. (wikipedia.org)
In some reptiles, e.g. sea turtles, only the incubation temperature determines sex (temperature-dependent sex determination). (wikipedia.org)
This is because even flowering plants have a variety of mating systems, their sex determination primarily regulated by MADS-box genes. (wikipedia.org)
The diversity of plants is reflected in their sex-determination systems, which include XY and UV systems as well as many variants. (wikipedia.org)
Valenzuela has studied temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), or the way environmental temperatures influence whether a turtle embryo develops into a male or female in species that lack sex chromosomes, in previous research. (sciencedaily.com)
these also carry some genetic information not related to sex determination. (daviddarling.info)
Odd mammal hints at evolutionary origin of sex determination. (bioedonline.org)
This is the largest number found in mammals so far, and also hints that the sex determination systems of birds and mammals may be linked. (bioedonline.org)
The remarkable diversity of sex determination mechanisms known in fish may be fuelled by exceptionally high rates of sex chromosome turnovers or transitions. (nature.com)
At the molecular level, the gene(s) determining sex might have changed their mode of action, e.g. from female to male determination, or a novel sex-determining (SD) gene might have arisen and taken over (SD turnover) in the evolving lineage. (nature.com)
There are unique patterns across populations with vastly different patterns of mating and speciation, but these do not tend to cluster by taxa or sex determination system. (nih.gov)
We identified two patients with deletions of DMRT1, a gene on chromosome 9p24.3 orthologous to the putative sex determination locus of the avian ZW chromosome system. (nih.gov)
Lineages with labile sex determination, such as turtles, hold critical cues, yet data are skewed toward hide-neck turtles (suborder Cryptodira) and scant for side-neck turtles (suborder Pleurodira). (karger.com)
Here, we used classic and molecular cytogenetics to investigate Emydura subglobosa (ESU), an unstudied side-neck turtle with genotypic sex determination from the family Chelidae, where extensive morphological divergence exists among XX/XY systems. (karger.com)
2014]. Sex chromosomes and sex determination in lower vertebrates such as reptiles remain poorly known. (karger.com)
Many genes on the Y chromosome are involved in male sex determination and development. (medlineplus.gov)
These chromosomes are used in sex determination. (nebstudent.com)
These chromosomes don't take part in sex determination. (nebstudent.com)
The mechanisms of sex determination are diverse despite their unifying function in defining male and female sex within a species. (leibniz-lib.de)
They range from an array of environmental factors over different genetic sex determination systems to a complex interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. (leibniz-lib.de)
This project focuses on the exploration of genetic sex determination or -in other words- the investigation of sex chromosomes in a model system of evolutionary biology, the African cichlid fishes. (leibniz-lib.de)
Sex chromosome disorders have held a special fascination for geneticists and endocrinologists because of the intimate association between the sex chromosomes, germ cells, and sex determination. (elsevierpure.com)

Sex chromosomes are inherited (see heredity ) in the same way as the other 22 human chromosome pairs, normal persons being either XX (female) or YY (male). (daviddarling.info)
They were amazed to find that five separate pairs, which join together in a chain during cell division, determine an individual's sex. (bioedonline.org)
Most people have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs: people with Down syndrome (DS) have an extra copy of chromosome 21, which carries over 200 genes. (scitechdaily.com)
He found that female flies have four pairs of homologous chromosomes, while male flies have three pairs of homologous chromosomes similar to female flies and one pair of chromosome in which two members are different from one another. (istudy.pk)
Almost every human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. (howstuffworks.com)
Because that's the total number of chromosomes found in almost every human cell - 23 pairs to be exact - and those little thread-like structures pack all the information about who you are and what makes you unique. (howstuffworks.com)
Every human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 (aside from sperm and egg cells , which each contain only 23 chromosomes). (howstuffworks.com)
Now you know the textbook example of a healthy human has 23 pairs of chromosomes in almost every cell of their body, but life isn't always a textbook. (howstuffworks.com)
Remember we said previously that the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes? (eschooltoday.com)
Whereas most chromosomes operate in pairs, meaning there are two copies of each gene in every cell, in contrast, we only have one active copy of the X chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
The sex chromosomes form one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in each cell. (nih.gov)
The X chromosome spans about 155 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (nih.gov)
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total number of 46 chromosomes in a diploid cell, or a cell having all the genetic material. (encyclopedia.com)
Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. (standardofcare.com)
The GRCh37 build of the Y chromosome has a length of 59,373,566 base-pairs, but only 25,653,566 base-pairs are actually positioned. (isogg.org)

There is a gene in the Y chromosome that has regulatory sequences that control genes that code for maleness, called the SRY gene. (wikipedia.org)
After examination, it was discovered that the difference between a typical XX individual (traditional female) and a sex-reversed XX man was that the typical individuals lacked the SRY gene. (wikipedia.org)
The Z chromosomes contain instructions for some of the proteins normally functioning cells should produce, and having only a single copy of a chromosome can result in a reduced amount of proteins produced, because protein production is often affected by the number of gene copies. (sciencedaily.com)
We are now significantly expanding our earlier research in SCA, and actively recruiting people with a range of X- and Y-chromosome variations for more detailed studies of gene function, brain organization, cognition and mental health in SCA. (nih.gov)
XIST is the gene responsible for inactivating the genes of the X chromosome, producing RNA that triggers inactivation. (msdmanuals.com)
They found a gene on the Y chromosome, KDM5D , that was responsible for this difference. (nih.gov)
To do this three different mouse strains (groups of mice), were genetically modified to carry an extra copy of one of the gene groups on mouse chromosomes 16, 10 or 17. (scitechdaily.com)
Consider blood type as a clear example: People with AB blood type inherited two different gene variations on their two homologous chromosomes - one for A and one for B - that, when combined, produced AB. (howstuffworks.com)
We're interested in studying how the process of evolution shaped the X and the Y chromosome in gene content and expression and how that subsequently affects literally everything else that comes with being a human," she said at the Apr. (nih.gov)
Wilson says a sex-determining gene called SRY sits near the boundary of the regions on the Y chromosome. (nih.gov)
We're interested in studying how the process of evolution shaped the X and the Y chromosome in gene content and expression and how that subsequently affects literally everything else that comes with being a human," she said at the April 10 NIGMS Director's Early-Career Investigator (ECI) Lecture at NIH. (nih.gov)
They analysed the world's largest compendium of data on gene activity (expression) and looked at how activity on the X chromosome compares with that on other chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
In a paper published in the journal PLoS Biology , they found that the peak level of gene expression on the X chromosome was under half that of other chromosomes where we have two functioning copies. (sciencedaily.com)
A consequence of having a single chromosome is that, like a one lane road, there will be gene expression traffic tailbacks on the X chromosome especially at peak periods. (sciencedaily.com)
Huminiecki added: "With the remarkable resolution of the FANTOM gene expression data, we have shown that none of the prior explanations resolves fully the mysteries of the X. For example, if you exclude genes expressed in tissues that are found in only one sex or are involved in making sperm, the remainder still have relatively tissue-specific activity. (sciencedaily.com)
The work has implications for new medical treatments such as gene therapy as it suggests that replacement genes should not be inserted into the X chromosome because traffic tailbacks may limit the extent to which the gene can be expressed. (sciencedaily.com)
The SRY gene, which is normally found on the Y chromosome, is misplaced in this condition, almost always onto an X chromosome. (nih.gov)
A fetus with an X chromosome that carries the SRY gene will develop as a male despite not having a Y chromosome. (nih.gov)
Some individuals with intestinal pseudo-obstruction have mutations, duplications, or deletions of genetic material in the X chromosome that affect the FLNA gene . (healthynj.org)
Deletions or duplications of genetic material that affect the FLNA gene can also include adjacent genes on the X chromosome. (healthynj.org)
Sex-bias exists in the human genome in DNA content and gene expression. (grantome.com)
My research has focused on the integration of these chromosomes to build comprehensive analyses of human history and utilizing an evolutionary approach to characterize sex-bias in gene expression. (grantome.com)
Further, our research supports the theory that the human dosage-compensation mechanism via X- inactivation, evolved step-wise, in a gene-by-gene specific manner on the X chromosome in response to loss of functional Y-linked genes. (grantome.com)
Third, we will study gene expression variation (with an emphasis on X-linked gene expression and X-inactivation) between the sexes, and between populations in the human placenta. (grantome.com)
2008). Hereditary degeneration is indeed far not really well characterized in plant life, which is tough to estimation the level of gene reduction in the male-specific area of place Y chromosomes or even to discover the factors behind such losses if they occur. (opioid-receptors.com)

Mammals are pretty boring when it comes to sex chromosomes. (bioedonline.org)
Mammals are pretty boring when it comes to sex chromosomes," says geneticist Steve Rozen of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts. (bioedonline.org)
Growing data from non-model organisms are changing our understanding of sex chromosome evolution by challenging theoretical paradigms derived mostly from comparative karyotypic research on organisms with well-differentiated sex chromosomes, such as insects, mammals, and birds [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
A genetic architecture that is characteristic of the sex chromosomes of mammals is, for the first time, seen in a plant. (doe.gov)

The study also found that, unlike those found on other chromosomes, the more highly expressed genes on the X chromosome were less prone to increasing their expression level over evolutionary time. (sciencedaily.com)

If you would like to learn more about becoming part of our ongoing studies of brain development in health and sex chromosome aneuploidy, please contact Jonathan Blumenthal, MA, at 301-435-4516 or [email protected] . (nih.gov)
Sex chromosome abnormalities may involve aneuploidy, partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes, or mosaicism. (msdmanuals.com)
A gain or loss of chromosomes from the standard 46 ( called aneuploidy ) occurs either during the formation of reproductive cells (sperm and egg), in early fetal development or in any other cell of the body after birth. (howstuffworks.com)

We show the Dox loci are functionally polymorphic within D. simulans, such that both nmy-associated sex ratio bias and tmy-associated sterility can be rescued by wild-type X chromosomes bearing natural deletions in different Dox family genes. (ens-lyon.fr)
Y chromosome infertility is caused by deletions of genes in the AZF regions. (medlineplus.gov)
Most cases of this condition result from new (de novo) deletions on the Y chromosome that occur during formation of sperm cells in an affected individual's father who is not himself infertile. (medlineplus.gov)
Molecular studies are beginning to yield explanations for phenotypes associated with sex chromosome abnormalities, such as sex reversal with Yp deletions or Xp duplications, azoospermia with Yq deletions, and short stature in Turner syndrome. (elsevierpure.com)

supplements exogenous of fatty acids (PUFA) are critical for normal metabolism and and preliminary studies suggest that individuals with sex chromosome have lower PUFA concentrations compared to controls. (nih.gov)

All diploid organisms with allosome-determined sex get half of their allosomes from each of their parents. (wikipedia.org)
Mosquitoes, for example have a diploid chromosome number of six, frogs have 26 and shrimp have a whopping 508 chromosomes! (howstuffworks.com)
Here's why: When a sperm and egg fuse, they combine their genetic material to form one complete, diploid set of chromosomes. (howstuffworks.com)
If gametes carried a diploid number of chromosomes, their fusion during fertilization would create a zygote with 92 chromosomes and grind the process to a halt. (sciencing.com)
A cell which contains a pair of a chromosome is called the diploid cell. (nebstudent.com)
For example, sex cells (the sperm or the egg) are haploid, while many other cells in the body are diploid. (encyclopedia.com)

Sex chromosome abnormalities are common and cause syndromes that are associated with a range of congenital and developmental anomalies. (msdmanuals.com)
The effects of X chromosome abnormalities are not as severe as those resulting from analogous autosomal abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Sex chromosome abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Previous studies in hybrids detected multiple abnormalities of spermatogenesis and a high frequency of dissociation between the X and Y chromosomes at the meiotic prophase. (mdpi.com)
Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: Results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark. (nih.gov)

It is thus the male's sperm that determines the sex of each offspring in such species. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report on an over 30-year evolutionary experiment in which we tested the genomic consequences of hybridisation and selection between two Xiphophorus fish species with different sex chromosome systems. (nature.com)
During the hybridisation process, the sex-determining region of the X chromosome from one parental species was translocated to an autosome in the hybrids leading to the evolution of a new sex chromosome. (nature.com)
In species with sex chromosomes, differences between genomic regions with unique inheritance patterns can be used to distinguish between different sets of possible demographic and selective events. (nih.gov)
One emerging view of this process is that such mechanisms may only evolve in male-heterogametic (XY) species but not in female-heterogametic (ZW) species, which will consequently exhibit "incomplete" sex chromosome dosage compensation. (biorxiv.org)
This observation is consistent with an increasing body of evidence that at least some species of moths and butterflies possess an epigenetic sex chromosome dosage compensating mechanism that operates by reducing Z chromosome expression in males. (biorxiv.org)
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. (sciencing.com)
In other species that employ the XY system, the situation is less straightforward, and the ratio of X chromosomes to Y chromosomes determines sex. (sciencing.com)
Other species have different numbers of chromosomes in their nuclei. (encyclopedia.com)

The term "Klinefelter (pronounced KLAHYN-fel-ter ) syndrome," or KS, describes a set of features that can occur in a male who is born with an extra X chromosome (pronounced KROH-muh-sohm ) in his cells. (nih.gov)
There are other sex-linked disorders besides Klinefelter syndrome. (nih.gov)
Klinefelter syndrome is caused by the presence of one or more extra copies of the X chromosome in a male's cells. (healthynj.org)
Typically, males with Klinefelter syndrome have one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell, for a total of two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47, XXY). (healthynj.org)
Klinefelter syndrome is the most common disorder of the male sex chromosomes, yet is rarely diagnosed in children. (news-medical.net)
Certain differences in the sex chromosomes are known to cause various diseases, such as infertility, Turner syndrome, or Klinefelter syndrome. (nih.gov)

The X and Y chromosomes have small regions of homology called pseudoautosomal regions. (wikipedia.org)
And yet, there are two regions called pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1 and PAR2) on the tips of the sex chromosomes that can pair with each other and swap DNA. (nih.gov)
Many of these genes are located at the ends of each arm of the X chromosome in areas known as the pseudoautosomal regions. (nih.gov)
Although many genes are unique to the X chromosome, genes in the pseudoautosomal regions are present on both sex chromosomes. (nih.gov)
These genes are located at the tip of the short (p) arm of the X chromosome in an area known as the pseudoautosomal region. (healthynj.org)
Furthermore, fluorescence hybridization analyses transformed the watch of the positioning of pseudoautosomal area from the X chromosome. (opioid-receptors.com)

However, it is not fully understood why these differences are seen and what clinical findings may be caused with different sex chromosome variants. (nih.gov)

The research centers on a process known as sex chromosome dosage compensation. (sciencedaily.com)
The X and Y chromosomes, also known as sex chromosomes, differ greatly from each other. (nih.gov)

ORWH is hosting this virtual think tank to identify gaps related to the consideration of sex as a biological variable (SABV) in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). (nih.gov)
What biologically significant information is lost in GWA studies when investigators control for sex (e.g., by regressing sex effects out of their analyses) but do not analyze for sex (e.g., by performing sex-stratified analyses across the autosomal genome)? (nih.gov)
Here, to determine the consequences of SCAs on global genome organization, we have analyzed multiple architectural features of chromosome organization in a comprehensive set of primary cells from SCA patients with various ratios of X and Y chromosomes by use of imaging-based high-throughput chromosome territory mapping (HiCTMap). (nih.gov)
As in EMA, comparative genome hybridization revealed putative macro XX/XY chromosomes in ESU (the 4th largest pair). (karger.com)
Altogether, these studies support a model in which protamine-derived drivers and hpRNA suppressors drive repeated cycles of sex chromosome conflict and resolution that shape genome evolution and the genetic control of male gametogenesis. (ens-lyon.fr)
In prokaryotes, or cells without a nucleus, the chromosome represents circular DNA containing the entire genome. (encyclopedia.com)
Even with completion of the human genome sequence, sex chromosome disorders remain a fertile topic for research in molecular medicine. (elsevierpure.com)
Genes on the X chromosome are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. (healthynj.org)
However, despite the genomics era, X and Y chromosomes are still vastly underutilized, especially in a genome-wide context. (grantome.com)

A new study sheds light on how organisms have evolved to address imbalances in sex chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
Many organisms determine their sex by a pair of specialized chromosomes that appear in virtually every cell of an organism's body. (sciencedaily.com)
The study sheds light on how organisms have evolved to address such imbalances through a process called sex chromosome dosage compensation, or SCDC. (sciencedaily.com)
X-chromosomes occur in other organisms as well, such as fruitflies. (daviddarling.info)
The discovery of sex chromosome systems in non-model organisms has elicited growing recognition that sex chromosomes evolved via diverse paths that are not fully elucidated. (karger.com)

This effort also provides insights into the biology of sex-differences, genetic regulation of brain organization, and mechanisms of genetic risk for common psychiatric syndromes. (nih.gov)
Sex influences can manifest as biases in disease prevalence between the sexes (e.g., 90% of lupus patients are women), as differences in trait means between the sexes (e.g., fat distribution varies between sexes), or even as discrete, non-overlapping sexual dimorphisms in form and function. (nih.gov)
The underlying explanations may be subtle and complex, and they are certainly worthy of study both for the basic mechanistic insights into sex differences and for a better understanding of pathophysiology. (nih.gov)
Histone demethylase KDM5D upregulation drives sex differences in colon cancer. (nih.gov)
As doctors and researchers have learned more about the differences between these sex chromosome disorders, they have started to consider them as separate conditions. (nih.gov)
Chromosome pairing was normal even between chromosomes with great heterochromatic differences. (cdc.gov)
Patients with known sex chromosome differences may be eligible to participate. (nih.gov)

Zinn, AR 2006, Sex chromosome disorders . (elsevierpure.com)
Disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD) describe a number of genetically influenced congenital anomalies of the genitalia for which the previous standard of care has included emergent sex assignment and early genitoplasty and gonadectomy. (medscape.com)
This study is seeking to learn more about the genetic and clinical characteristics of disorders related to the X and Y chromosomes. (nih.gov)
Disorders of sex development. (nih.gov)

We have previously found empirical evidence for antagonistic coevolution between the sex chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster (see Lund-Hansen et al 2021, https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2003359118 ) and are now interested in determining how expression is altered in males with mis-matched sex chromosomes. (lu.se)

As intriguing as these concepts are, empirical evidence for the evolution of new sex chromosome systems following hybridization is very scant because these events have happened in the evolutionary past and would be expected to take long time periods to complete. (nature.com)
But some, including shrub willow Salix purpurea , employ the evolutionary strategy we are far more familiar with: differentiating into male and female sexes. (doe.gov)
Lahn, B. T. & Page, D. C. Four evolutionary strata on the human X chromosome. (nature.com)
This is because in the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their telomeres [tips], producing human chromosome 2. (howstuffworks.com)
The team also identified which genes have moved from the X to the other chromosomes over evolutionary time and those that have gone the other way. (sciencedaily.com)
The team also found that there has been an evolutionary exodus of genes that are highly expressed at peak times from the X chromosome, suggesting these genes cannot function on this chromosome due to the fact there is only one active copy. (sciencedaily.com)
The evolutionary properties of genes located in the recombining pseudo-autosomal region (PAR) of a sex chromosome have not previously been modelled in detail. (ed.ac.uk)
The evolutionary fates of PAR genes may therefore differ from those of either autosomal or fully sex-linked genes. (ed.ac.uk)

A sex chromosome (also referred to as an allosome, heterotypical chromosome, gonosome, heterochromosome, or idiochromosome) is a chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior. (wikipedia.org)
Our data permit dating this Y-autosome fusion to at least the split of Emydura around 45 Mya and add critical information about the evolution of the remarkable diversity of sex-determining mechanisms in turtles, reptiles, and vertebrates. (karger.com)
The human Y chromosome began to evolve from an autosome hundreds of millions of years ago, acquiring a sex-determining function and undergoing a series of inversions that suppressed crossing over with the X chromosome 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
The essential role of MSCI was demonstrated using mouse models, such as carriers of X- autosome translocations, where anomalous synapsis of sex chromosomes leads to impairment of MSCI and male sterility. (cuni.cz)

The study represents not only the first such study to analyze sex chromosome dosage compensation in turtles, but the findings also show that remarkably, temperature appears to affect the SCDC process in the turtles. (sciencedaily.com)
For the first time, the sex chromosomes of shrub willow have been sequenced with sufficient resolution to analyze their structure. (doe.gov)
Wilson said the field needs to develop new methodologies to analyze the sex chromosomes, recognizing the complications and appreciating the variations. (nih.gov)
In collaboration with a long-term pregnancy outcome study we will generate and comprehensively analyze population-specific sex- bias in the human placenta. (grantome.com)

The disease linked with sex and expressed in male or female is called sex-linked diseases. (nebstudent.com)

T. H. Morgan considered this difference as the basis of difference of sex. (istudy.pk)
In most individuals with 46,XX testicular difference of sex development, the condition results from an abnormal exchange of genetic material between chromosomes (translocation). (nih.gov)

Men typically have one X and one Y chromosome, while women have two Xs. (technologynetworks.com)
Extra genetic material from the X chromosome interferes with sex development, though affected individuals are typically assigned male gender at birth. (nih.gov)

An X chromosome is always present as the 23rd chromosome in the ovum, while either an X or Y chromosome may be present in an individual sperm. (wikipedia.org)
Yes, the 23rd chromosome is your sex chromosome. (eschooltoday.com)

Individuals with an additional X or Y chromosome, referred to as sex chromosome trisomy (SCT) conditions, are susceptible to both impaired metabolism and neurodevelopment, although mechanisms are unknown and no treatments are available. (nih.gov)
It is caused by an additional copy of the 21st chromosome (Trisomy of 21). (nebstudent.com)
Ans: The causes of Down's syndrome is an additional copy of the 21st chromosome (Trisomy of 21). (nebstudent.com)

It is theorized that in sex-reversed XX men, the SRY mistakenly gets translocated to an X chromosome in the XX pair during meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
Sex cells are formed in a special kind of cell division called meiosis. (encyclopedia.com)
During meiosis, two rounds of cell division ensure that the sex cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)

The human sex chromosomes, a typical pair of mammal allosomes, carry the genes that determine the sex of an individual created in sexual reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called allosomes. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] It could also result from exposure, often in utero, to chemicals that disrupt the normal conversion of the allosomes into sex hormones and further into the development of either ambiguous outer genitalia or internal organs. (wikipedia.org)
The X and Y chromosomes determine the sex of the individuals and therefore are called sex chromosomes (or allosomes ). (istudy.pk)
Sex chromosomes, also called allosomes , are the chromosomes that contain the genes that determine biological sex. (sciencing.com)

That mismatch means they lack a second copy of the Z chromosome, unlike their male counterparts who have two Z chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
Her male offspring will have one X- and one Y-chromosome in his body cells. (daviddarling.info)
A nomal human male has one X- and one Y-chromosome in his body cells, and his sperm cells are haploid, containing either an X- or a Y-chromosome. (daviddarling.info)
The best-studied sex chromosome systems are ZW and XY, female and male heterogametic systems respectively. (nature.com)
Importantly, genetic interactions between nmy and tmy mutant alleles reveal that Tmy also specifically maintains male progeny for normal sex ratio. (ens-lyon.fr)
However, this mechanism appears to be imperfect in Heliconius , resulting in a modest dosage effect that produces an average 5-20% male-bias on the Z chromosome, depending on the tissue. (biorxiv.org)
Here we finished sequencing of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) in our closest living relative, the chimpanzee, achieving levels of accuracy and completion previously reached for the human MSY. (nature.com)
Y chromosome infertility is a condition that affects the production of sperm and causes male infertility, which means it is difficult or impossible for affected men to father children. (medlineplus.gov)
He observed the chromosomes of Drosophilla under microscope, he found a difference between the chromosomes of male and female flies. (istudy.pk)
There are, however, special chromosomes called sex chromosomes that carry genes that determine biological sex (male or female). (sciencing.com)
Another is De la Chapelle syndrome, a rare disorder in which individuals have two X chromosomes, but have a male appearance. (nih.gov)
Examples: In a human being, XY is sex-chromosomes where 'X' determines a female baby and 'Y' determines a male baby. (nebstudent.com)
If the male releases an X chromosome, it adds to the X chromosome of the female, it forms an XX- and the gender of the baby will be a girl. (eschooltoday.com)
It is accompanied by substantial chromatin remodeling resulting in a formation of so called sex or XY body, which is a characteristic of male pachytene spermatocytes. (cuni.cz)
Extra genetic material from the X chromosome interferes with male sexual development, preventing the testes from functioning normally and reducing the levels of testosterone (a hormone that directs male sexual development). (healthynj.org)
Identifying genes involved in the primary methods in the control of male or female flower development is definitely hard because these genes must be located in the nonrecombining part of the Y chromosome, so that genetic analysis using mapping is definitely impossible. (opioid-receptors.com)
The sex chromosomes are labeled the X (female) and Y (male) chromosomes. (ivfservicesthailand.com)
The human Y chromosome is a male-specific sex chromosome. (isogg.org)
When mutations (errors in the copying process) arise in the Y chromosome in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphisms ) or short tandem repeats , they are passed down directly from father to son in a direct male line of descent. (isogg.org)
A: First meiotic metaphase in an insect obtained by crossing a female from Andean region (with C-banded X chromosomes) with a male from non-Andean region. (cdc.gov)
1) Patients previously identified through outside research or diagnostic labs as having sex-chromosome variants causing deletion/duplication of sex-linked genes or entire sex chromosomes, male and female. (nih.gov)

A normal human female has two X-chromosomes in her body cells, so that each of her ova (eggs) is haploid , having only one X-chromosome. (daviddarling.info)
Now let's go back to that sperm and egg issue - these cells only have one homologous chromosome from each pair and are considered 'haploid. (howstuffworks.com)
A cell which contains only one chromosome of each pair is called Haploid. (nebstudent.com)

The researchers say that it isn't clear why an extra chromosome should increase the risk or why the risks were so similar irrespective of which sex chromosome was duplicated. (technologynetworks.com)
This extra chromosome means that they have substantially higher risks of a number of common metabolic, vascular, and respiratory diseases - diseases that may be preventable. (technologynetworks.com)
The error that produces the extra chromosome occurs at random, meaning the error is not hereditary (pronounced huh-RED-i-ter-ee ) or passed down from parent to child. (nih.gov)

Eukaryotes (animals, plants and fungi) are almost all multicellular with cells rich in specialized organelles and genetic material divided into distinct chromosomes, or long strands of DNA. (sciencing.com)
A chromosome is a threadlike structure found in the nucleus of most cells that carries the genetic material in the form of a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (encyclopedia.com)
A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (standardofcare.com)
In males with more than one additional chromosome, the extra genetic material may lead to mental retardation and other medical problems. (healthynj.org)
A deletion of genetic material in a region of the X chromosome called Xp22 causes microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome. (healthynj.org)
Chromosomes are the structures inside of each cell that carry our genetic material (genes). (nih.gov)

Combining information across various SCAs to specify the overlapping and distinct effects of X and Y-chromosome dosage on human brain development. (nih.gov)

Meiotická inaktivace pohlavních chromozomů (Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation - MSCI) je zásadní epigenetický proces, jehož prostřednictvím dochází v průběhu spermatogeneze k transkripčnímu umlčení X a Y chromozomu. (cuni.cz)
Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) is an essential epigenetic process, which transcriptionally silences X and Y chromosomes during spermatogenesis. (cuni.cz)

It is therefore the sperm that determines the sex of a child. (ivfservicesthailand.com)

Human Y- (left) and X- (right) chromosomes. (daviddarling.info)
Little is known about the recent evolution of the Y chromosome because only the human Y chromosome has been fully sequenced. (nature.com)
Although genetic decay may be the principal dynamic in the evolution of newly emergent Y chromosomes, wholesale renovation is the paramount theme in the continuing evolution of chimpanzee, human and perhaps other older MSYs. (nature.com)
Comparison of chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes. (nature.com)
Dot plots of DNA sequence identity between chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes and chromosomes 21. (nature.com)
These findings represent the most complete maps of X- and Y-chromosome effects on human white matter to date, and show how such changes connect to psychopathological symptoms and gray matter anatomy. (genetic.org)
In both mice and human patients, cancers without the Y chromosome showed signs of T cell exhaustion or dysfunction in the tumor vicinity. (nih.gov)
It also illustrates that the Y chromosome does more than determine human biologic sex. (nih.gov)
Men have one copy, women have two, but scientists have long puzzled over why the human X chromosome mostly contains genes that are active in a small number of tissues. (sciencedaily.com)
The human X and Y chromosomes are useful tools for inferring human demography, and crucial for our understanding of human health. (grantome.com)
This work will improve methodology for studying sex-linked variation, provide estimates of sex-biased human demography, and elucidate sex-biased expression in the human placenta. (grantome.com)
We found evidence of microsatellite expansion, on the relatively young Y chromosome of the dioecious plant sorrel (Rumex acetosa, XY1Y2 system), but no such expansion on the more ancient Y chromosomes of liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) and human. (muni.cz)
It turns out that the rigid "line in the sand" over which the human sex chromosomes---the Y and X--- go to avoid crossing over is a bit blurrier than previously thought. (news-medical.net)
The prize honors Page's groundbreaking body of research on the human Y chromosome. (news-medical.net)
Dr. Johnson Varkey, who has taught Human Anatomy and Physiology to college students since 2003, was reportedly fired from his teaching position at St. Phillips College in San Antonio, Texas after he was accused of 'religious preaching' for stating that X and Y chromosomes determine biological sex during a lecture on the human reproductive system last November. (voiceofeurope.com)
The typical number of human chromosomes is 46. (nih.gov)

The result "challenges the accepted view that mammal and bird sex chromosomes evolved independently", the researchers report online in Nature 1 . (bioedonline.org)
In today's study, the researchers identified 213 men with an extra X chromosome and 143 men with an extra Y chromosome. (technologynetworks.com)
Patients without the Y chromosome, the researchers found, were much less likely to survive than those with one. (nih.gov)
The researchers looked at the effect of the genes in each of these three different mouse regions (chromosomes) on learning and memory. (scitechdaily.com)
A team of researchers studying the evolution of the X chromosome has discovered why it contains such an unusual mixture of genes. (sciencedaily.com)
Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (nih.gov)
Researchers led by Katherine Roche, Ph.D., a neuroscientist at NINDS , compared two NLGN4 genes, (one on the X chromosome and one on the Y chromosome), which are important for establishing and maintaining synapses, the communication points between neurons. (nih.gov)

To what extent are sex chromosomes ignored or underrepresented in GWA studies, and what are the underlying biological, methodological, technical, and cultural factors responsible for this? (nih.gov)
Sex chromosomes determine our biological sex. (technologynetworks.com)
The X and Y chromosomes determine biological sex. (nih.gov)
Note that this is different from the unqualified statement, "sex chromosomes determine biological sex," which is a common misconception that fails to convey the entire picture. (sciencing.com)
A community college in Texas has reportedly fired one of its biology professors for teaching his students that biological sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes. (voiceofeurope.com)

Our methodology will incorporate sex chromosome biology to improve variant calling on the sex chromosomes. (grantome.com)

Y chromosome infertility occurs in approximately 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 3,000 males of all ethnic groups. (medlineplus.gov)
This probably occurs because fully sex-linked beneficial mutations substitute at different rates from autosomal ones, especially when fitness effects are sexually antagonistic (SA). (ed.ac.uk)
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Turner syndrome (TS) is the most common genetic problem affecting women and occurs when an entire, or a portion of an X-chromosome is deleted. (sbir.gov)

As a result, either few sperm develop or sperm do not develop at all, leading to Y chromosome infertility. (medlineplus.gov)
Usually, every cell in a male's body, except sperm and red blood cells, contains 46 chromosomes. (nih.gov)
When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, the embryo that results has 23 pair of chromosomes. (ivfservicesthailand.com)
All eggs carry a single X chromosome, while sperm carry either a single X or a single Y in equal numbers. (ivfservicesthailand.com)
When a sperm carrying the X chromosome fertilizes an egg, it forms an XX pair of chromosomes and the result is a girl. (ivfservicesthailand.com)
When a sperm carrying the Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, this results in an XY pair - a boy. (ivfservicesthailand.com)

Where one sex has two identical chromosomes and the other has one of each type of sex chromosome, the former are called the X-chromosomes. (daviddarling.info)
Similarities were found between ESU and E. macquarii (EMA), such as identical chromosome number (2n = 50), a single and dimorphic nucleolus organizer region (NOR) localized in a microchromosome pair (ESU14) of both sexes (detected via FISH of 18S rDNA). (karger.com)
At first, the chromosomes were identical. (nih.gov)
Duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies, called chromatids or sister chromatids, joined by a centromere. (standardofcare.com)

The Y chromosome carries little genetic information and it is largely the properties of the X chromosome that determine "sex-linked" characteristics in males. (daviddarling.info)
But it seems this mammal's eccentricities extend beyond its famous bill, and habit of laying eggs, to the way its genes determine sex. (bioedonline.org)

Hence with regard to sex chromosomes the gametes are of only one type, and the female is said to be the homogametic sex . (istudy.pk)

Individuals with 48,XXXY syndrome have the usual single Y chromosome plus three copies of the X chromosome, for a total of 48 chromosomes in each cell. (nih.gov)

The dioecious plant has heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and comparison from the positions of sex-linked genes indicates that at least three large inversions have occurred during the evolution of the Y chromosome. (opioid-receptors.com)

The rate of spontaneous and mitomycin C induced chromosome breakage and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in three related cases diagnosed with VACTERL-H syndrome. (nih.gov)
Turner Syndrome In Turner syndrome, girls are born with one of their two X chromosomes partly or completely missing. (msdmanuals.com)
The syndrome due to lack of sex chromosome (XO) is called Turner's syndrome. (nebstudent.com)
Ans: Klinefelter's syndrome arises due to increases in sex chromosome. (nebstudent.com)
Ans: Turner's syndrome arises due to deficiency of X-chromosome. (nebstudent.com)
Turner syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a female does not have the usual pair of X chromosomes. (nih.gov)
In Turner syndrome, cells are missing all or part of an X chromosome. (nih.gov)
Most commonly, a female with Turner syndrome has only 1 X chromosome. (nih.gov)
A child with Turner syndrome is much shorter than children who are the same age and sex. (nih.gov)

To investigate the antagonistic coevolution between the sex chromosomes, we carried out a round robin crossing scheme, where we swapped either the X or the Y chromosome between five populations of D. melanogaster stemming from different places in the world. (lu.se)

The Association for X and Y Chromosome Variations (AXYS) is dedicated to addressing the needs of those affected by one or more extra X and/or Y chromosomes. (genetic.org)
Variations in the sex chromosomes can be pretty typical. (nih.gov)

Anatomy66

Organisms26

Diseases32

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes160

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Autosomes21

Pair of sex chromosomes4

Recombination9

Chromosomal10

Aneuploidies6

Females25

Genetics2

Humans17

Heterogametic sex4

Determination24

Pairs15

Gene25

Mammals4

Expressed genes on the X chromosome1

Aneuploidy3

Deletions4

Individuals with sex chromosome1

Diploid6

Abnormalities5

Species9

Klinefelter6

Pseudoautosomal6

Different sex chromosome1

Known as sex2

Genome9

Organisms5

Differences7

Disorders4

Drosophila1

Evolutionary8

Autosome4

Analyze4

Called sex-linked1

Difference of sex2

Typically2

23rd chromosome2

Trisomy3

Meiosis3

Allosomes5

Male21

Haploid3

Extra chromosome3

Genetic material6

SCAs1

Meiotic2

Determines the sex1

Human16

Researchers7

Biological5

Biology1

Occurs3

Sperm6

Identical4

Determine sex2

Homogametic sex1

Copies of the X chromosome1

Dioecious plant1

Syndrome9

Antagonistic1

Variations2