• There is one normal copy of chromosome 21 (upper center) and one with a fusion (lower left). (stowers.org)
  • Examples of this are Down syndrome , which is identified by a third copy of chromosome 21 , and Turner syndrome, which is characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome in women instead of two. (opentextbc.ca)
  • The mother and father each contribute one set of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. (solarpoultry.com)
  • Presentation Summary : Human Chromosomal Disorders Human disorders due to chromosome alterations in autosomes (Chromosomes 1-22). (solarpoultry.com)
  • Four hundred and twenty-five EASZ and four reference populations (Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, N'Dama and Nellore) were analysed using 46,171 SNPs covering all autosomes and the X chromosome. (nature.com)
  • Following F ST and two extended haplotype homozygosity-based ( iHS and Rsb ) analyses 24 candidate genome regions within 14 autosomes and the X chromosome were revealed, in which 18 and 4 were previously identified in tropical-adapted and commercial breeds, respectively. (nature.com)
  • The other chromosomes are called autosomes. (dantelabs.co.uk)
  • Human cells contain 22 pairs of homologous autosomes. (amboss.com)
  • Polysomy is found in many diseases, including Down syndrome in humans where affected individuals possess three copies (trisomy) of chromosome 21. (wikipedia.org)
  • Klinefelter syndrome is an example of human polysomy X with the karyotype 47, XXY. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, extra copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy-21) causes Down syndrome, a genetic defect that can result in abnormal physical and mental development. (dorthonion.com)
  • Robertsonian translocations are the most common type of chromosomal fusion in the human population, occurring in one in 1,000 individuals, and contribute to infertility and genomic abnormalities like those that cause Down syndrome. (stowers.org)
  • Down Syndrome - Extra chromosome at position 21. (solarpoultry.com)
  • Trisomy 21, also referred to as Down's syndrome, is a chromosomal aberration characterized by the presence of an additional chromosome 21.Trisomy 21 is associated with a rate of incidence of 1:600 among newborns and is one of the most common chromosomal … However, they can also have detrimental effects. (solarpoultry.com)
  • For instance, Jacobsen syndrome, which involves distinctive facial features as well as heart and bleeding defects, is identified by a deletion on chromosome 11. (opentextbc.ca)
  • Try pairing the chromosomes yourself (as has been done for the Down Syndrome karyotype below). (mymom.info)
  • Down Syndrome results when three, rather than the normal two, copies of chromosome 21 are present in each cell. (mymom.info)
  • The first column shows maternal age, the second column shows the most common human chromosomal abnormality, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), the third column shows all chromosomal abnormalities. (edu.au)
  • In general, as we would expect, individuals who are mosaic for a chromosome change tend to have a less severe form of the syndrome present than full trisomy individuals. (wikidoc.org)
  • The most common forms of autosomal trisomy are trisomy of chromosome 21 which results in Down syndrome and trisomy of chromosome 18 which results in Edwards syndrome . (wikidoc.org)
  • The presence of extra X chromosome(s) causes Klinefelter syndrome in men and Triple X syndrome in women, while monosomy X (45, X) gives rise to women with Turner syndrome. (wikidoc.org)
  • Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal aberration resulting from trisomy of the chromosome 21. (bvsalud.org)
  • Individuals with DS or trisomy 21 develop a clinical syndrome of dementia with clinical and neuropathologic characteristics almost identical to those of AD as described in individuals without DS. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the most frequent genetic disorders are abnormalities of sex chromosomes, but polysomies rarely occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8.20 Chromosome defects occur when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis I or meiosis II. (dorthonion.com)
  • The authors termed these "pseudohomologous" regions, to indicate that although they occur on different chromosomes, during meiotic recombination, they exchange sequences with other members of the acrocentric chromosome community as if they were homologs, or true pairs. (stowers.org)
  • My information is, that the defusing will occur in one of the female X-chromosomes. (projectavalon.net)
  • A trisomy can occur with any chromosome. (wikidoc.org)
  • Bailar, Eisenberg, and Mantel Test of Temporal Clustering Bailar, Eisenberg, and Mantel suggested a test of temporal clustering based on the number of pairs of cases in a given area that occur within a specified length of time d of each other (9). (cdc.gov)
  • Human exposure may occur via inhalation due to the high vapor pressure of iodomethane. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization signals have been detected for sequences separated as close as 21 kilobase pairs and as far as 350 kilobase pairs, with excellent correspondence between the observed and expected distances. (nih.gov)
  • Human pangenome graph of the five acrocentric chromosomes with lines representing sequences with few variations and loops representing sequences with duplications and inversions. (stowers.org)
  • While vg indexes all paths up to a certain length in the graph - a tedious process that takes more than a day for a human whole-genome graph - Seven Bridges uses a faster approach in which only short kmers (21 base pair sequences at 7 base pairs intervals) are indexed. (biorxiv.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: To truly understand the biological differences observed between species of TBRF spirochetes, complete chromosome and plasmid sequences are needed. (cdc.gov)
  • Yet, to uncover what underlies our individuality, along with our similarities, a comprehensive understanding of human genetics requires a comparative approach from diverse datasets. (stowers.org)
  • A gene is a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and contains the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body (see Genes and Chromosomes for a discussion about genetics). (solarpoultry.com)
  • One such report appeared on January 26, 2001 on the, Genetics, Inc. regulating chromosome pairing in polyploid plants. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • Human genetics is the study of the human genome and the transmission of genes from one generation to the next. (amboss.com)
  • Most eukaryotic species are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, whereas prokaryotes are haploid, containing a single chromosome in each cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polysomy types are categorized based on the number of extra chromosomes in each set, noted as a diploid (2n) with an extra chromosome of various numbers. (wikipedia.org)
  • For diploid organisms, such as humans, it is the normal condition. (wikidoc.org)
  • Polysomy is a condition found in many species, including fungi, plants, insects, and mammals, in which an organism has at least one more chromosome than normal, i.e., there may be three or more copies of the chromosome rather than the expected two copies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gametes with extra copies of chromosomes may produce viable but abnormal offspring. (dorthonion.com)
  • A person with a duplication has three copies of a particular chromosome segment instead of the usual two copies. (solarpoultry.com)
  • If homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I, the result is two gametes that lack that chromosome and two gametes with two copies of the chromosome. (opentextbc.ca)
  • Partial monosomy occurs when only a portion of the chromosome has one copy, while the rest has two copies. (wikidoc.org)
  • Uniparental disomy , the disomy refers to two copies of the chromosome from one of the parents (with no contribution from the other parent). (wikidoc.org)
  • A partial trisomy occurs when part of an extra chromosome is attached to one of the other chromosomes, or if one of the chromosomes has two copies of part of its chromosome. (wikidoc.org)
  • A tetrasomy and a pentasomy are the presence of a respectively four or five copies of a chromosome. (wikidoc.org)
  • This phenomenon occurs during spermatogenesis, resulting in three copies of the chromosome 21. (bvsalud.org)
  • Polysomy is usually caused by non-disjunction (the failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate) during meiosis, but may also be due to a translocation mutation (a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes). (wikipedia.org)
  • Polysomic inheritance occurs during meiosis when chiasmata form between more than two homologous partners, producing multivalent chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polysomy of sex chromosomes is caused by successive nondisjunctions in meiosis I and II. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8.13 The process of meiosis follows similar stages to mitosis, but repeats twice to provide four gametes with half the chromosome content of the original cell. (dorthonion.com)
  • During meiosis, a type of cell division that gives rise to sperm and eggs, genetic material can be exchanged or swapped between two paired chromosomes. (stowers.org)
  • This process, called recombination, where pairs of homologous chromosomes-one paternal and one maternal-break, and equal segments are swapped, increases genetic diversity in offspring because the chromosomes at the end of meiosis differ both from the parent and from each other. (stowers.org)
  • Inherited disorders can arise when chromosomes behave abnormally during meiosis. (opentextbc.ca)
  • They are caused by nondisjunction , which occurs when pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis. (opentextbc.ca)
  • As an egg cell, or oocyte, matures inside a woman's ovary, it undergoes a type of cell division called meiosis, in which the pairs of chromosomes inside it are lined up and fished apart, and half of them are expelled. (scienceinschool.org)
  • The main events of human meiosis during egg cell maturation. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Full trisomy of an individual occurs due to non-disjunction during meiosis I or meiosis II of gametogenesis resulting in 24 vice 23 chromosomes in a reproductive cell (sperm or egg). (wikidoc.org)
  • Both the male Y and female X chromosomes are thought to have originally been the same size, but after the Y took on the sex-determining role for maleness it apparently began to lose genes. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Inversions: A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached, therefore the genetic material is inverted. (solarpoultry.com)
  • The Human Genome Project-the complete sequencing of an individual genome-was a monumental milestone in modern biology. (stowers.org)
  • Adam Phillippy, Ph.D. , a collaborator at the National Human Genome Research Institute , added, "We did not anticipate this but it's a beautiful example of how curiosity and collaboration can lead to significant insights for human health. (stowers.org)
  • The 'defusing' of a chromosome into a pairing, not necessarily the 2- Chromosome, so will render the human genome as a 48 count again. (projectavalon.net)
  • This enables indexation of a human whole-genome graph in only minutes. (biorxiv.org)
  • We simulate 10 million single-end reads from chromosome 20 of an Ashkenazi Jewish male NA24385, sequenced by the Genome in a Bottle Consortium [ 8 ] (see Methods). (biorxiv.org)
  • Our results support that different selection pressures (e.g. environmental constraints, human selection, genome admixture constrains) have shaped the genome of EASZ. (nature.com)
  • Thus, about 100 human "twin genes", were found in the Arabidopsis genome, including, those responsible for such severe diseases as cystic, fibrosis and breast cancer [50]. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • sequence) of the whole genome or its separate parts. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • For comparison, in the Droso-, phila genome the number of such "gaps" reaches, The Arabidopsis genes are compact, contain se, eral exons (with an average size of 250 bp) separated, by short introns. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • results can serve as an important argument in favour of the proposal to develop a special program for sequencing the genome chromosomes and for, To estimate the possibility of plant genome mapping using human genome probes, the probes fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of human 18S-28S rDNA (clon 22F9 from the LA-13NCO1 library) was carried out on chromosomes of the spring barleyHordeum vulgareL. (centrocardiobogota.com)
  • The glossary features nearly 250 terms explained in an easy-to-understand way by leading scientists and professionals at the National Human Genome Research Institute. (genome.gov)
  • The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes ( 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes ). (amboss.com)
  • By making small adjustments to the architecture of a genome, epigenetic changes give human beings the flexibility they need to develop from a single cell to a complex multi-cellular organism, and to continue responding to a dynamic environment across the lifespan. (umich.edu)
  • Here, we combine mass spectrometry-based proteomics data with whole genome sequencing data across 1307 human tumors spanning various tissues to determine the extent somatic structural variant (SV) breakpoint patterns impact protein expression of nearby genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Overexpression of the HER2/neu gene on chromosome 17 and some type of polysomy has been reported in 8-68% of breast carcinomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] Moreover, genetic analysis using polymerase chain reaction-based tests has shown that this autosomal dominant anomaly has been associated with a recurrent 17 bp duplication on the 3( PITX3 ) gene on chromosome 10. (medscape.com)
  • Chromosome disorders can be divided into two categories: abnormalities in chromosome number and chromosome structural rearrangements. (opentextbc.ca)
  • Of all the chromosomal disorders, abnormalities in chromosome number are the most easily identifiable from a karyogram. (opentextbc.ca)
  • Most trisomies, like most other abnormalities in chromosome number, result in distinctive and serious birth defects. (wikidoc.org)
  • 49,XXXXY chromosome polysomy occurs every 1 in 85,000 newborn males. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term is also used of the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism.It describes the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope.Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and. (mymom.info)
  • A trisomy is the presence of three, instead of the normal two, chromosomes of a particular numbered type in an organism. (wikidoc.org)
  • Homologous chromosomes line up at the primary egg cell's equator and are then fished apart by microtubules. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Tomo used software that had been previously developed in Jan's lab, which allowed him to programme a laser scanning microscope to find the chromosomes in the egg cell's vast inner space, and then film them during cell division. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Monosomy is the presence of only one chromosome from a pair in a cell's nucleus . (wikidoc.org)
  • Germ cells only carry one-half of a somatic cell's chromosomes . (amboss.com)
  • These assemblies revealed patterns of genetic variation across chromosome regions which were previously inaccessible, letting us answer a longstanding question about the most common kind of chromosomal abnormality in humans. (stowers.org)
  • Genetic Disorders refer to any abnormality in the individual gene(s) or the chromosomes which are caused due to the change in the sequence of the DNA or gain or loss of gene(s) or chromosomes. (solarpoultry.com)
  • In eukaryotic cell reproduction, this involves matching pairs of similar genetic material (homologous pairs) from two different cells, followed by multiple divisions. (dorthonion.com)
  • Then the baby will have too many or not enough chromosomes when the father's cell merges with the mother's. (texas.gov)
  • The symbol is the X=Y+1 in that one of the four digits making the X will separate (as a real physical rib of Adam) to mutate one of the mother's X-chromosomes into a female Y-chromosome. (projectavalon.net)
  • The table below shows the correlation of maternal age (mother's age) and the potential risk of human genetic abnormalities in children. (edu.au)
  • In squamous cell carcinoma, a protein from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is often overexpressed in conjunction with polysomy of chromosome 7, so chromosome 7 can be used to predict the presence of EGFR in squamous cell carcinoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes -the DNA/protein complex with two arms extending from the centromere, a region approximately at the center of the arms where duplicated chromosomes are held together prior to cell division. (stowers.org)
  • Known human disorders include Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, which may be caused by duplication of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) on chromosome 17. (solarpoultry.com)
  • Like the child's rod pulling a toy fish by its magnet, a microtubule catches a chromosome by its kinetochore - a cluster of protein and genetic material at the centre of the chromosome's X shape. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)
  • [ 12 ] This included 13 early protein termination mutations (nonsense/frameshift, deletion, splice site), but no patients carried these in combination, suggesting the human phenotype is at least partly hypomorphic. (medscape.com)
  • Mediates attachment of the chromosome to the meiotic or mitotic spindle . (amboss.com)
  • Burrowing through the soil of western Asia are two species of these rodents (Ellobius tancrei and E. lutescens) that have lost all the genes from their Y chromosome--in fact, they no longer have a Y chromosome at all. (urbandictionary.com)
  • If our species manages to survive for another 10 million years, our descendants will go on making men even after their Y chromosome vanishes. (urbandictionary.com)
  • As a result, the human species could fragment into separate populations and, ultimately, separate species. (urbandictionary.com)
  • each gamete has only one copy of the species' chromosomes. (dorthonion.com)
  • One locus important in embryogenesis, KIT , has been associated with white coat patterns in several mammalian species and piebaldism in humans. (creation.com)
  • An animal model is a non-human species used in biomedical research because it can mimic aspects of a biological process or disease found in humans. (genome.gov)
  • However, among the 28 samples accurately separated to species, all were accurately assigned to soft tick or hard tick RF type. (cdc.gov)
  • The Oocyte Mosaicism Selection theory [6] suggests that "the incidence of trisomy 21 mosaicism in a cohort of normal fetal ovarian samples, indicating that an accumulation of trisomy 21 germ cells does indeed take place during fetal oogenesis, i.e., from the first to the second trimester of pregnancy. (edu.au)
  • The remaining cases are due translocation, mosaicism and partial trisomy of the chromosome 21. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because of the various life-threatening medical problems surrounding this condition, the majority of infants with trisomy 13 … 12.24, the two resultant telocentric chromosomes may open up to produce chromosomes with two identical arms (i.e., iso-chromosomes). (solarpoultry.com)
  • Linkage analysis of three DNA markers at different distances from the alpha-adducin locus (20-2500 kb) was done in 137 hypertensive sibling-pairs. (nih.gov)
  • The two homologous chromosomes contain identical alleles at a given locus . (amboss.com)
  • The two homologous chromosomes contain different alleles at a given locus . (amboss.com)
  • For the first time, analysis of assemblies from the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium reveals how and when specific translocations-a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches or fuses to another-called Robertsonian translocations, can form. (stowers.org)
  • 8.23 If chromosome replication fails, so that genes are changed or missing, the key information controlling cell development and regulation is scrambled. (dorthonion.com)
  • Each chromosome has very specific chapters that tell the cell what kinds of characteristics you will have (like eye color and hair color). (texas.gov)
  • Each cell that will make the baby must have exactly 23 chromosomes. (texas.gov)
  • When this cell from the mother merges with this cell from the father, the baby will have its full 46 chromosomes. (texas.gov)
  • Sometimes they "stick" together, rendering one cell with one extra and one cell with one fewer chromosome. (texas.gov)
  • Figure 7.7 This karyogram shows the chromosomes of a female human immune cell during mitosis. (opentextbc.ca)
  • At its most basic, the karyogram may reveal genetic abnormalities in which an individual has too many or too few chromosomes per cell. (opentextbc.ca)
  • We were able, for the first time, to keep track of all the kinetochores throughout cell division - so there's not a single time point where it's ambiguous where that part of the chromosome is - and that's really a breakthrough in the field, achieving this in these very large and light-sensitive cells," says Jan Ellenberg, who heads the research group. (scienceinschool.org)
  • The oocyte is a big cell, but the chromosomes sit in only a small part of that cell, and that's what we were interested in. (scienceinschool.org)
  • By focusing the microscope only on the part of the cell where the chromosomes are, Tomo was able to obtain high-resolution images at short intervals of only one and a half minutes, which gave him a very clear picture of the process. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (dantelabs.co.uk)
  • Each human cell contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (corresponding in structure and genetic information, i.e., 23 chromosomes are inherited from each parent). (amboss.com)
  • At an early stage of human development ( blastocyst ), each cell has the potential to become many different kinds of tissue ( pluripotency ), which are incorporated into many different organs. (umich.edu)
  • Most, but not all , of the cells in the human adult body have lost the ability to transform into other cell types and instead maintain a stable identity. (umich.edu)
  • [ 13 ] all encode proteins that participate in ciliary IFT, an evolutionarily conserved process that is essential for ciliogenesis and governs a variety of important cell-signalling events key to normal human development. (medscape.com)
  • Also, although there were only two humans, Eve may have carried alleles in her egg cells that differed from those in her body. (creation.com)
  • For humans, a maximum of 10 alleles could have made it through unless Noah's sons carried mutations. (creation.com)
  • All homologous chromosome pairs contain two variant forms of the same gene , called " alleles ," which are passed down from parent to offspring. (amboss.com)
  • Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
  • Autopolyploids may show polysomic inheritance of all the linkage groups, and their fertility may be reduced due to unbalanced chromosome numbers in the gametes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gametes that entirely lack a chromosome will not usually produce viable offspring. (dorthonion.com)
  • Furthermore, AtRAD54, which performs an important role in the homologous recombination repair pathway, was involved in the pairing of homologous loci with γ-irradiation. (nature.com)
  • Our results suggest that the transient reduction in inter-allelic distance and increase in pairing frequency of homologous loci after DSB result in partial chromatin reorganisation of interphase nuclei and that AtRAD54 contributes to the subcellular movement of homologous loci in the HR repair pathway. (nature.com)
  • This causes the genes to become homozygous (same strain) at nearly all the loci on the chromosomes. (uwm.edu)
  • X chromosome polysomies can be inherited from either a single maternal (49, X polysomies) or paternal (48, X polysomies) X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The KIT gene is rather complex consisting of 21 exons in a 70 kb region. (creation.com)
  • Of particular biological significance, the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes contain the genes required for the synthesis of ribosomes and ribosomal RNA. (stowers.org)
  • Despite the undeniable biological truths which separate males from females, scientific data which seeks to prove gender as biological is often flawed. (wikibooks.org)
  • A team of Australian researchers led by Jenny Graves, of the Research School of Biological Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra, previously found that the Y chromosome had been losing five genes per million years. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Certain environmental conditions introduced at key times or over a long duration can have dramatic effects on the biological development of human beings. (umich.edu)
  • [4] In the first stages of embryonic development, male and female embryos are almost morphologically identical, however, eventually, due to the expression of the sex-determining gene, on the Y chromosome, the testes begin to develop. (wikibooks.org)
  • The geneticist then stains chromosomes with one of several dyes to better visualize the distinct and reproducible banding patterns of each chromosome pair. (opentextbc.ca)
  • In addition to the banding patterns, chromosomes are further identified on the basis of size and centromere location. (opentextbc.ca)
  • Iodomethane is a new agricultural of approximately 24 hours due to the emission patterns of active ingredient, and there are no human exposure incident the compound and air dispersion patterns ( EPA OPP Health reports related to agricultural uses. (cdc.gov)
  • But along the way, they must have evolved new genes--on other chromosomes--that are responsible for making males. (urbandictionary.com)
  • 14 Water molecules are polar, meaning they have separated partial positive and negative charges. (dokumen.pub)
  • The result is that some cells have the normal number of 46 chromosomes, and other cells have more (47) or fewer (45) chromosomes. (solarpoultry.com)
  • Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain DNA and many genes. (solarpoultry.com)
  • A: During the first five months of development of a female human embryo, all its potential future egg cells are formed. (scienceinschool.org)
  • We presume that this accumulation of trisomy 21 (T21) cells is caused by their delay in maturation and lagging behind the normal cells. (edu.au)
  • As a developmental biologist, I'm satisfied with the idea that a human being emerges gradually from progressive interactions between cells and environment - it is not a unitary thing, and therefore doesn't have a single discrete point of appearance. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • This study aimed to find out more candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • There were 7 overlapped miRNA-mRNA pairs identified during osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, including mmu-miR-204-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-211-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-24-3p-H2afx, mmu-miR-3470b-Chek2, mmu-miR-3470b-Dlgap5, mmu-miR-466b-3p-Chek1, and mmu-miR-466c-3p-Chek1. (frontiersin.org)
  • Multicellular organisms, such as human beings, begin as single cells. (umich.edu)
  • Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal. (opentextbc.ca)
  • Chromosomal disorders: numerical disorders The most frequent cause of numerical disorders in chromosomes tends to be n ondisjunction. (solarpoultry.com)
  • Chromosomal abnormalities are changes to the number or structure of chromosomes that can lead to birth defects or other health disorders. (solarpoultry.com)