• CNV is conventionally treated with intravitreal injections of angiogenesis inhibitors (also known as "anti-VEGF" drugs) to control neovascularization and reduce the area of fluid below the retinal pigment epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The angioid streaks appear as crack-like breaks in Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Exam with pupillary dilation, which allows the ophthalmologist to make direct vision of the retina and the optic disc, to see if there are signs of degeneration or some other ocular alteration, such as the presence in the macular area of drusen (yellow deposits of cellular debris), changes in the retinal pigment epithelium, hemorrhage, sub or intraretinal fluid, exudates, etc. (sajbl.org.za)
  • Usually, these crystalline bodies cause some atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (medscape.com)
  • Although autopsy studies have documented histological and ultrastructural changes associated with AMD in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriorcapillaris and choroid in middle age, the disease typically does not manifest clinically before age 55 (10). (org.es)
  • While much of the clinical efforts have been directed at imaging the photoreceptors, the ability to resolve other features of the retina is likely to be useful in studying diseases such as glaucoma (lamina cribrosa, nerve fiber layer, ganglion cells), age-related macular degeneration (retinal pigment epithelium [RPE]), and diabetic retinopathy (retinal vasculature). (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Depending on where the occlusion occurs, different layers and quarters of the retina can be affected: more proximal ophthalmic artery occlusion will have the most devastating effect, as all layers of the entire retina lose their blood supply, whereas a occlusion of a distal end branch of the retinal artery will only affect the inner neural retina of that part of the retina, sparing the photoreceptors and limiting visual loss. (patient.info)
  • The fundus retinal images are directly captured from human eye that includes some other landmarks like microcirculation system of the retina, macula, optic disc, fovea, microaneurysm, and exudates [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The typical clinical sign of "dry" AMD is pigment disruption and drusen (small yellowish deposits in Figs. 3, 4 and 5) in the retina. (org.es)
  • The optic disc is visible in the retina on indirect fundoscopy. (paritaexport.eu)
  • The retinopathy has been described as an atypical nonpigmented retinal degeneration in the peripheral retina. (arizona.edu)
  • 1 While the fundus findings may be predominantly located at the central retina, in the vast majority of MDs there is psychophysical, electrophysiological or histopathological evidence of more widespread, generalised retinal involvement. (bmj.com)
  • Retinal diseases can affect any part of your retina, a thin layer of tissue on the inside back wall of your eye.The retina contains millions of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and other nerve cells that receive and organize visual information. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Your retina sends this information to your brain through your optic nerve, enabling you to see. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • The retina converts light that enters into your eye into electrical signals your optic nerve sends to your brain which creates the images you see. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • The retina is the layer at the very back of your eyeball.Treatment is available for some retinal diseases. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Central Retinal Vein Occlusion, also known as CRVO, is a condition in which the main vein that drains blood from the retina closes off completely. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) is a blockage of one or more branches of the central retinal vein, which runs through the optic nerve leads to swelling at retina. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • A retinal detachment is defined by the presence of fluid under the retina. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Retina shows flame shaped hemorrhages at the disc margin, blurred disc margins, congested retinal veins, papilledema, and secondary macular exudates. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion is the blockage of blood to the retina of one eye. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Adaptive optics-based technologies offer non-invasive, cellular resolution views of the living retina, and bring with them several exciting clinical applications. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • The optics of the eye can be thought of as an imperfect microscope objective through which the retina can be observed. (stanford.edu)
  • Our lab develops and uses adaptive optics, eye movement correction and optical microscopy technologies to improve the non-invasive visualization of the retina to the point that individual retinal structure and function and can be visualized at the cellular and even sub-cellular scale. (stanford.edu)
  • As the tumor enlarges, it may cause distortion of the pupil (iris melanoma), blurred vision (ciliary body melanoma), or markedly decreased visual acuity caused by secondary retinal detachment (choroidal melanoma). (cigna.com)
  • The eyes were evaluated mainly for the occurrence of adverse events such as glaucoma, cataract, retinal detachment and endophthalmitis along during the follow-up period. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endophthalmitis (0.07%), retinal detachment (0.03%) and vitreous haemorrhage (0.03%) were rare. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the third episode of Sound Optometry, Michelle Hanratty is joined by Stephen Lash, Consultant Vitreo-Retinal Surgeon, and Roshni Kanabar, Clinical and Regulatory Advisor for the Association of Optometrists (AOP), to discuss how to manage suspected retinal detachment. (docet.info)
  • SSK Ankara Hastanesi 2.Göz Kliniği To determine the role of vitreoretinal surgery, by releasing anterior traction in eyes with chronic hypotony we operated on 12 eyes of 12 consecutive patients with previous vitreoretinal surgeries for retinal detachment and severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. (retinavitreus.com)
  • In addition, various intravitreal injections of Anti-VEGF drugs and steroids are used to treat macular edema as well as choroidal neovascular membrane(CNVM).Diabetic Retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion (CRVO & BRVO), Arterial occlusion (CRAO), Central serous retinopathy (CSR), Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), Hypertensive Retinopathy, Retinal Detachment etc. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed serous retinal detachment (SRD) and choroidal thickening in both eyes (OU). (bvsalud.org)
  • As dry AMD progresses to retinal atrophy and central retinal degeneration, loss of central vision often occurs. (medscape.com)
  • The most common (classic or typical features) include corneal clouding, ocular hypertension and glaucoma, retinopathy and optic disc involvement (optic disc swelling or atrophy). (eyewiki.org)
  • Drusen and geographic atrophy. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Intraretinal fluid and outer retinal atrophy due to AMD. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • We saw obvious peripapillary atrophy surrounding each optic nerve as well as subtle radial cracks or defects in Bruch's membrane extending linearly from the optic nerve in various directions. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Optic atrophy may be seen in patients with Paget disease of the bone. (medscape.com)
  • It was observed ambulatory vision could be achieved in the patient due to severe RPE atrophy within 3 months after surgery. (retinavitreousjournal.com)
  • Macular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of inherited retinal disorders that cause significant visual loss, most often as a result of progressive macular atrophy. (bmj.com)
  • As well as in wet macular degeneration, CNV can also occur frequently with the rare genetic disease pseudoxanthoma elasticum and rarely with the more common optic disc drusen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moderate nonexudative age-related macular degeneration is shown with the presence of drusen (yellow deposits) in the macular region. (medscape.com)
  • The macular degeneration can progress from mild to severe, so it is advisable to seek the specialized evaluation in a timely manner, allowing guide the patient based on their particular characteristics, monitoring and prevention of risk factors that may influence the development of conditions in the macula, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, among others. (sajbl.org.za)
  • These extracted markers or characterized fundus digital image features provide insights and relates quantitative retinal vascular topography abnormalities to various pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, hypertensive retinopathy, transient ischemic attack, neovascular glaucoma, and cardiovascular diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Cahill MT, Banks AD, Stinnett SS, Toth CA. Vision-related quality of life in patients with bilateral severe age-related macular degeneration. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Seventy-seven diabetic subjects, including 13 with mild or no retinopathy, 36 with moderate to severe retinopathy, and 28 with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), previously treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). (arvojournals.org)
  • Patients with moderate to severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) had POBF 18% higher than the control (mean OBF, 943 μL/min). (arvojournals.org)
  • Among PRP-treated subjects with PDR, ocular blood flow was 22% below the control (mean OBF, 619 μL/min), and 34% less than moderate to severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. (arvojournals.org)
  • POBF is unaffected early in diabetic retinopathy, but increases significantly in eyes with moderate to severe NPDR. (arvojournals.org)
  • Objective To assess the performance of a deep learning system (DLS) to discriminate between optic disc drusen (ODD) and papilledema caused by intracranial hypertension, using standard color ocular fundus photographs collected in a large international multi-ethnic population. (medrxiv.org)
  • Participants The study included 4,508 color fundus images in 2,180 patients from 30 neuro-ophthalmology centers (19 countries) participating in the Brain and Optic Nerve Study with Artificial Intelligence (BONSAI) Group. (medrxiv.org)
  • Crystalline bodies typically are seen in the midperipheral fundus or inferior to the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
  • One of the most important subfields of biomedical engineering is the analysis of fundus retinal images. (hindawi.com)
  • Analysis of the human fundus eye images has become the key point for diagnosing the various pathologies of retinal vasculature. (hindawi.com)
  • The aim of this review was to provide an update on MDs, including Stargardt disease, Best disease, X-linked r etinoschisis, pattern dystrophy, Sorsby fundus dystrophy and autosomal dominant drusen. (bmj.com)
  • This review provides an update on monogenic MD and discusses the the most common subtypes, including Stargardt disease (STGD), Best disease (BD), X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), autosomal dominant drusen (ADD), Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) and pattern dystrophy (PD). (bmj.com)
  • At her first visit, her visual acuity was decreased bilaterally, and severe bilateral anterior chamber inflammation and bilateral scattering of cream-white placoid lesions on the fundus were detected. (bvsalud.org)
  • however, the patient's best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) recovered only to 0.7 OD and 0.6 OS, and the impairment of the outer retinal layer was broadly detected as hyperautofluorescent lesions on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) examination and as irregularity in or disappearance of the ellipsoid and interdigitation zones on OCT, which were quite atypical for the findings of APMPPE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical outcomes before and after treatment, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optic coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), full-field electroretinography (ff-ERG), and visual field (VF) at last visit within 6 and/or 12 months, were recorded. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: Retrospective multicenter analysis of intravitreal dexamethasone implant injections (700 µg) due to various retinal conditions including central retinal venous occlusion (1861 injections), diabetic macular oedema (3104 injections), post-surgical cystoid macular oedema (305 injections) and uveitis (381 injections). (bvsalud.org)
  • You may find the Retinal Artery Occlusion article more useful, or one of our other health articles . (patient.info)
  • Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency. (patient.info)
  • Occlusion affecting the retinal artery prior to branching is termed CRAO. (patient.info)
  • Occlusion of one of the branches of the retinal artery is referred to as branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). (patient.info)
  • In this article, we present a case of cilioretinal artery occlusion associated with impending central retinal vein occlusion after severe COVID-19 infection. (retinavitreus.com)
  • Optic disk swelling resulting from causes that do not involve increased intracranial pressure (eg, malignant hypertension, central retinal vein occlusion) is not considered papilledema. (msdmanuals.com)
  • OCT is an essential tool to determine the presence of macular edema related to retinal vein occlusion. (amretina.com)
  • Some distinct changes in the retinal microvasculature are recognized as the preindicator of subsequent vascular incidents like ischemic stroke or acute stroke [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Ophthalmoscopic examination reveals engorged and tortuous retinal veins, a hyperemic and swollen optic disk (optic nerve head), and retinal hemorrhages around the disk but not into the retinal periphery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Normal-tension glaucoma is a characteristic glaucomatous optic neuropathy with intraocular pressures in the normal range. (nih.gov)
  • Glaucoma is characteristic progressive optic neuropathy, featuring optic disc cupping and visual field loss, associated with raised intraocular pressure (IOP). (nih.gov)
  • To evaluate the effect of one lesson of continuing medical education (CME) of subjective assessment of optic nerve head appearance on sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of glaucoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ophthalmologists and residents in ophthalmology attending an international glaucoma meeting arranged at Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, were asked to grade optic nerve head (ONH) photographs of healthy and glaucomatous subjects at two sessions separated by a lecture on glaucoma diagnosis by ONH assessment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In clinical practice assessment of glaucomatous changes of the optic nerve head (ONH) may be the first step to detect glaucoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ONH assessment is sometimes a difficult task, particularly at early stages of glaucoma, requiring careful observation and knowledge about variability of optic disc appearance among healthy subjects and the characteristics of glaucomatous damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disc hemorrhages, first described by Bjerrum in 1889 [ 5 ] are now considered a relatively hard sign of glaucoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While pre-existing associated condition like glaucoma, diabetes, retinal condition etc may limit the vision even after surgery. (amdavadeyelaser.org)
  • The central retinal artery (CRA) is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is the first branch of the internal carotid artery. (patient.info)
  • Both the CRA and the ciliary artery must be functioning to maintain retinal function, as both CRA and ciliary artery originate from the OA. (patient.info)
  • The cilioretinal artery is seen ophthalmoscopically as a single vessel emerging from the edge of the optic disc, most commonly towards the macula. (patient.info)
  • Isolated disk edema (eg, caused by optic neuritis or ischemic optic neuropathy) without the retinal findings indicative of elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure is not considered papilledema (unless the intracranial pressure is elevated on concurrent lumbar puncture). (msdmanuals.com)
  • You suspect a diagnosis of optic neuritis. (kfpbank.com.au)
  • Which ONE CONDITION listed below is a recognized cause of optic neuritis? (kfpbank.com.au)
  • Optic Neuritis" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). (uchicago.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Optic Neuritis" by people in this website by year, and whether "Optic Neuritis" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Optic Neuritis" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Emerging concepts in the treatment of optic neuritis: mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Functional loss in the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in patients with optic neuritis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Histocompatibility types and measles antibodies in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. (uchicago.edu)
  • Association of parainfluenza antibodies and histocompatibility types in MS and optic neuritis. (uchicago.edu)
  • In particular, Dr. Liao is studying OPTIC NERVE STROKE (also called anterior ischemic optic neuropathy), which is the most common acute optic neuropathy in those older than 50 years of age, and OPTIC DISC DRUSEN, which is associated with deposition of calcified deposits in the optic nerve and the most common cause of young-onset optic nerve stroke. (stanford.edu)
  • Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a common cause of sudden loss of vision, especially in the elderly. (aetna.com)
  • To resolve the controversy over the effectiveness of optic nerve decompression for NAION, the National Eye Institute sponsored the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial, a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial of optic nerve decompression surgery for patients with NAION. (aetna.com)
  • A structured evidence review (Dickersin and Manheimer, 2002) concluded that "[r]esults from the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial indicate that optic nerve decompression surgery for nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy is not effective. (aetna.com)
  • Rotterdam cohort study also came into a decision after a long-term observation that the retinal venular diameter is associated with any stroke or ischemic stroke [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Retinal microvascular abnormalities like microaneurysm, arteriovenous nicking, haemorrhages, and vessel caliber are considered as associative to the stroke and indicative of death from stroke and IHD (Ischemic Heart Diseases) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Her research lab aims to identify the first genes for autosomal dominant optic disc drusen. (stanford.edu)
  • Proposed IOP-independent mechanisms include vascular insufficiency at the optic nerve head, metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, oxidative stress, and abnormal biomechanics of the lamina cribrosa. (nih.gov)
  • The macula lutea, which derives its name from the deposition of yellow xanthophyll pigments (see chapter on Simple Anatomy), is located temporal to the optic disc and is bounded by the temporal superior and inferior vascular arcades (Fig. 1). (org.es)
  • Hypertensive retinopathy is retinal vascular damaged caused by hypertension. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • En face OCT reflectance images which accompany OCTA studies offer a glimpse of the macrophage-like cellular activity above the retinal surface which responds to systemically instigated vascular events below. (stanford.edu)
  • 6 7 By contrast, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to stimulate retinal vasodilatation and neovascularization. (arvojournals.org)
  • That's caused some researchers to question whether the same drugs that can protect against cholesterol buildup in the arteries, like statins, can reduce the presence of drusen in the eyes. (paritaexport.eu)
  • Presence of Vitreous or pre-retinal hemorrhage documented as well. (amretina.com)
  • For intermediate AMD, drusen may appear confluent with significant pigment changes and pigment accumulation in the posterior pole. (medscape.com)
  • Optic nerve head drusen (hyaline bodies) may antedate the appearance of angioid streaks, and they may be the earliest clinical manifestations of PXE. (medscape.com)
  • These hyaline bodies were associated with neovascularization in the peripapillary area, and, in some patients, they were associated with acute visual loss due to the pressure effect on the optic nerve head. (medscape.com)
  • There is no direct treatment for NAION, although corticosteroids are sometimes used to reduce optic nerve edema. (aetna.com)
  • Cystoid macular edema (CME) in 2 eyes and significant retinal inflammation in 4 eyes were markedly resolved after single injection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Histopathology may reveal thinning of the nerve fiber layer and a paucity of retinal ganglion cells. (arizona.edu)
  • As many as 25% of patients with angioid streaks have clinical or echographic evidence of disk drusen. (medscape.com)
  • In this episode, we hear about a clinical scenario where a case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension led to severe visual symptoms and bilateral optic disc swelling. (docet.info)
  • The developments in high-resolution multimodal retinal imaging have also transformed our ability to make accurate and more timely diagnoses and more sensitive quantitative assessment of disease progression, and allowed the design of optimised clinical trial endpoints for novel therapeutic interventions. (bmj.com)
  • It highlights the range of innovations in retinal imaging, genotype-phenotype and structure-function associations, animal models of disease and the multiple treatment strategies that are currently in clinical trial or planned in the near future, which are anticipated to lead to significant changes in the management of patients with MDs. (bmj.com)
  • Before getting into the clinical utility of adaptive optics imaging technology, it is prudent to first review the basic principles of imaging with adaptive optics. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. (uchicago.edu)
  • CNV has also been associated with extreme myopia or malignant myopic degeneration, where in choroidal neovascularization occurs primarily in the presence of cracks within the retinal (specifically) macular tissue known as lacquer cracks. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2) Pupillary reaction evolution is important as large areas of retinal ischemia may induce relative afferent defect as this may hold prognostic factor of developing neovascularization on the iris. (amretina.com)
  • Signs of ischemia such as neovascularization ( on the optic disc or/and elsewhere) , severe hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, collateral vessels, and venous beadings documented. (amretina.com)
  • In older patients, peripheral retinal scars and calcifications can be seen. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Liao's research is focused on the pathogenesis and novel treatment of optic neuropathies, which are diseases affecting the 1.2 million axons connecting the eye (captures visual information) and the brain (interprets visual information). (stanford.edu)
  • and (3) testing of novel treatment for optic neuropathies, including neuroprotection and regenerative therapy. (stanford.edu)
  • NTG can masquerade as other optic neuropathies, and care should be taken to adequately investigate other causes when indicated. (nih.gov)
  • A review of optic neuropathies. (uchicago.edu)
  • External-testing was subsequently performed on an independent dataset (221 patients) including 207 images with ODD (96 visible and 111 buried), provided by 3 centers of the Optic Disc Drusen Studies Consortium, and 214 images of papilledema (92 mild-to-moderate and 122 severe) from a previously validated study. (medrxiv.org)
  • Diamox, Lasix, corticosteroids), and disc swelling with visual field loss progresses, direct fenestration of the optic nerve sheaths via medial or lateral orbitotomy has been shown to be an effective and relatively simple procedure for relief of papilledema. (aetna.com)
  • Papilledema is swelling of the optic disk due to increased intracranial pressure. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 20 In addition, many groups have developed motion-based techniques to examine the retinal vasculature, which makes it possible to noninvasively measure blood velocity and visualize the smallest foveal capillaries. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Angioid streaks usually present as linear gray or dark red lines with irregular serrated edges lying beneath normal retinal blood vessels. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, image analysis provides a simple and noninvasive visualization of the retinal blood vessels in those high risk ophthalmologic medical conditions [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Optic nerve decompression surgery (also known as optic nerve sheath decompression surgery) involves cutting slits or a window in the optic nerve sheath to allow cerebrospinal fluid to escape, thereby reducing the pressure around the optic nerve. (aetna.com)
  • Which has unique characteristics such as increased macular thickness along with hyperreflectivity of inner retinal tissues with empty cystic changes and can combine with subretinal fluids. (amretina.com)
  • Central retinal thickness (CFT) in all eyes without CME, ellipsoid zone (EZ) on OCT in 71.4% of eyes, ERG response in 55% of eyes, and VF in 50% of eyes were stable or improved within 6 months after treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Visual loss secondary to optic nerve drusen. (aetna.com)
  • 10.37845/ret.vit.2023.32.33 COVID-19 is a disease accompanied by severe coagulopathy secondary to inflammation and multi-organ involvement. (retinavitreus.com)
  • LCA/EOSRD form part of a spectrum of inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) that cause severe visual loss at an early age. (gene.vision)
  • According to the study of [ 12 ] with a multiethnic cohort, retinal arteriolar narrowing and retinopathy of diabetic free people have an association with increased risk of acute stroke. (hindawi.com)
  • Meckel or Meckel-Gruber syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with severe multisystem manifestations. (arizona.edu)
  • Our clinic is well equipped with all modern retinal examination and surgical instruments. (bavishieyehospitals.com)
  • The paper [ 16 ] searched MEDLINE and EMBASE to find out the relation between microvascular changes of retinal microvasculature and prevalence or incident of stroke. (hindawi.com)
  • Ocular involvement is frequent and may lead to severe visual impairment. (eyewiki.org)
  • Type 3: widespread retinal arteriovenouses that are large in calibre with convoluted vessels or cirsoid. (amretina.com)
  • MRI scan showed mild central disc bulges at L23 and L34 without significant impingement on the dural sac. (doctorsmedicalopinion.com)
  • There is a mild central and left-sided disc bulge at L45 which slightly narrows the left L4 foramen. (doctorsmedicalopinion.com)
  • Five days later, the hyperfluorescence on FAF had disappeared, and the outer retinal layer improved on OCT. Moreover, the patient's BCVA recovered to 1.0 OU. (bvsalud.org)