• We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
  • Afferent sensory neurons signal sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. (jove.com)
  • How neural networks, including those underlying central pattern generators (CPGs) and sensory feedback circuits, orchestrate the precisely timed activation of motor and premotor neurons in multiple body segments remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
  • Each sensory neuron has dynamic responses that reflect both the identity and the history of the odor, enabling it to perform a set of computations that are stereotyped in a single neuron, but differ among neurons. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The sensory neurons synapse onto integrating neurons, which also use stereotyped cell type-specific computations to combine sensory inputs. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The pheromone messages are transferred to the VNO through the incisive papilla (and then through the incisive duct to sensory neurons and pheromone detectors) on the roof your cat's mouth. (feliway.com)
  • Previous studies in the Dulac lab using mice deficient in TRPC2, an ion channel specifically expressed in VNO receptor neurons and essential for VNO sensory transduction, showed that the vomeronasal pathway is critical for social interactions including inter-male aggression and sexual behavior. (harvard.edu)
  • The researchers were able to determine anatomical differences in the male, including the reach of olfactory sensory neurons into different parts of the moth brain, and link them to their attraction to E or Z females. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Its antennas are composed of roughly 1 millimeter long strands which bear a large of number of sensilla - micrometric sized organs directly connected to the sensory neurons. (robaid.com)
  • potassium channels normally don't play a direct role in the activation of sensory neurons. (stowers.org)
  • Its neurons and their input stalks, known as dendrites, are studded with specialized receptors that can be activated by contact with specific messenger-chemicals called pheromones, found mostly in body fluids. (stowers.org)
  • When these potassium-depleted VNO neurons were exposed to pheromone-containing mouse urine, the usual net inward flow of positive charge was significantly greater than it had been when the neurons contained potassium. (stowers.org)
  • Gustatory pheromones are thought to activate P1 neurons but the circuit mechanisms that dictate their sensory responses to gate entry into courtship remain unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Using light-sheet microscopy, we characterized in each animal the abundance of 17 physiologically defined types, altogether recording from half a million sensory neurons. (wustl.edu)
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
  • 250 LHNs in locusts using intracellular recordings to characterize their responses to sensory stimuli, dye-fills to characterize their morphologies, and immunostaining to characterize their neurotransmitters. (jneurosci.org)
  • Calcium responses to pheromones and plant odours in the antennal lobe of the male and female moth Heliothis virescens. (mpg.de)
  • it detects hundreds of different odors and pheromones, discriminates among them, and generates a variety of responses to the odor cues. (rockefeller.edu)
  • These pathologies increase the risk of hysterectomy which may reduce women's sensory responses to genital stimulation. (athenainstitute.com)
  • For heterosexual women, the sensory responses to genital stimulation are dependent on the skill of her male partner and his understanding of female physiology. (athenainstitute.com)
  • The functional responses may be more dependent upon his pheromones. (athenainstitute.com)
  • these could explain why male and female flies show different behavioural responses to the same pheromone. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Tsukahara T , Brann DH , Pashkovski SL , Guitchounts G, Bozza T , Datta SR . A transcriptional rheostat couples past activity to future sensory responses. (neurotree.org)
  • But their role is much broader than classical sensory transduction. (brmlab.cz)
  • A new study from the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, published online in Nature Neuroscience on July 29, 2012, extends the scientific understanding of how pheromones activate the VNO, and has implications for sensory transduction experiments in other fields. (stowers.org)
  • One of the surprise discoveries made by the team was that while females may vary their signals in the blend of pheromones they produce, preference in the male is driven by a protein that changes their brain's neuronal circuitry underlying detection rather than affecting the receptors responsible for picking up the pheromones. (scitechdaily.com)
  • In addition to orally ingested aphrodisiacs, there are also inhaled substances called pheromones that are said to work their own powerful scientifically-based magic on our sensory receptors to induce attraction. (keen.com)
  • Plant odorants interfere with detection of sex pheromone signals by male Heliothis virescens. (mpg.de)
  • All cats will understand these pheromone signals, no matter how old they are! (feliway.com)
  • It's all due to signals sent by pheromones! (feliway.com)
  • It is believed to detect external chemical signals called pheromones. (medscape.com)
  • We're still not sure of the exact purpose of this organ, but scientists think it may be used to detect pheromones . (petplan.co.uk)
  • Though humans may not be able to detect them, cat pheromones are one of the most important methods! (feliway.com)
  • This is located in the roof of their mouth - to detect pheromones, your cat will slightly open their mouth, pull back their lips (known as a flehmen response) and inhale. (feliway.com)
  • Equally, humans and other animals won't be impacted, or be able to detect cat pheromones. (feliway.com)
  • Since sensilla are able to detect just a few pheromone molecules, the researchers sought this as an opportunity to mimic their structure. (robaid.com)
  • It is still debatable whether humans can detect pheromones or not. (khanacademy.org)
  • From its niche within the nose in most land-based vertebrates, it detects pheromones and triggers corresponding basic-instinct behaviors, from compulsive mating to male-on-male death matches. (stowers.org)
  • Future studies will require more refined characterization of the Gal cells, the identification of other circuit components and their coordination with Gal cells, and ultimately their modulation by sensory inputs and the animal's physiological and reproductive states. (harvard.edu)
  • and integrating multimodal sensory stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
  • They are an ancient sensory apparatus for the cell, not just the multicellular organism, and they have been adapted to respond to all manner of stimuli, from both within and outside the cell. (brmlab.cz)
  • Although our understanding of each sensory system has advanced by utilizing these simple stimuli, dramatic and often unexpected results have been obtained when physiologists advanced to the level of using more complex, biologically relevant stimuli. (perfumerflavorist.com)
  • The discovery of pheromones at about the same time by Karlson and Liischer (35) served to emphasize the importance of biologically adaptive stimuli and the efficacy with which a sensory system could process them. (perfumerflavorist.com)
  • The olfactory system represents one of the oldest sensory modalities in the phylogenetic history of mammals. (medscape.com)
  • These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Similarly, the fact that most chemosignals altering mammalian behavior and/or physiology are complex mixtures often lacking species-specificity, rather than being potent and essential singular compounds, further erodes the utility of the term "pheromone" . (firstnerve.com)
  • However, he believes that the actions of these social odors rarely meet the definition of a pheromone. (firstnerve.com)
  • Ecology has generally focused on the exchanges of matter and energy, while sensory interactions have generally been studied as influences on behavior and functions of certain physiological systems (sense organs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Further research was involved with the isolation and identification of Coptotermes formosanus termite pheromones and other behavior-modifying chemicals. (usda.gov)
  • In addition to the fast processing of sensory information by fast neurotransmitters, behavior is reversibly modified over longer timescales by neuromodulators such as serotonin, dopamine, and neuropeptides. (rockefeller.edu)
  • So take it from a guy who studies sex behavior for living: drop the human pheromones and lighten your load. (firstnerve.com)
  • Because different species rely on different senses, sensory ecologists seek to understand which environmental and sensory cues are more important in determining the behavioral patterns of certain species. (wikipedia.org)
  • This species also displays backtracking behaviour, which occurs with a combination of unfamiliar terrestrial cues and the absence of the pheromone, thus operating based upon a combination of the individual mechanisms observed in solitarily and socially foraging species. (bvsalud.org)
  • These senses range from smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), hearing (mechanoreception), and sight (vision) to pheromone detection, pain detection (nociception), electroreception and magnetoreception. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because humans can exert such strong changes on acoustic environments, sensory ecologists have been particularly interested in researching and understanding how organisms react to these changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though there are studies that show some evidence of humans detecting pheromones under some contexts, it has not been well elucidated. (khanacademy.org)
  • Z )-4-undecenal ( Z 4-11Al) is the volatile pheromone produced by females of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster . (biorxiv.org)
  • A team of six American and European research groups including Tufts University has discovered which gene expressed in the brain of the male European corn borer moth controls his preference for the sex pheromone produced by females. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Sensory ecology is a relatively new field focusing on the information organisms obtain about their environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sensory ecology is the study of how organisms acquire, process, and respond to information from their environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The relatively new area of sensory ecology has emerged as more researchers focus on questions concerning information in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • This field covers topics ranging from the neurobiological mechanisms of sensory systems to the behavioral patterns employed in the acquisition of sensory information to the role of sensory ecology in larger evolutionary processes such as speciation and reproductive isolation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Now in its third decade, the international postgraduate course Sensory Ecology runs for two weeks and is limited to 40 participants. (lu.se)
  • The world's leading authorities in sensory ecology are invited to Lund to deliver an outstanding program of lectures covering all animal senses. (lu.se)
  • To respond to the opportunities and dangers of the world quickly and effectively, each species must possess a sensory system that is uniquely optimised to its particular ecology. (lu.se)
  • This "sensory ecology" has driven the remarkable range of sensory systems we find in Nature today. (lu.se)
  • This sensory organ sits between their nostrils and the roof of their mouth. (petplan.co.uk)
  • Each product in the Flirty Little Secret Trio is infused with Booty Parlor's proprietary blend of Pheromones. (bootyparlor.com)
  • This complements a previous study on the gene expressed in the female pheromone gland that dictates the type of blend she emits to attract males. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Did you know that your cat's facial pheromone secretions alone can contain nearly 40 different chemicals - but your cat will know exactly what each means? (feliway.com)
  • A sensory panel finds that synthetic Z 4-11Al has a characteristic flavour, which we perceive even at the small amounts produced by one female fly. (biorxiv.org)
  • So, whether your cat comes in contact with pheromones from another cat, or synthetic pheromones, they are always safe ' cat messages ' with no side effects. (feliway.com)
  • I'm sure I've come across this article before, but perhaps you should take a look at some of the research available from people who have no commercial interest in the sale of synthetic pheromones. (firstnerve.com)
  • There are also scent glands located in your pet's paw pads, around nipples for female cats, and pheromones in their urine. (feliway.com)
  • Pheromones released from the rear of a cat (often in the urine) are common to both genders, and used to communicate territory messages, indicate sexual viability and express stress or fear. (feliway.com)
  • Neural coding of pheromones has been intensively studied in insects with a particular focus on sex pheromones. (jneurosci.org)
  • Neural coding and processing of pheromone information have been studied intensively in insects, strongly focusing on sex pheromones. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, such an organization is costly in terms of necessary neural units and may only be a particular case for sex pheromones composed of very few components. (jneurosci.org)
  • That an all-or-none apparent sex difference in neuronal types is controlled by experience-even in a sensory system devoted to "innate" behaviors-highlights the extraordinary role of "nurture" in neural individuality. (wustl.edu)
  • Pheromones are used in many behavioral contexts, from reproduction to territoriality, aggression, kin recognition, and food and nest marking ( Wyatt, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Dr. John M. Bland is a Research Chemist with the Food Processing and Sensory Quality research unit at SRRC (USDA, ARS), with research emphasis on improving catfish product quality. (usda.gov)
  • Host plant-driven sensory specialization in Drosophila erecta. (mpg.de)
  • We focused here on the honey bee Apis mellifera , a social insect that relies on a wide range of pheromones to ensure colony cohesion. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, pheromones play crucial roles in an insect's life beyond sexual attraction, and some species use many different pheromones making such a labeled-line organization unrealistic. (jneurosci.org)
  • Consequently, such a coding scheme may not be adapted for species that use a wide range of different pheromones (often including many different components), such as social insects. (jneurosci.org)
  • Knowledge of these two genes will provide a better understanding of how the pheromones of the 160,000 moth species have evolved. (scitechdaily.com)
  • For this reason, the European corn borer has been used as a model for how one species can split into two, ever since the two pheromone types were first discovered 50 years ago. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Similar genetic changes to pheromone preference could help explain how tens of thousands of other moth species remain separate," said Erik Dopman, professor of biology in the School of Arts and Sciences at Tufts and corresponding author of the study. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This is the first moth species out of 160,000 in which female signaling and male preference genes have both been identified," said Astrid Groot of the University of Amsterdam, who also helped identify the gene controlling the pheromone difference in E and Z females. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Species with hybrid foraging structures, which navigate partially upon a pheromone-marked column, express distinct differences in their toolbox, compared to solitary foragers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biologists have discovered the gene controlling the mating preference of male European corn borer moths for the female sex pheromone. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Pheromones are a type of olfactory (or scent) chemical communication that all cats use to interact with each other, and the world around them. (feliway.com)
  • In vision the discovery that some frog retinal ganglion cells are specifically tuned to respond to moving spots or edges (40) greatIy accelerated research on feature detection and introduced the concept of biological significance to sensory physiologists. (perfumerflavorist.com)
  • A blind person, for example, can "see" through bat-like echolocation, wine connoisseurs can actually taste the vintage of an obscure wine, and pheromones can signal a lover's compatibility. (inkwellmanagement.com)
  • This trio of our pheromone-infused Flirty Little Secret products will make you look, feel and smell simply irresistible. (bootyparlor.com)
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
  • Between the magnetizing pheromones, they emit to allure and attract their prey to the sensitivity they possess in capturing their food - carnivorous plants remind us of the old adage, "You can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar. (whats-your-sign.com)
  • Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model' exemplifies how a single nutrient-dependent amino acid substitution results in population-specific metabolism of nutrients to pheromones. (firstnerve.com)
  • To the end of the experiment, we could clarify the mating steps of L. marginaticollis in order to assist in further extraction and identification of sexual pheromone. (scielo.br)
  • Pheromones influence many different cat behaviours, interactions, and emotions. (feliway.com)
  • Sensory physiologists have approached the study of complex perceptual phenomena only after investigating more simple stimulus-response interactions. (perfumerflavorist.com)
  • A male European corn borer moth (Ostrinia nubilalis) sexually courts a rubber septum doused with the sex pheromone of a female European corn borer moth. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This inflowing-potassium phenomenon is known to occur in another type of sensory neuron, the sound-sensitive cochlear hair cell, whose external environment contains relatively high levels of potassium. (stowers.org)
  • The experiments also showed that each circuit receives both long-range input from the brain and local sensory feedback. (elifesciences.org)
  • To share or deposit their pheromone messages, your cat will engage in a range of behaviours. (feliway.com)
  • Just as with a scent, there's no danger of your cat 'overdosing' on pheromones, or any similar pheromone-based product. (feliway.com)
  • It's important to remember that cat pheromones are a natural, normal part of cat communication. (feliway.com)
  • We are trying to understand how raw sensory information is transformed into a representation that can trigger appropriate behaviour. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Sensory ecologists have also found that foraging bats avoid noisy habitats, perhaps as a result of this decrease in foraging efficiency. (wikipedia.org)