• Using embryonic chicken sensory neurons, we report that glycolytic enzymes are found through the axon and the growth cone. (jneurosci.org)
  • Later, fasII is expressed on growth cones of axons in other tracts including embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) motor neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Only the transmembrane isoforms are expressed by neurons, while the GPI-linked form is expressed by non-neuronal cells (mainly glial cells), where it functions as a substrate for growth cones of extending axons, directing adhesion and axon guidance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other roles for fasII include delineating two axonal pathways in the adult ocellar sensory system (OSS) via its expression on ocellar pioneer (OP) neurons where it acts to promote neurite outgrowth from primary neurons (along with neuroglian) by activating fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our ability to sense, move, think and remember relies on precise patterns of connections set during embryonic development by billions of neurons in the brain and spinal cord that elaborate highly branched processes and send long axonal projections to contact their synaptic targets. (hsr.it)
  • We combine in vivo (transgenic mice, chick embryos) and in vitro (primary neurons, stem cells) models integrated with proteomic and gene expression analysis to extract mechanistic insights on how individual signaling pathways function and collaborate to direct the axonal trajectories of motor neurons that connect to distant muscle targets. (hsr.it)
  • Neurons require specialized mechanisms of motor-facilitated signal transport for communication along long axonal distances to the cell body and the nucleus. (nature.com)
  • Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Muscles contain the synaptic connection between lower motor neurons and muscle fibers, i.e., the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as well as specialized sensory nerve endings (e.g., muscle spindles). (frontiersin.org)
  • Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
  • Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
  • A major focus is laid on addressing signalling mechanisms which underlie activity-dependent changes in primary sensory neurons transmitting pain (nociceptors) and their synapses in the spinal dorsal horn. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Plasticity of primary sensory neurons and of the synapses tey make with dorsal horn neurons is an important component of the cellular basis for the development and maintenance of chronic, pathogenic pain. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons. (harvard.edu)
  • Inclusions in motor neurons of VAPB-P56S transgenic mice are characterized by the presence of smooth ER-like tubular profiles, and are immunoreactive for factors that operate in the ER associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, including p97/VCP, Derlin-1, and the ER membrane chaperone BAP31. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Donor embryonic cells have a greater potential for axonal outgrowth and regeneration than mature host neurons (Chen et al. (org.es)
  • Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. (lookformedical.com)
  • Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. (lookformedical.com)
  • Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of NGF impairs axon extension and growth cone dynamics within minutes without affecting axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
  • These data indicate that the glycolytic pathway is operative in distal axons and contributes to the rate of axon extension and growth cone dynamics in the presence of NGF and that, in the absence of NGF, the axonal glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
  • While recent work has emphasized the importance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the role of the glycolytic pathway in axon morphogenesis and maintenance remains minimally understood. (jneurosci.org)
  • The data reveal that the glycolytic pathway is required for normal sensory axon extension in the presence of NGF, while in the absence of NGF the glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
  • The results have implications for the understanding of the bioenergetics of axon morphogenesis and plasticity and indicate that NGF has protective effects on sensory axon maintenance in hypoglycemic states. (jneurosci.org)
  • The growth cone is the site of axon extension, and it is characterized by a complex morphology wholly dependent on the actin filaments that underlie filopodia and lamellipodia formation and dynamics ( Dent and Gertler, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • During embryogenesis, fasII is dynamically expressed on a subset of axon fascicles in longitudinal nervous system pathways, including the MP1 tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • A central interest of the laboratory is to unmask key molecular determinants that underlie transition from exuberant axon growth and pathfinding during development to later stabilization, maintenance and ultimately regression of connections as occurs in aging or disease. (hsr.it)
  • 4. Topographic Mapping: Many axon pathways exhibit a precise topographical organization, where axons from neighboring regions project to specific target cells in a highly ordered manner. (imsaethics.org)
  • Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
  • I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • Myosin II activity is required for axon retraction but not growth cone collapse. (biologists.com)
  • Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. (biologists.com)
  • Growth cone collapse is often followed by axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • Axon retraction induced by guidance cues is of fundamental importance during refinement of axonal projections (reviewed in Luo and O'Leary, 2005 ). (biologists.com)
  • F-actin is concentrated at the growth cone and sparse in the axon ( Letourneau, 1983 ). (biologists.com)
  • Importantly, repellent guidance cues cause growth cone collapse and depolymerize growth cone F-actin while promoting axon retraction ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
  • how can myosin II drive axon retraction if the major source of the required substratum for force generation, growth cone F-actin, has been depleted? (biologists.com)
  • Growth inhibitory proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) block axon growth and regeneration by signaling to Rho, an intracellular GTPase. (silverchair.com)
  • Rescue of GAPDH using KillerRed fused to GAPDH followed by localized chromophore-assisted light inactivation of KillerRed-GAPDH in distal axons halts growth cone dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • These molecules enable axons to adhere to specific surfaces, allowing them to navigate along appropriate pathways towards their target cells. (imsaethics.org)
  • Axons express specific receptors on their growth cones that can detect and respond to different guidance cues. (imsaethics.org)
  • Thus, we find a specific epigenetic mechanism that regulates axonal regeneration of CNS axons, suggesting novel targets for clinical application. (nature.com)
  • I report that semaphorin 3A activates myosin II in growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
  • These ten-1 mutants are reported to have defects in the growth of several axons and in the development of the gonads and epidermis, and these defects correlated with disruptions in the extracellular matrix (ECM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • thus, long-distance retrograde signalling from axonal lesion sites to the soma and nucleus is required. (nature.com)
  • Figure 2: Retrograde signalling via the JUN kinase pathway after an axonal lesion. (nature.com)
  • For successful transgene expression, viruses administered into muscle must undergo a series of processes, including host cell interaction and internalization, intracellular sorting, long-range retrograde axonal transport, endosomal liberation, and nuclear import. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the final link between axonal injury-induced retrograde signalling and the regulation of essential regenerative gene expression remains elusive. (nature.com)
  • In addition, we observed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) axonal retrograde signalling is required for PCAF-dependent acetylation at these promoters and for their enhancement in gene expression. (nature.com)
  • Our results show the first evidence of immediate retrograde signalling leading to long-term epigenetic reprogramming of gene expression of select genes whose modulation leads to axonal regeneration in the hostile spinal environment. (nature.com)
  • The BMP homolog Gbb provides a retrograde signal that regulates synaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. (neurotree.org)
  • This is achieved through trans-homophilic fasII-mediated adhesion and subsequent activation of downstream intracellular signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and regulation of intracellular calcium levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, Eph/ephrin signalling can be bi-directional, with intracellular pathways operating downstream of both the Eph receptor (forward signalling) and the ephrin ligand (reverse signalling) ( Kullander and Klein, 2002 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Disrupting any component in this pathway led to disrupted SD on the cell surface and intracellular accumulation of mislocalized SD proteins. (sdbonline.org)
  • Bonanomi D, Fornasiero EF, Valdez G, Halegoua S, Benfenati F, Menegon A, Valtorta F. Identification of a developmentally regulated pathway of membrane retrieval in neuronal growth cones . (hsr.it)
  • In the nervous system, axonal pathways are shaped by repulsive cues provided by ligands of the semaphorin family that are sensed by migrating neuronal growth cones through plexin receptors. (harvard.edu)
  • Here we show through systematic epigenetic studies that the histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) promotes acetylation of histone 3 Lys 9 at the promoters of established key regeneration-associated genes following a peripheral but not a central axonal injury. (nature.com)
  • Finally, PCAF is necessary for conditioning-dependent axonal regeneration and also singularly promotes regeneration after spinal cord injury. (nature.com)
  • Interestingly, the lack of regeneration of injured ascending sensory fibres in the spinal cord can be partially enhanced by an injury to the peripheral branch (conditioning lesion) of DRG neurones 7 . (nature.com)
  • Identification of a specific regulatory mechanism shared by several essential genes may lead to novel molecular strategies recapitulating the conditioning effect, thus non-surgically enhancing axonal regeneration in the CNS. (nature.com)
  • Finally, we established that PCAF is required for regeneration following a conditioning lesion and PCAF overexpression promotes axonal regeneration similar to that of a conditioning lesion after CNS injury in spinal ascending sensory fibres. (nature.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that the early calcium wave elicited by an axonal injury induces epigenetic changes in the nucleus, thereby priming the system for subsequent transcriptional events. (nature.com)
  • Highwire regulates presynaptic BMP signaling essential for synaptic growth. (neurotree.org)
  • wishful thinking encodes a BMP type II receptor that regulates synaptic growth in Drosophila. (neurotree.org)
  • Modulation of proteoglycan receptor regulates RhoA/CRMP2 pathways and promotes axonal myelination. (nervgen.com)
  • In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Directed membrane traffic is essential for many developmental processes, including cell growth, cytokinesis and signaling between cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • This study provides the first in vivo evidence of trapped SD proteins in clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane when this pathway is disrupted. (sdbonline.org)
  • These were the first steps taken for revealing possible communication pathways between the immune and the nervous system. (brainimmune.com)
  • These results reveal the fundamental conservation of repulsive patterning mechanisms between axonal migration in the central nervous system and vascular endothelium during angiogenesis. (harvard.edu)
  • We will not discuss signal transduction pathways, enteric nervous systems related to controlling food intake, or neural signalling pathways in organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract such as liver or pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurone system has a central as well as a peripheral axonal branch departing from a single cell body. (nature.com)
  • Some well-known guidance cues include netrins, semaphorins, and ephrins, which act as signposts to provide directional information to axonal growth cones. (imsaethics.org)
  • Guidance cues activate signaling transduction pathways that, in turn, regulate the dynamics and organization of the neuronal cytoskeleton. (biologists.com)
  • Guidance cues can steer growth cones towards or away from the source of the cue. (biologists.com)
  • Repellent guidance cues induce growth cone collapse, characterized by the loss of protrusive lamellipodia and filopodia ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
  • Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • The hypothalamus is a key region which possesses reciprocal connections between the higher cortical centres such as reward-related limbic pathways, and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
  • Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. (nervgen.com)
  • We showed previously that cytoplasmic release of mtDNA activates the cGAS STING TBK1 pathway resulting in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression that promotes antiviral immunity4. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • However, the brain possesses some level of plasticity, allowing it to compensate for certain defects by rerouting connections or establishing alternative pathways. (imsaethics.org)
  • Research in the laboratory addresses the signaling mechanisms that underlie neuronal morphogenesis and patterning of axonal projections. (hsr.it)
  • The SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway was found to contain clathrin , dynamin , AP-2 complex, like-AP180 (Lap) , auxilin and Hsc70-4 (the endocytosis part) followed by Rab11 and the exocyst complex (the recycling part). (sdbonline.org)
  • As JNK signalling can have effects that range from neurite growth promotion to cell death induction, multiple regulatory mechanisms are required to ensure specificity of the signal. (nature.com)
  • This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
  • Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain. (lookformedical.com)
  • Sensory compartments. (unibas.ch)
  • We use the Cre/loxP system for conditional gene deletion in specific anatomical compartments of the pain pathway. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • But although these humoral pathways are of great relevance, the nerves still have to reach the immune cells for establishing communication that will be more specific than endocrine factors arriving via the blood or the lymph fluid. (brainimmune.com)
  • Yeast cells use an anisotropic secretory apparatus for polarized growth at a selected bud site. (sdbonline.org)
  • Because different subtypes of bipolar cells (Fig 1) (Euler and Wässle, 1995) and amacrine cells (Fig. 2) (MacNeil and Masland, 1998) have their axonal/dendritic terminals in the specific sublaminae of the IPL, it is crucial that dendrites of individual RGCs are also confined to specific strata in order to synapses with them. (org.es)
  • RGCs differentiate first followed by amacrine cells, cones and horizontal cells. (org.es)
  • Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
  • Kozulin, P. and Richards L.J. (2016) Axonal Guidance: Making Connections. (edu.au)
  • The mechanistic basis for these distinct pathways remains obscure. (sdbonline.org)
  • They employ a range of genetic, developmental, and neurobiological tools in zebrafish to understand what the heart tells the brain, and how critical internal sensory systems adjust homeostatic and somatic behaviors, including social interactions. (harvard.edu)
  • Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
  • Additionally, we describe how neuropathology can negatively influence these pathways, and conclude by discussing opportunities to optimize the intramuscular administration route to maximize gene delivery and thus therapeutic potential. (frontiersin.org)
  • We examined both DNA methylation and various key histone modifications with regards to gene regulation following axonal injury. (nature.com)
  • In such cases, the neural circuitry may be disrupted, leading to impaired sensory or motor functions. (imsaethics.org)
  • Using the Drosophila nephrocyte as a genetic screen platform, most genes involved in endocytosis and cell trafficking were screened, and the key components were identified of the cell trafficking pathway required for SD protein endocytosis and recycling. (sdbonline.org)
  • All genes in this SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway, as well as SD proteins themselves, are highly conserved from flies to humans. (sdbonline.org)
  • Thus, these results suggest that the SD proteins in human kidney undergo the same endocytosis and recycling pathway to maintain the filtration structure, and mutations in any genes in this pathway could lead to abnormal SD and renal diseases. (sdbonline.org)
  • Considering filament polymerization requires ATP, inhibition of glycolysis results in a paradoxical increase in axonal actin filament levels. (jneurosci.org)
  • The nested and interrelated signaling pathways that bring about a specific developmental process are known as developmental cascades. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequently, further distinctions in trafficking pathways have been invoked to explain different forms of regulation and fusion at different domains of the cell. (sdbonline.org)
  • This developmentally important process is crucial not only for the representation of different sensory inputs but also for their integration. (mdpi.com)