• 1,2,3] They originate in amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system and in adrenal or extra-adrenal neurogenic sites. (medscape.com)
  • Amine storage and function in peptide hormone-producing cells. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Trk-like (A-B-C) proteins which are secreted by the cells making up the sub-population of the endocrine cells carry out the neurotrophin synthesis, amine and/or peptide storage as well as the regulation of the blood circulation of the gastrointestinal tract. (fusabil.org)
  • VIP resembles secretin, which stimulates the secretion of alkaline pancreatic juices. (medscape.com)
  • Secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid 26 . (fusabil.org)
  • In the stomach, VIP inhibits histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, the sudden increase in gastric acid secretion following a meal can causes a physiological phenomenon called the alkaline tide , which is due to the production and export of bicarbonate from parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Antimuscarinic drugs such as pirenzepine or H 2 antihistamines can reduce acid secretion. (wikidoc.org)
  • The production of somatostatin by the pancreatic islets, which regulates insulin and glucagon production in neighboring islet cells, is an example of paracrine regulation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Parietal cells produce gastric acid ( hydrochloric acid ) in response to histamine (via H 2 receptors ), acetylcholine (M 3 receptors) and gastrin (CCK2 receptors). (wikidoc.org)
  • Pancreatic non-beta-cell hyperplasia is rare but has been reported in children. (medscape.com)
  • In vertebrates, CCK-8 plays in important role in the control of gut motility, stimulation of pancreatic secretion and inhibition of gastric emptying 21 , 22 . (fusabil.org)
  • In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
  • pancreatic cells to glucose remains debated. (justia.com)
  • insulin-secreting cells, the basolateral membrane of intestinal and kidney absorptive cells, in hepatocytes and in a subset of neurons (21,31,44). (justia.com)
  • A fragment of the murine GLUT2 promoter has been cloned and shown to be glucose-responsive when transfected into differentiated insulin-producing cells or into hepatocytes (35,36,52). (justia.com)
  • Adenohypophysis Neurons of Hypothalamus Chief Cells of Parathyroid Adrenal Medullary Cells Glomus cells in Carotid Body Melanocytes of Skin Cells of Pineal Gland Renin producing cells in the kidney Apudoma Enteroendocrine cell Neuroendocrine cell List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Boyd, C. A. R. (March 2001). (wikipedia.org)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • VIP is a potent stimulator of gut cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, which leads to massive secretion of water and electrolytes (mainly potassium). (medscape.com)
  • This increases intracellular cyclic AMP , which leads to activation of protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H + /K + ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane . (wikidoc.org)
  • The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. (handwiki.org)
  • Feyrter ( 2 ) considered the clear cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be peripheral endocrine or paracrine cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Gastrointestinal endocrine cells are distributed in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and they synthesize various kinds of gastrointestinal hormones. (fusabil.org)
  • The existence of endocrine cells has been immunohistochemically demonstrated in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa of different fish species 8 - 18 . (fusabil.org)
  • Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions, via the H + /K + ATPase . (wikidoc.org)
  • This causes resorption of K + ions and secretion of H + ions. (wikidoc.org)
  • [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. (handwiki.org)
  • Unlike the other epithelial cell types, Paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it. (handwiki.org)
  • Neurotensin regulates several biological processes, such as intestinal motility, secretion, vascular smooth muscle activity, and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, but recent evidence indicates that in neurotensin there is also a potent neuroimmunomodulator 24 . (fusabil.org)
  • C. Wegner, G. Teuchert-Noodt, and R.R. Dawirs, "Demonstration of dopamine immunoreactivity in open and closed type endocrine cells of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) stomach", LIFE SCIENCES , vol. 59, 1996, pp. 1407-1413. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells ) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. (wikidoc.org)
  • APUD cells (DNES cells) constitute a group of apparently unrelated endocrine cells, which were named by the scientist A.G.E. Pearse, who developed the APUD concept in the 1960s based on calcitonin-secreting parafollicular C cells of dog thyroid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium , in which Paneth cells play a critical role. (handwiki.org)
  • Upon stimulation, adenylate cyclase is activated within the parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (centralx.com)
  • The DNS consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs ( Table 11.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In the GI tract, VIP is responsible for relaxation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle and secretion of water and electrolytes. (medscape.com)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • These cells share the common function of secreting a low molecular weight polypeptide hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocrine function of bombesin regulates the secretion of gastric acid and its motility. (fusabil.org)
  • The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid. (wikidoc.org)
  • [11] Surprisingly, murine Paneth cells do not express mRNA transcripts for TLR4 . (handwiki.org)
  • cell lines, these transcripts are translated into immunodetectable cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. (justia.com)
  • Dopamine and the regulation of cell proliferation in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) pyloric mucosa. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium , alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Calcitonin is produced by C cells and does not appear to have physiological intervention. (teknon.es)
  • When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens , Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins and lysozyme ) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. (handwiki.org)
  • [4] This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, [4] although their function is not entirely known. (handwiki.org)
  • On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
  • [7] Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide , lipoteichoic acid , muramyl dipeptide and lipid A . [9] They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load. (handwiki.org)
  • The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase (H + /K + ATPase) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H + against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1. (wikidoc.org)
  • They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm . (handwiki.org)
  • Neural crest cells are precursors of APUDoma and neurogenic cells. (medscape.com)
  • 8] Approximately 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • These cells share the ability to produce many biologically active amines, peptides, and other substances. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • [10] For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9 . (handwiki.org)
  • The bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - ) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl - ) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the blood. (wikidoc.org)
  • Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. (handwiki.org)
  • En ellos hay pliegues de variada longitud, grosor y número que comprometen la mucosa y submucosa, con glándulas de secreción mucosa y serosa a excepción de la vagina. (bvsalud.org)
  • Absence of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in some catecholamine-containing sympathetic ganglion cells of the dog: evidence for dopaminergic autonomic neurones. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the innate immune system. (handwiki.org)
  • In contrast, the lamina propria is composed of immune cells such as dendric cells, T cells, and macrophages. (handwiki.org)
  • The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are alpha-defensins, which are known as cryptdins in mice. (handwiki.org)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. (handwiki.org)
  • Internalizing these PAMPs and activating TLR9 leads to degranulation and release of antimicrobial peptides and other secretions. (handwiki.org)
  • [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. (handwiki.org)
  • Due to the higher concentration of negatively charged phospholipids in bacterial than vertebrate cell membranes , defensins preferentially bind to and disrupt bacterial cells, sparing the cells they are functioning to protect. (handwiki.org)