InnervationParotid glandSphenopalatine ganglionFibersSympatheticPreganglionic parasympatheticAutonomicSeromucous glandsPterygopalatine ganglionSubmaxillary ganglionLacrimalMandibularSalivary gland tumorsInnervateSubmandibular glandsPosteriorNeuronsSensorySecretoryNervus intermediusPharynxPonsMylohyoidNervesNerveSynapseHead and neckVisceralEtiologyAriseTractMesenchymeExtends100,000DuctStructuresLargestFoundGreaterSmallDeepSystemLowerPortion
Innervation5
- Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion , providing secretomotor innervation to two salivary glands: the submandibular gland and sublingual gland . (wikidoc.org)
- Mucus production is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation. (medscape.com)
- Nasal obstruction may be produced by overactivity of the parasympathetic innervation or underactivity of the sympathetic innervation. (medscape.com)
- GVE fibers provide motor (parasympathetic) innervation to the viscera. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- The postganglionic neurons provide secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal glands. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Parotid gland7
- The most common tumor of the parotid gland is the pleomorphic adenoma , which represents about 60% of all parotid neoplasms, as seen in the table below. (medscape.com)
- the parotid gland develops in the crotch formed by the two major branches of the facial nerve. (rxdentistry.net)
- Just beyond this point the nerve dives into the posterior aspect of the parotid gland and bifurcates almost immediately into its two main divisions (occasionally it divides before entering the gland). (rxdentistry.net)
- The parotid gland is the largest of the paired salivary glands. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- The superficial surface of the parotid gland is triangular in shape, with the apex pointing inferiorly ( Fig. 2 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
- The parotid gland is somewhat artificially divided into two lobes by the facial nerve as it passes through. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- This ligament supports the temporomandibular joint and separates the parotid gland from the submandibular gland. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Sphenopalatine ganglion5
- Others come from the great superficial petrosal nerve, synapsing in the sphenopalatine ganglion. (deepdyve.com)
- Vasodilator and secretory fibers from the sphenopalatine ganglion to References 1. (deepdyve.com)
- Blier, X.: Physiology of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion , Am. J. Physiol. (deepdyve.com)
- Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) blockade or lesioning can offer significant pain relief for cluster headaches (CHs) and a variety of other pain syndromes involving the head and face. (ochsnerjournal.org)
- For many years, the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) has been a neural target for treatment of a variety of headache and facial pain conditions such as cluster headaches (CHs), atypical facial pain, trigeminal neuralgia, and migraine headaches with variable degrees of success. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Fibers17
- Like other parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck, the submandibular ganglion is the site of synapse for parasympathetic fibers and carries other types of nerve fiber that do not synapse in the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- In summary, the fibers carried in the ganglion are: Sympathetic fibers from the external carotid plexus, via the facial nerve and its branches. (wikipedia.org)
- Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus of the Pons, via the chorda tympani and lingual nerve, which synapse at this ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the oral mucosa and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. (wikipedia.org)
- Some of the postganglionic fibers reach the sublingual gland after they re-enter the lingual nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- The fibers of the chorda tympani travel with the lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion . (wikidoc.org)
- Here, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the chorda tympani synapse with postganglionic fibers which go on to innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. (wikidoc.org)
- Three thousand of the nerve fibers are somatosensory and secretomotor and make up the nervus intermedius. (medscape.com)
- The general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- General visceral efferent fibers include preganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers, which innervate lacrimal and seromucous glands in the nasal cavity and palate via the greater superficial petrosal nerve and sublingual and submandibular glands via the chorda tympani nerve. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- General visceral efferent fibers carry parasympathetic autonomic axons. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- Although general visceral afferent fibers are part of the ANS, they are not classified as part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic system. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- a) Is found between the optic nerve and the medial rectus * b) Contains sympathetic nerve that supplies the sphincter pupillae * c) Is a parasympathetic relay ganglion for fibers from the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus? (globalguideline.com)
- The autonomic fibers come in part from the superior cervical ganglion through the internal carotid plexus. (deepdyve.com)
- They include vasodilator and secretomotor fibers. (deepdyve.com)
- These are the cranial autonomic, or parasympathetic, fibers. (deepdyve.com)
- The sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion are chiefly vasoconstrictors, but they also include vasodilators, according to Dastre and Morat.1 The preganglionic fibers arise in the lower cervical and the upper thoracic portion of the cord, reaching the ganglion through the cervical sympathetic trunk. (deepdyve.com)
Sympathetic5
- Sympathetic connections of the submaxillary and superior cervical ganglia. (wikidoc.org)
- Is GVE parasympathetic or sympathetic? (darkskiesfilm.com)
- However, these visceral sensory nerves often colocalize within sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- It is the largest ganglion outside of the calvarium containing sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory neurons. (ochsnerjournal.org)
- The postganglionic sympathetic pathway arises from the superior cervical ganglion and courses through the calvarium as the deep petrosal nerve. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Preganglionic parasympathetic1
- The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons course through the skull as the nervus intermedius, the geniculate nucleus, the greater petrosal nerve, and the Vidian nerve before synapsing within the SPG. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Autonomic1
- The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Seromucous glands1
- Mucus production is provided by goblet cells and submucosal and seromucous glands. (medscape.com)
Pterygopalatine ganglion2
- The others are the otic ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and ciliary ganglion). (wikipedia.org)
- The SPG, also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion or Meckel ganglion, is an extracranial parasympathetic ganglion that lies in an inverted pyramidal space called the pterygopalatine fossa. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Submaxillary ganglion1
- Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion. (wikidoc.org)
Lacrimal1
- 4 The pathway begins with stimulation of the SSN from afferent trigeminal nerves, which in turn causes parasympathetic activation of meningeal vessels, nasopharyngeal mucosa, and lacrimal glands. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Mandibular1
- The ganglion 'hangs' by two nerve filaments from the lower border of the lingual nerve (itself a branch of the mandibular nerve, CN V3). (wikipedia.org)
Salivary gland tumors4
- In children and adolescents, salivary gland tumors make up 0.5% of all malignancies. (medscape.com)
- Almost half of all submandibular gland neoplasms and most sublingual and minor salivary gland tumors are malignant. (medscape.com)
- Successful diagnosis and treatment of patients with salivary gland tumors require a thorough understanding of tumor etiology, biologic behavior of each tumor type, and salivary gland anatomy. (medscape.com)
- An estimated 700 deaths (0.4 per 100,000 for males and 0.2 per 100,000 for females) related to salivary gland tumors occur annually. (medscape.com)
Innervate1
- The ENS provides motor excitatory neurons, innervate muscle layers, secretory glands, and the lymphatic vascular system. (encyclopedia.pub)
Submandibular glands2
- The major salivary glands consist of the following 3 pairs of glands: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. (medscape.com)
- Among salivary gland neoplasms, 80% arise in the parotid glands, 10-15% arise in the submandibular glands, and the remainder arise in the sublingual and minor salivary glands. (medscape.com)
Posterior2
- It is situated above the deep portion of the submandibular gland, on the hyoglossus muscle, near the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- 1 Lying immediately posterior to the middle nasal turbinate, the SPG is the only ganglion that can be accessed externally via the nasal mucosa. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Neurons3
- The cell bodies for the general somatic afferent (GSA) (sensory) neurons are located in the trigeminal ganglion within the trigeminal canal. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- Somatic afferent neurons are unipolar neurons that enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root & their cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- Cortical and basal ganglia neurons maintain the highest level of control. (encyclopedia.pub)
Sensory1
- Head and neck sensory nerves course through the SPG and coalesce to form its pterygopalatine branches that, along with the maxillary nerve, terminate at the trigeminal ganglion. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Secretory1
- Medical management is directed towards correcting oral motor dysfunction and decreasing the secretory volume of salivary glands. (medscape.com)
Nervus intermedius1
- The geniculate ganglion, nervus intermedius, and greater petrosal nerve are visible by the fifth week. (medscape.com)
Pharynx1
- Frequently, extensions are found from the deep surface of the gland toward the pharynx or the medial pterygoid muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Pons1
- The parasympathetic pathway originates in the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) of the pons. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Mylohyoid1
- Submandibular fossa: for submandibular gland, below mylohyoid line 6. (slideshare.net)
Nerves1
- Three surgical approaches by an otologist can help to decrease salivary flow, including removal of the salivary glands, ligation of the salivary ducts, and sectioning of the nerves in the middle ear, which are responsible for salivary production. (medscape.com)
Nerve4
- The parotid and its surrounds in a schematic horizontal section-the facial nerve is the most superficial of the structures traversing the gland. (rxdentistry.net)
- As the gland enlarges it overlaps these nerve trunks, the superficial and deep parts fuse and the nerve comes to lie buried within the gland. (rxdentistry.net)
- The deep petrosal nerve combines with the parasympathetic greater petrosal nerve immediately before the foramen lacerum to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian nerve. (ochsnerjournal.org)
- These nerve plexuses are organized into two layers of neuronal ganglia and enteroglial cells that are interconnected: The myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus) and the submucosa plexus (Meissner plexus). (encyclopedia.pub)
Synapse1
- These do not synapse in this ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Head and neck3
- It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. (wikipedia.org)
- Although researchers have learned much from the study of this diverse group of tumors over the years, the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain complex and challenging problems for the head and neck surgeon. (medscape.com)
- Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. (medscape.com)
Visceral1
- Proceeding in an ascending pathway, the second control step occurs in the prevertebral ganglia, which mediates visceral reflex responses [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Etiology2
- The etiology of salivary gland neoplasms is not fully understood. (medscape.com)
- Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. (medscape.com)
Arise1
- Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant histologic subtypes as seen in the image below. (medscape.com)
Tract2
- [ 6 ] The minor salivary glands comprise 600-1000 small glands distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract. (medscape.com)
- The third hierarchical level is located in the spinal tract between T5 and L2, for the SS, and S2 and S4/S5 for the parasympathetic system, through the tractus solitaires nucleus in the brain stem and the dorsal motor nucleus of VN, whose effect is dominant in the upper gastrointestinal tract, mediated by cholinergic inputs [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Mesenchyme1
- The endoderm of the lung-bud develops into the epithelium and glands of the future lungs, whereas the splanchnic mesenchyme forms the connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle cells. (abdominalkey.com)
Extends1
- The gland frequently extends beyond the limits of the parotid space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
100,0002
- [ 1 ] The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is approximately 5.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States, with malignant neoplasms accounting for 0.9 cases per 100,000. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is approximately 1.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. (medscape.com)
Duct1
- This isolated segment of gland (accessory parotid) has a duct that empties into the main duct. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Structures1
- Neurovascular structures pass through the parenchyma of the gland and can conveniently be described in layers or planes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Largest1
- It is the largest and most complex part of the peripheral nervous system, being organized into distinct neuron networks within the gut wall, where individual small ganglia are interconnected by dense fiber bundles. (encyclopedia.pub)
Found1
- A study from the Netherlands, by Valstar et al, found an overall 20-year recurrence rate for salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas of 6.7%, with the first recurrence arising at a median of 7 years. (medscape.com)
Greater1
- Salivary gland neoplasms occurred with slightly greater frequency in girls (57.4% of patients) than in boys. (medscape.com)
Small1
- The submandibular ganglion is small and fusiform in shape. (wikipedia.org)
Deep2
- The deep surface of the gland is wedged into this parotid space and presents anteromedial and posteromedial surfaces. (basicmedicalkey.com)
- The gland is encased by a split in the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia. (basicmedicalkey.com)
System1
- Functional aspects of this system, such as peristaltic movements, substance transport, and local blood flow, are regulated by an intrinsic network of neuronal ganglia known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). (encyclopedia.pub)
Lower1
- Those located in the minor salivary glands had a lower recurrence risk than did pleomorphic adenomas in the parotid glands. (medscape.com)
Portion1
- The extension of glandular tissue may be separate from the main portion of the gland. (basicmedicalkey.com)