• CRISPR (/ˈkrɪspər/) (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. (wikipedia.org)
  • CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sequencing a vast array of genomes has revealed surprisingly, that many synonymous mutations were causing dysfunctions and illnesses in plants and animals. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • We have performed an exhaustive survey of genes coding for homologs of Reb proteins (R-body components) in complete bacterial genomes. (pasteur.fr)
  • They recognized the diversity of the sequences that intervened in the direct repeats among different strains of M. tuberculosis and used this property to design a typing method that was named spoligotyping, which is still in use, today. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens is a major impediment to successful therapy, and in sever- al instances, bacterial strains have arisen that are refracto- ry to most available antimicrobial treatments (1). (cdc.gov)
  • The actual origins of acquired resistance genes are unknown, but environmental microbes, including the strains producing antimicrobial agents, are believed to be important sources (4,5). (cdc.gov)
  • Microbiological, quantitative gene expression, mRNA half-life and genome data for 11 strains of S. aureus combined with bioinformatic analyses were used to identify correlates of increased MDR EP gene expression. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The presence of qacA/B and/or increased expression of one to two MDR EP genes were identified in eight strains. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • This is a false colored mesoscopic image of two strains of E. coli expressing different fluorescent proteins. (the-scientist.com)
  • While S. saprophyticus strains from animal sources have prerequisites for colonization of the urinary tract like the D-serine-deaminase, out findings suggested that they need to acquire new genes e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The obligate bacterial endosymbionts of Paramecium provide their hosts with the ability to kill sensitive Paramecium strains through the production of R-bodies, highly insoluble coiled protein ribbons. (pasteur.fr)
  • Bacterial strains and plasmids are described in Table 1 . (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, we sequenced 99 ospC flanking sequences from different lineages and compared the complete cp26 sequences of 11 strains as well as the cp26 bbb02 loci of 56 samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. (cdc.gov)
  • We observed CsrS-dependent regulation of 72 of the 73 genes whose expression changed in response to elevated extracellular Mg(2+) in wild-type bacteria, a result that identifies CsrS as the principal, if not exclusive, sensor for extracellular Mg(2+) in GAS. (lu.se)
  • This is referred to as NOS 3'' and is derived from nopaline synthase gene in bacteria but can function in plants. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The issues that arise from the discovery and production of the GM roundup ready soy are mostly relevant to the potential transfer of the gene that confers antibiotic resistance from the GM soy foods to the gut of the bacteria. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The genetically engineered soy is similar in structure as well as function to the naturally occurring soy plants while the EPSPS gene in plants and bacteria are also similar regarding the roles they play. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Each repressor targets a specific co-regulated group of genes by recognizing a specific sequence of DNA, called the operator in bacteria . (proteopedia.org)
  • Furthermore, nucleotide sequences related to the cluster vanHAX are present in this DNA, suggesting that the prolonged use of avoparcin in agriculture led to the uptake of glycopeptide resistance genes by animal commensal bacteria, which were subsequently transferred to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Biofilms form when groups of bacteria cover themselves in a sticky mixture of sugars, protein, and DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • Bacteria sense these microenvironments and adapt by up or down regulating the expression of certain genes to influence different cell processes. (the-scientist.com)
  • All current GM crops use protein coding genes from bacteria that have been altered by introducing synonymous codons, replacing plant-preferred codons for the bacterial codons in order to enhance the production of protein from the transgenes. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Instead the original proteins produced in bacteria were used as surrogates in feeding trials. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • so for example, genes from bacteria are poorly read in higher plants and vice versa . (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Moreover, although the abundance of most protein groups reflected that of related bacterial populations, we found a specific independent regulation of bacteria-derived cell envelope proteins. (bmj.com)
  • In 1964, Yanofsky and colleagues established that gene sequences and protein sequences are colinear in bacteria. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • In Chapter 3, metatranscriptomic sequencing was used to examine the gene expression response of a SO diatom community and their associated bacteria to Fe-amendment incubations during the 2016 WAP cruise. (uri.edu)
  • The realization of the vastness of bacterial diversity and the development of novel experimental techniques have propelled molecular microbiology into a new era of investigation This course provides insights into how genes are organized and regulated in bacteria and in their viruses. (lu.se)
  • They accidentally cloned part of a CRISPR sequence together with the "iap" gene (isozyme conversion of alkaline phosphatase) from the genome of Escherichia coli which was their target. (wikipedia.org)
  • With this GMO soy plant, standard molecular biotechnological methods were employed in demonstrating that a single complete copy of the bacterial EPSPS gene was present and flanked by two DNA sequences found in the genome of the roundup ready soy plant. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • This indicated that the new gene of interest was stable and had integrated itself well into the Soy genome. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • There is also no evidence that points at the ability of the new gene in GM soy having a potential to integrate into the DNA genome of humans and thus poses no known health hazard. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. (nature.com)
  • To further characterize pathways involved in naphthalene degradation in NaphS2, the draft genome was sequenced, and gene and protein expression examined. (elsevierpure.com)
  • RESULTS: Draft genome sequencing, gene expression analysis, and proteomic analysis revealed that NaphS2 degrades naphthoyl-CoA in a manner analogous to benzoyl-CoA degradation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The genome sequence also suggests that NaphS2 may degrade other monoaromatic compounds. (elsevierpure.com)
  • For many regions of the genome, we have detected multiple overlapping transcripts including both small, gene-sized RNAs and large transcripts covering entire gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
  • In this study, we employed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen based on cell survival in order to identify genes implicated in the host response to dsRNA. (cnrs.fr)
  • Using a genome-wide screening approach, we set to identify genes involved in dsRNA entry, sensing, and apoptosis induction in human cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • Recently, genome sequences revealed that in addition to rpoS , an rpoS -like sigma factor was found in V. alginolyticus 12G01. (hindawi.com)
  • Resistance arises by mutation (influencing the target or efflux of the antimicrobial agent) or by the acquisition of resistance genes (encoding antimicrobial or target alter- ation, or alternate pathways) (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • Synonymous mutations may lead to ribosome stalling, thereby changing protein folding pathways affecting enzyme activity or antigenicity [5]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Conceptual parallels exist between bacterial and eukaryotic small-RNA (sRNA) pathways, yet relatively little is known about which protein may recognize and recruit bacterial sRNAs to interact with targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fe addition elicited varying responses by different diatom genera, with more prevalent diatoms experiencing more differential regulation of Fe-responsive pathways and proteins. (uri.edu)
  • A rat MCAO model was established to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of SHD in the treatment of IS, and Western blot analysis assessed the level of proteins in the related pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the exponential phase expression of some genes is affected by rpoS mutation, suggesting RpoS may also have an important physiological role in growing cells. (mcmaster.ca)
  • However, in the case of the roundup soy, plant cells often do not recognize the regulatory genes derived from bacterial cells. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Repressor proteins are coded for by regulatory genes. (proteopedia.org)
  • Regulatory genes which encode a cyclic AMP receptor protein required for L-arabinose utilization in E. coli. (nih.gov)
  • In total, 236 clinical isolates and 15 animal isolates of S. saprophyticus were characterized in respect of the occurrence of 9 potential virulence genes and four surface properties. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We described a broad analysis of animal and human S. saprophyticus isolates regarding virulence genes and phenotypic properties such as lipase activity, hydrophobicity, and adherence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • The effect of Mg(2+) on regulation of global gene expression was evaluated using genomic microarrays in an M-type 3 strain of GAS and in an isogenic csrS mutant. (lu.se)
  • We identified zebrafish and Fugu TNFSF 13b homologues by genomic DNA database searches and determined that the predicted proteins share 68% and 76% sequence identity with trout TNFSF 13b. (usda.gov)
  • Three introns were identified in the rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon and zebrafish genomic sequences, and the intron locations correspond closely to those in the mammalian TNFSF 13b genes. (usda.gov)
  • Bacterial artificial chromosome clones have been isolated from a trout library to further facilitate genomic characterization. (usda.gov)
  • Regulation of actin dynamics and analysis of genomic influences on actin function. (upstate.edu)
  • The correlations proposed provide a guide for further experimentation leading to a better understanding of MDR EP gene expression in this important pathogen. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Mutations in all six genes cause resistance to the bacterial pathogen Microbacterium nematophilum, and most of these mutations also affect bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation by Yersinia species, demonstrating that both infection and biofilm formation depend on interaction with complex surface carbohydrates. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A deletion allele of egl-5 was isolated in a screen for animals which fail to develop swollen tails when exposed to the bacterial pathogen Microbacterium nematophilum. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi , an emerging bacterial pathogen, is maintained in nature by transmission from one vertebrate host to another by ticks. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)
  • The creation and isolation of specific mutants is a cornerstone of bacterial genetics. (lu.se)
  • The lac repressor, and the group of genes it controls, which is called an operon , were the first such gene regulatory system to be discovered. (proteopedia.org)
  • Other bacterial sRNAs, referred to as cis -encoded sRNAs, are present in close proximity to their targets, such as upstream, opposite of the 5′ UTR of the target, or between two genes in an operon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is an example of positive control or regulation of gene expression in the bacterial operon. (nih.gov)
  • Genes responsible for carbon source transport (the mal operon for maltose), protein folding (dnaK and mopAB), and iron acquisition (fepBD, entCBA, fecI, and exbBD) were positively controlled by RpoS. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within the organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • This often involves insertion of a gene of interest into living organisms depending on the species that you are working on. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and open up specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we significantly expanded the existing knowledge on CE15 with the in-depth characterization of ten bacterial GEs broadly spanning the phylogenetic tree, and also presented two novel enzyme structures. (proteopedia.org)
  • The new round up soy that is genetically engineered contains a new gene that codes for the EPSPS enzyme. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Once the EPSPS enzyme is in the chloroplast, the chloroplast transit peptide is eliminated for the gene of interest to function. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • Synonymous mutations may lead to changes in protein folding related to translation pausing, RNA splicing, and alterations in enzyme specificity [1]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • As plant genetic engineering has "advanced" the crucial active domains of toxins, and enzyme are "improved" to such an extent that the gene for the original source protein is hardly recognizable. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Genes including the previously characterized NmsA, thought to encode an enzyme necessary for 2-methylnaphthalene metabolism, were not upregulated during growth of NaphS2 on naphthalene, nor were the corresponding protein products. (elsevierpure.com)
  • lux E makes the proteins needed for the enzyme acyl-protein synthetase. (igem.org)
  • Chymotrypsin -- An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis (the breakdown) of proteins into peptides or amino acids in the small intestine. (nih.gov)
  • Enzyme -- A protein molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered by the reactions. (nih.gov)
  • Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to gain a more comprehensive perspective on the physiology and regulation of the AlTR, we compared differential gene expression and protein content of cells adapted at pH 9.5 and un-adapted cells (pH 7.0) using complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray and two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis, (combined with mass spectrometry) respectively. (essex.ac.uk)
  • With the help of various forms of mass spectrometry, synchrotron radiation, protein production & labelling, and bioinformatics, our facilities provide the opportunity to study protein structure and dynamics, molecular probes and drug design. (lu.se)
  • We show here that six genes (bus-2, bus-4, and bus-12, together with the previously cloned srf-3, bus-8, and bus-17) encode proteins predicted to act in surface glycosylation, thereby affecting disease susceptibility, locomotory competence, and sexual recognition. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Members of the Hox gene family encode transcription factors that specify positional identity along the anterior-posterior axis of nearly all metazoans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
  • Even in wild-type “Chinese Spring”, the NOR on chromosome 1B is partially dominant to that on chromosome 6B, since the 1B locus is more active in spite of having fewer genes. (ncsu.edu)
  • In this study, we have developed a new approach, namely bacterial artificial chromosome-rescue-based knockout (BACK), to achieve conditional gene knockout in zebrafish using the Cre/loxP system. (zfin.org)
  • Mapping, gene -- Determination of the relative positions of genes on a chromosome (or other DNA molecule) and of the distance, in linkage units or physical units, between them. (nih.gov)
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • The use of genetic engineering and modern techniques such as transcriptomics, proteomics and sequence analysis are included in the course. (lu.se)
  • In parallel, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing for an integrated analysis of gut ecosystem structure and functions. (bmj.com)
  • It is concluded that cytosine methylation in rDNA is regulated and that the methylation pattern correlates with the transcription potential of an rRNA gene. (ncsu.edu)
  • Design We first developed and validated a workflow-including extraction of microbial communities, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and LC-MS/MS-to discover protein signals from CD-associated gut microbial communities. (bmj.com)
  • We sought to identify members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) because of their important roles in the regulation of mammalian B cell survival and antibody production. (usda.gov)
  • Treatment of alkali-adapted cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol has revealed that the AlTR is at least partially protein-dependent. (essex.ac.uk)
  • RNA codons and protein synthesis. (crossref.org)
  • Such interactions generally result in a decrease in protein synthesis, either by stimulating mRNA degradation or by inhibiting translation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell-free system -- A mixture of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear components from cells used for in vitro protein synthesis, transcription, DNA replication, or other purposes. (nih.gov)
  • The two variants exhibit different capability to form biofilms and to express genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, flagellar synthesis, and the AI-2 quorum-sensing system [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the vancomycin producer Amycolatopsis orientalis C329.2, homologs of these genes are present, suggesting an origin for the cluster. (cdc.gov)
  • The geminivirus transient expression system allows rapid analysis of RNAs transcribed from foreign genes and can serve as a preliminary screen in the construction of transgenic plants. (ncsu.edu)
  • that is, they inhibit the transcription of messenger RNA from their target genes. (proteopedia.org)
  • Transcription of the wheat chloroplast gene that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide. (ncsu.edu)
  • One CCGG site 164 base-pairs upstream from the start of transcription is preferentially unmethylated in some genes. (ncsu.edu)
  • This study indicates that chloroplast genes are often grouped into multigene transcriptional units which can be cotranscribed, and that light-stimulated plastid development involves changes in the relative abundance of the overlapping RNAs of different length that result from transcription of these genes or gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
  • The synonymous codons were assumed to be neutral and to have no effect on the transgenic proteins, and presumed to be safe [2] ( Bt Toxins in Genetically Modified Crops: Regulation by Deceit , SiS 22). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • In synthesizing transgenes for GM crops, say, a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry toxin gene, a table of plant preferred codons is used to substitute for the bacterial codons [3]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Essentially all commercial GM crops contain bacterial genes with codons altered to enhance the expression of transgenes in plants. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Characterization of a chloroplast sequence-specific DNA binding factor. (ncsu.edu)
  • Deconvolution of spatial sequencing provides accurate characterization of hESC-derived DA transplants in vivo. (lu.se)
  • Non-target DNA binding affinity scales with PAM density, and sequences fully complementary to the guide RNA but lacking a nearby PAM are ignored by Cas9-RNA. (nature.com)
  • Trans- encoded sRNAs form imperfect base-pairing interactions with complementary sequences in their mRNA targets, which are often located at or near ribosome binding sites (RBS), but can also be located upstream of the translation start site as well as deep in the coding regions (CDS) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Primers 16S 440F and 16S 1491R (Table) were ing of glycopeptide antimicrobial agents to their designed to amplify partial 16S rDNA sequences. (cdc.gov)
  • Some individuals focus on reproduction to expand the colony, while others specialize in construction, oozing polysaccharides and proteins that make up the extracellular matrix. (the-scientist.com)
  • It is the body's first-line defense against many bacterial pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • They correspond to functions allowing opportunistic pathogens to colonise the mucus layers, breach the host barriers and invade the mucosae, which could still be aggravated by decreased host-derived pancreatic zymogen granule membrane protein GP2 in CD patients. (bmj.com)
  • The bacterial GEs were able to utilize substrates lacking 4-OH methyl substitutions, known to be important for fungal enzymes. (proteopedia.org)
  • Variations in transcriptional responses of CE15-encoding genes under different growth conditions suggest nonredundant functions for enzymes found in species with multiple CE15 genes and further illuminate the importance of GEs in native lignin-carbohydrate disassembly. (proteopedia.org)
  • The lactose ("lac") repressor controls the expression of bacterial enzymes involved in the metabolism of of the sugar lactose. (proteopedia.org)
  • The most extensively characterized class of bacterial sRNAs are the trans -encoded sRNAs that are encoded distant from the genes for their mRNA targets and that typically have only limited complementarity (10-30 nt) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNAs for several phytochrome-regulated genes were examined in Pisum seedlings in order to investigate possible light effects on mRNA partitioning between the nucleus and cytoplasm. (ncsu.edu)
  • mRNA steady state levels of the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II, ferredoxin I, the small and large subunits of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and pEA214 and pEA207, two other light-responsive genes, were determined during chlorophyll photooxidation. (ncsu.edu)
  • Analyses of chlorophylls a and b and the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein suggest that accumulation of the protein and its mRNA are coordinated with chlorophyll abundance at several steps. (ncsu.edu)
  • In addition to post-transcriptional regulation at the level of mRNA and protein stability, there may exist coordination at the transcriptional stage. (ncsu.edu)
  • Phytochrome Regulation of Greening in Pisum: Chlorophyll Accumulation and Abundance of mRNA for the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Binding Proteins. (ncsu.edu)
  • We compared time courses, escape from reversal by far-red light, and fluence-response behavior for induction of mRNA for the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (Cab mRNA) with those for induction of rapid chlorophyll accumulation in seedlings of Pisum sativum cv Alaska. (ncsu.edu)
  • Therefore, the level of Cab mRNA, as measured by the presence of sequences hybridizing to a cDNA probe, does not limit the rate of chlorophyll accumulation after transfer of pea seedlings to white light. (ncsu.edu)
  • Database analyses retrieved 40 active ingredients and 47 target genes in SHD. (hindawi.com)
  • Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins, or function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • The bacterial genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were transiently expressed in leaf discs from the AR1 promoter in TGMV A. The levels of AR1 and GUS RNAs were similar in leaf discs after adjusting for viral DNA copy number, while CAT RNA was less abundant. (ncsu.edu)
  • Antibody -- Any of the protein molecules produced by specialized immune system cells (B cells) that can recognize and bind to a particular foreign antigen. (nih.gov)
  • Many proteins, largely derived from Bacteroides species, were over-represented, while under-represented proteins were mostly from Firmicutes and some Prevotella members. (bmj.com)
  • Many genes and characteristics were investigated for the staphylococcal species S. aureus and S. epidermidis , and the distribution of potential virulence factors among infectious isolates have been studied extensively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current estimates of the number of bacterial species range from 1 to 1000 million. (lu.se)
  • The methylation pattern within a specific multigene locus is influenced by the number and type of rRNA genes in other rDNA loci in the cell. (ncsu.edu)
  • However, an effective approach to achieve spatial and temporal gene knockout in zebrafish has not been well established. (zfin.org)
  • We have successfully deleted the DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (dgcr8) in zebrafish germ line and demonstrated that the maternal-zygotic dgcr8 (MZdgcr8) embryos exhibit MZdicer-like phenotypes with morphological defects which could be rescued by miR-430, indicating that canonical microRNAs play critical role in early development. (zfin.org)
  • Our findings establish that Cre/loxP-mediated tissue-specific gene knockout could be achieved using this BACK strategy and that canonical microRNAs play important roles in early embryonic development in zebrafish. (zfin.org)
  • In 2005, yogurt researcher Rodolphe Barrangou discovered that Streptococcus thermophilus, after iterative phage challenges, develops increased phage resistance, and this enhanced resistance is due to the incorporation of additional CRISPR spacer sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is an indication that the right size and correct sequence of the gene of interest were genetically engineered into the soy plant to confer resistance to herbicides. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • However, it is important to note that roundup ready GM soy does not contain the antibiotic resistance gene, but the only gene that could potentially be transferred to the human digestive system is the bacterial EPSPS gene. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • A cluster and humans coming into contact with the animals (farm that includes three genes, vanH , vanA , and vanX , is required for high-level resistance to glycopeptides. (cdc.gov)
  • Regulatory mechanisms for chromosomal genes encoding multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps (EPs) in Staphylococcus aureus are poorly defined. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Synonymous mutations in the HIV gene Rev enhance HIV-1 replication, providing resistance to the drug enfuvirtide [6]. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Loss of ybeY function, which results in a marked resistance to HU, had global affects on sRNA-mediated gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RefAuthors DeSandro, A., Nagarajan, U. M., Boss, J. M. RefTitle The bare lymphocyte syndrome: molecular clues to the RefTitle transcriptional regulation of major histocompatibility RefTitle complex class II genes. (lu.se)
  • As a postdoctoral researcher in Dianne Newman 's lab at the California Institute of Technology, Dar developed a way to track gene activity across the entire biofilm with submicrometer resolution. (the-scientist.com)
  • This indicates that the rpoX gene is involved in biofilm formation and stress response but the effects are controlled by colony phase variation in V. alginolyticus . (hindawi.com)
  • Based on this, we wanted to identify this protein in V. alginolyticus ZJ-51 and study whether it has a role in biofilm formation and stress response in the two colony phase variants. (hindawi.com)
  • We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations of B. burgdorferi in the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. (cdc.gov)
  • A new bacterial interaction, involving locomotory inhibition by a strain of Bacillus pumilus, reveals diversity in the surface properties of these mutants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In 2001, Mojica and Ruud Jansen, who were searching for a additional interrupted repeats, proposed the acronym CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) to alleviate the confusion stemming from the numerous acronyms used to describe the sequences in the scientific literature. (wikipedia.org)
  • A major addition to the understanding of CRISPR came with Jansen's observation that the prokaryote repeat cluster was accompanied by a set of homologous genes that make up CRISPR-associated systems or cas genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Cas proteins showed helicase and nuclease motifs, suggesting a role in the dynamic structure of the CRISPR loci. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. (nature.com)
  • The DNA double helix is depicted as straight in the model shown here (see methods ), but in actuality, straightness likely varies with sequence (see below ). (proteopedia.org)
  • METHODS: To identify expressed TNFSF genes, we searched a computer database of ~50,000 rainbow trout expressed sequence tags generated at the National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture. (usda.gov)
  • Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play key roles in modulating gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. (ncsu.edu)
  • RpoS is a major regulator of genes required for adaptation to stationary phase in E. coli. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Conditional permanent renal tubular epithelial rat-cell line NRK-52E was transfected with pcDNA3-RNLS plasmid or administered recombinant rat RNLS protein and high glucose (HG) dose. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: Bacterial GEs exhibit much larger diversity than fungal counterparts. (proteopedia.org)
  • Emphasis is given to the diversity of different responses observed with different genes and evidence for light effects at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. (ncsu.edu)
  • This is because this is the location where the amino acids that make up the protein are produced. (gmo-safety.eu)
  • The protein is composed of 279 amino acids. (hindawi.com)
  • two protein structures were solved, and insights into their regulation and biological roles were gained through gene expression analysis and enzymatic assays on complex biomass. (proteopedia.org)
  • Another biological property--contact recognition of hermaphrodites by males during mating--was also found to be impaired in mutants of all six genes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Elucidate the structure, dynamics and functions of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDRs) and their biological regulation by Post-translational modifications. (upstate.edu)
  • In addition, some diatom genera expressed components of a putative Fe-siderophore uptake system, including an Fe-siderophore outer membrane receptor protein and corresponding ABC transporter components. (uri.edu)
  • The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. (lookformedical.com)
  • Until the current decade, synonymous mutations were assumed to be neutral, with no effect on the protein or any other functions of the organism. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Degradation of toluene and 2-methylnaphthalene, and the presence of at least one bss-like and bbs-like gene cluster in this organism, suggests that NaphS2 degrades both compounds via parallel mechanisms. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In 1994, through application of broad range molecular amplification and DNA sequencing, the causative agent was recognized as distinct from E . chaffeensis . (cdc.gov)
  • Photoregulation: diverse gene responses in greening seedlings. (ncsu.edu)
  • Transcripts from each of five light-regulated genes exhibited different responses to a variety of light treatments, but for each transcript we observed a characteristic linear relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic levels over a wide range of total transcript abundance. (ncsu.edu)
  • However, the toxicity of the transgenic proteins in animals and humans was not studied. (i-sis.org.uk)