• Chromatids segregate without centrosomes during Caenorhabditis elegans mitosis in a Ran- and CLASP-dependent manner. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Home / Teams / Evolutionary Cell Biology in Nematodes - M. Delattre / Publications / Chromatids segregate without centrosomes during Caenorhabditis elegans mitosis in a Ran- and CLASP-dependent manner. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • During mitosis, chromosomes are connected to a microtubule-based spindle. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Conversely, we identify a novel role for two microtubule-growth and nucleation agents, Ran and CLASP, in the establishment of the centrosome-independent force during anaphase.Their involvement raises the interesting possibility that microtubule polymerization of midzone microtubules is continuously required to sustain chromosome segregation during mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
  • Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
  • Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
  • To gain insight into these mechanisms, we studied the behavior of cells entering mitosis with damaged chromosomes. (ca.gov)
  • During the division of somatic cells (mitosis) newly duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate and segregate to opposite daughter cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • In addition, they are investigating how cell cycle-regulation of chromatin proteins helps to coordinate the condensation of chromosomes with their segregation during mitosis. (umassmed.edu)
  • Understanding the "active chromosome" and how chromosome morphology influences mitosis is pivotal to the understanding of novel routes to mitotic defects and causes for aneuploidy. (europa.eu)
  • Here I propose to investigate how dynamic mitotic chromosomes are assembled and how their morphology contributes to various aspects of mitosis. (europa.eu)
  • I will develop experimental conditions to mimic different degrees of "cohesion fatigue" (partial loss of sister chromatid cohesion), as well as a variety of abnormalities in chromosome structure and size and quantitatively evaluate how chromosome cohesion and condensation influence chromosome dynamics and signaling of the surveillance mechanism that control mitosis (the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint). (europa.eu)
  • Microtubules play a crucial role in segregating chromosomes from one cell to another during cell mitosis and division. (databasefootball.com)
  • Each chromosome is condensed into a structure of two sister chromatids during prophase of mitosis. (coursehero.com)
  • Mitosis includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase, as well as telophase, during which chromosome copies are carefully separated in preparation for cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides. (coursehero.com)
  • Mitosis is a form of nuclear division in which replicated chromosomes are carefully organized and separated in preparation for cytoplasmic division. (coursehero.com)
  • During mitosis in eukaryotes, a microtubule-based structure called the mitotic spindle is assembled to segregate duplicated chromosomes into daughter cells. (oist.jp)
  • Polo-like kinase (PLK1) was previously thought to have a major function - helping chromosome alignment during mitosis for cell division. (news-medical.net)
  • Up until now, scientists thought that one of the key roles of PLK1 was to help chromosomes to be stably captured for partition during mitosis. (news-medical.net)
  • Mitotic chromosomes will undergo different biochemical changes under four sub-stages of mitosis. (differencebetween.com)
  • Our results strongly suggest that an outward forcegenerated by the spindle midzone, independently of centrosomes, is sufficient tosegregate chromosomes in mitotic cells. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • When viewed under a microscope, an alternating pattern of dark bands and lighter interbands can be seen in the polytene chromosomes. (jove.com)
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • We found a 6 cM region of homozygosity on chromosome 1p36.3 among four affected individuals of this family (fig 1). (bmj.com)
  • We used the endonuclease I-CreI to generate acentric chromosomes in Drosophila larvae. (ca.gov)
  • The recent evolutionary history of the Y chromosome in Drosophila simulans, a worldwide species of Afrotropical origin, is closely linked to that of X-linked meiotic drivers (Paris system). (bvsalud.org)
  • The events of meiotic prophase follow a specialized round of DNA replication when the meiotic chromosome axis is formed. (biorxiv.org)
  • In initial experiments, Ms. Penkner observed defects in meiotic chromosome structure, DNA breaks and premature separation of sister chromatides in cells lacking Mnd2. (scienceblog.com)
  • The acentric chromatid poleward movement is mediated through DNA tethers decorated with BubR1, Polo, INCENP, and Aurora-B. Reduced BubR1 or Polo function results in abnormal segregation of acentric chromatids, a decrease in acentric chromosome tethering, and a great reduction in adult survival. (ca.gov)
  • Separating the sister chromatids in this state could lead to chromosome breaks, improper segregation, and even cell death. (jove.com)
  • During chromosome condensation, chromatids become tightly packed. (jove.com)
  • Our live studies reveal that acentric chromatids segregate efficiently to opposite poles. (ca.gov)
  • We propose that BubR1 and Polo facilitate the accurate segregation of acentric chromatids by maintaining the integrity of the tethers that connect acentric chromosomes to their centric partners. (ca.gov)
  • A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
  • The ordering of cell cycle events is important to ensure that the genome is fully replicated before chromosomes segregate and cells divide. (umassmed.edu)
  • In an initial genomewide scan, we genotyped a total of 416 markers (398 autosomal, 18 X-chromosome) with an average spacing of less than 10 cM, spanning the genome. (rti.org)
  • This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
  • The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • It is Ama1, which activates the APC/C too early in the absence of Mnd2 and thus opens the cohesin rings prematurely, that leads to chromosome damage and finally to the death of the cell. (scienceblog.com)
  • This finding is highly important, because failure to generate a crossover between homologs leads to chromosome missegregation and can cause human chromosomal birth defects such as Down syndrome, which affects about one in 800 newborns in the United States," said Yu. (medindia.net)
  • This reorganization relies on condensin, a protein complex involved in the condensation of chromosomes. (jove.com)
  • Condensins use energy generated by ATP hydrolysis to promote two major processes that facilitate sister chromatid separation: chromosome condensation and sister chromatid resolution. (jove.com)
  • In addition, I propose to investigate how chromosome condensation and cohesion influence the dynamics of chromosome segregation and how (if) cells adapt when in the presence of abnormal chromosomes. (europa.eu)
  • Mechanistically, the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex prematurely associates with DNA lesions within ruptured micronuclei during interphase, which poises pulverized chromosomes for clustering upon mitotic entry. (nature.com)
  • Interphase is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication , while M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of the cell prepare for the cell to divide into two new cells. (coursehero.com)
  • These features exist in ordinary interphase chromosomes but are difficult to observe. (jove.com)
  • Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
  • In the past few decades, a canonical model of chromosome segregation has emerged and posited that chromosome motion in anaphase is the sum of two independent, mechanistically distinct processes. (harvard.edu)
  • The fusion of two germ cells, one of which carried two copies of chromosomes 21, gave rise to body cells carrying three chromosomes 21. (scienceblog.com)
  • Three copies of the Chromosome 18 are detected. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, hundreds to thousands of copies of each chromosome are generated without any cell division. (jove.com)
  • Dr Chan said: 'For the first time, we have found that PLK1 works to maintain the rigidity of a critical part of the chromosome called the centromere. (news-medical.net)
  • 2019) PLK1 facilitates chromosome biorientation by suppressing centromere disintegration driven by BLM-mediated unwinding and spindle pulling. (news-medical.net)
  • I plan to use a multidisciplinary approach, combining acute protein inactivation, 4D-live cell imaging and biophysical/mathematical approaches to evaluate role of condensin complexes, one of the most abundant non-histone chromosomal proteins, in the process of chromosome assembly. (europa.eu)
  • Trisomy 18 is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 18th chromosome, either in whole ( trisomy 18) or in part (such as due to translocations ). (wikipedia.org)
  • If you already know about chromosomal evolution or do not care, jump directly to information on Drosera chromosome numbers. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • They are assembled to segregate chromosomes to the forming daughter cells (Movie 1). (tu-dresden.de)
  • During the M phase, the duplicated chromosomes are separated and distributed to two genetically identical daughter cells. (jove.com)
  • During her postdoctoral fellowship, Wignall began studying meiosis - a type of cell division that produces reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes - occurring in female reproductive cells or oocytes. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
  • While I-CreI expression produces acentric chromosomes in the majority of neuronal stem cells, remarkably, it has no effect on adult survival. (ca.gov)
  • Accurate cell division relies on the fact that the genetic information encoded in the DNA molecules is equally segregated into the two daughter cells. (europa.eu)
  • [3] Occasionally, not all cells have the extra chromosome, known as mosaic trisomy , and symptoms in these cases may be less severe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists did not know what to make of the formation and breakdown of these figures and thought that the intrinsic forces generated in dividing cells caused chromosomes to move to opposite sides of daughter cells. (databasefootball.com)
  • Scientists did not know what to make of the formation (polymerization) and breakdown (depolymerization) of these figures and thought that an unknown, but inherent, natural force caused chromosomes to move to opposite sides of a dividing cell to be distributed to the daughter cells. (databasefootball.com)
  • Newly duplicated chromosomes must be divided equally between daughter cells during cell division, but there is no inherent "force" generated in dividing cells. (databasefootball.com)
  • We present a novel and efficient non-integrating gene expression system in human embryonic stem cells (hESc) utilizing human artificial chromosomes (HAC), which behave as autonomous endogenous host chromosomes and segregate correctly during cell division. (nih.gov)
  • In eukaryotic cells , DNA is found in structures called chromosomes. (coursehero.com)
  • So it was thought that if that protein was inhibited or lacking, the duplicated chromosomes couldn't be grasped properly and, in the case of cancerous cells, wouldn't be able to segregate equally. (news-medical.net)
  • We've discovered that PLK1 actually has a crucial protective role and is needed to avoid ruptures and splits of chromosomes, of which inhibition could have dangerous side effects on otherwise healthy growing cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Interestingly, Dr Chan believes that the identification of the new role played by PLK1 could help clinicians develop cancer treatments which better target fast growing cells by not just blocking their division but also by simultaneously damaging their chromosome integrity. (news-medical.net)
  • Then, the cell distributes a copy of each chromosome between the two daughter cells so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. (jove.com)
  • Certain cells undergo multiple cycles of chromosome duplication without undergoing any cell division. (jove.com)
  • Such cells, called polyploid cells, contain multiple sets of each chromosome. (jove.com)
  • Chromosomes got their name by early cell biologists when they observed certain dark-staining objects in dividing cells. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • In human dividing cells 46 chromosomes can be observed. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Mules are infertile because they inherit 32 chromosomes from their horse parent, but only 31 chromosomes from their donkey parent-and so have an odd chromosome that they cannot pair-off when they make sperm or egg cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Although hybrids of these two species inherit three chromosomes from each parent, the majority of spores (the yeast equivalent of sperm) that these hybrids produce fail to develop into new yeast cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • The protein Mnd2 inhibits premature separation of chromosomes during the formation of gametes. (scienceblog.com)
  • The new findings, published in Nature Communications , suggest that any interference with the function of this essential protein could remove a protective barrier, resulting in specific DNA damage and chromosome rearrangements. (news-medical.net)
  • This phenotype co-segregates with either of two frameshift mutations, 1988delAGAG and 2469delGTCA, in ESPN , which encodes a calcium-insensitive actin-bundling protein called espin. (bmj.com)
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • And in the resulting meiotic malfunction, the identical sister chromosomes began to synapse instead. (medindia.net)
  • Thus, distinct patterns of chromothripsis can be explained by the spatial clustering of pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei. (nature.com)
  • At least three distinct meiotic drive alleles, one on each S. kambucha chromosome, independently contribute to hybrid infertility by causing nonrandom spore death. (elifesciences.org)
  • The resistant Y chromosomes are more divergent and segregate in four distinct clusters. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mutation was shown to segregate with disease in this family (it was present in three affected individuals and absent in five unaffected). (alzforum.org)
  • Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous p.Ser178Leu variant of TBC1D24 as the only candidate mutation segregating with the hearing loss within the family. (nih.gov)
  • The grey shaded haplotypes represent the ancestral chromosome harbouring the ESPN mutation. (bmj.com)
  • We completed a genomewide linkage scan to map loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking in a set of families originally identified because they segregate panic disorder (PD). (rti.org)
  • Conclusions: We identified evidence for two loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking that map to chromosomes 9 and 11. (rti.org)
  • The deafness segregating in family PKSN32 was not linked to any of the known recessive or dominant deafness loci (Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage, http://dnalab-www.uia.ac.be/dnalab/hhh/ ). (bmj.com)
  • Her PhD in Matthew Waldor's lab focused on defining essential replication factors for the two Vibrio cholerae chromosomes. (stanford.edu)
  • Despite the primary long-read assembly being ' quite excellent' , sex chromosome contigs were shorter than autosomal contigs, with repetitive sequences proving particularly problematic to resolve. (nanoporetech.com)
  • Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
  • During cell division, macromolecule structures known as spindles form to segregate chromosomes. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • Although chromosomes were long assumed to play rather a passive role during the cell division process, recent evidence suggests that chromosomes play a much more active role in the process of their own segregation. (europa.eu)
  • Chromosome segregation is the essential process during cell division. (harvard.edu)
  • A chromatid is one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. (coursehero.com)
  • Families PKSN32 and PKSR5A are shown with the haplotypes of chromosome 1p36.3 STR markers. (bmj.com)
  • Effectively, this means that, when they divide, chromosome arms are split in the wrong place. (news-medical.net)
  • Advances in genomics provide new insights into the organization and dynamics of driving chromosomes in natural populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chromosome number could be but is not considered a defining attribute of a taxonomic species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Chromosome number is not an effective feature in the definition of biological species either although differences in chromosome number can produce different biological species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Drosera can have anywhere from 8 to 80 chromosomes depending on the species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • There are two factors related to chromosomes and species that work separately and together to make life interesting. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Chromosomes and hybrids. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • The fate of plant hybrids in nature depends very much on the compatibility of the chromosomes of the parents, which parent is the seed parent, and the exact circumstances of the event. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • The more different the chromosomes of the hybrids are the more likely hybridization will result in a speciation event. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • By backcrossing these hybrids (as female parents) to the durum parent, we have produced several fertile hybrid derivatives with the full complement of durum wheat plus a few chromosomes or chromosome segments of the junceiforme or elongatum parent. (usda.gov)
  • In a dominant family segregated with late-onset, progressive, nonsyndromic hearing impairment, linkage analysis revealed a 2.07 Mb candidate region on chromosome 16p13.3 that contains TBC1D24. (nih.gov)
  • For this reason, they have been very important in elucidating chromosome fine structure and physiology, especially in diptera. (scielo.br)
  • Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
  • and an independently segregating Y chromosome was absent in males. (nanoporetech.com)
  • Y genes in female M. oregoni voles have been evolving independently for 150 million years, and Xist is expressed in males to compensate for having a second X chromosome. (nanoporetech.com)
  • During normal meiosis, the process of division that halves the number of chromosomes per cell, my colleagues and I discovered that Pds5 regulates the pairing and synapsis (joining together) of 'mom and dad' homologs. (medindia.net)
  • Microtubule filaments composed of tubulins are now known to play an active role in chromosome separation. (databasefootball.com)
  • We mapped a human deafness locus DFNB36 to chromosome 1p36.3 in two consanguineous families segregating recessively inherited deafness and vestibular areflexia. (bmj.com)
  • We also characterized the variation in repeat content among Y chromosomes and identified multiple simple satellites associated with resistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)
  • There is now evidence supporting linkage or association of chromosome 11 markers with alcohol dependence, illegal drug abuse and dependence, and cigarette smoking. (rti.org)