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Thyroid GlandThyroid NeoplasmsImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulin GThyroid HormonesThyroid DiseasesImmunoglobulin MImmunoglobulin AThyroid NoduleImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsImmunoglobulins, IntravenousGenes, ImmunoglobulinImmunoglobulin Light ChainsThyroid Function TestsReceptors, Thyroid HormoneImmunoglobulin kappa-ChainsThyrotropinImmunoglobulin EImmunoglobulin A, SecretoryTriiodothyronineImmunoglobulin Variable RegionThyroxineImmunoglobulin mu-ChainsHypothyroidismImmunoglobulin IsotypesImmunoglobulin lambda-ChainsThyroglobulinImmunoglobulin DThyroidectomyCarcinoma, PapillaryAdenocarcinoma, FollicularB-LymphocytesIodide PeroxidaseImmunoglobulin Fc FragmentsImmunoglobulin Constant RegionsThyroid Hormone Receptors betaHyperthyroidismMolecular Sequence DataImmunoglobulin Class SwitchingGoiterImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsImmunoglobulin gamma-ChainsImmunoglobulin J-ChainsIodineThyroiditis, AutoimmuneGraves DiseaseImmunoglobulin FragmentsImmunoglobulin AllotypesEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayReceptors, Polymeric ImmunoglobulinIodine RadioisotopesBase SequenceIntestinal SecretionsAntibodies, BacterialCell LineImmunoglobulin Joining RegionBodily SecretionsThyroid Hormone Receptors alphaCells, CulturedRNA, MessengerSecretory RateAntibody SpecificityAutoantibodiesReceptors, Antigen, B-CellBacterial Secretion SystemsAmino Acid SequenceMyeloma ProteinsReceptors, ThyrotropinGoiter, NodularPlasmacytomaCarcinoma, Papillary, FollicularAntithyroid AgentsCarcinoma, MedullaryGenes, Immunoglobulin Heavy ChainSomatic Hypermutation, ImmunoglobulinImmunoglobulins, Thyroid-StimulatingTime FactorsAntibodies, MonoclonalThyroiditisThyroid CrisisInsulinAntibodies, Anti-IdiotypicMice, Inbred BALB CImmunoglobulin Switch RegionImmunoglobulin delta-ChainsIodidesImmunoglobulin alpha-Chainsgamma-GlobulinsImmunoglobulin IdiotypesAntibodies, ViralMutationSecretory ComponentAntibody FormationFluorescent Antibody TechniqueRadioimmunoassayPropylthiouracilRabbitsCarcinomaBacterial ProteinsThyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome
GlandAntibodyHormonesHyperthyroidismAutoantibodiesGravesHypothyroidismThyroxineHormone receptorTriiodothyronineIodineUptakeFollicle-stimulaThyrotropin receptorPathophysiologyInflammatoryReceptors on the thyroidAntigensAutoimmunityAntigenProteinTRAbThyroiditisGlandsProteinsFibroblastsLymphocytic infiltrationExcessive release of thyroidInsulinOphthalmopathyAutonomousDiseasesSerum thyroidElevationEnlargesTissueClinicalOrbital
Gland30
Antibody6
  • The disorder results from an antibody, called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), that has a similar effect to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). (wikipedia.org)
  • In this disease, the antibody and cell-mediated thyroid antigen-specific immune responses are well defined. (medscape.com)
  • Antithyroid antibody studies are used to evaluate for autoimmune thyroid problems. (medscape.com)
  • In Graves' disease an overactive immune system raises an antibody called Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI), which is also known as the TSH receptor antibody. (essay-samples.com)
  • Graves' disease most frequently brings on hyperthyroidism, yet another autoimmune disease characterized by an antibody, known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, TSI. (healthybones.in)
  • Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
Hormones19
Hyperthyroidism2
  • GD is the most common form of hyperthyroidism ( 1 ) and up to 40% [CI 0.32 - 0.48] of GD patients have clinically apparent abnormalities of orbit soft tissue, known as Graves' orbitopathy (GO) or thyroid eye disease (TED) ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Hypothyroidism leads to a decrease in hormone secretion, whereas Hyperthyroidism leads to an increase in hormone production. (indiraivf.com)
Autoantibodies6
  • 6] Moreover, strong associations of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and major histocompatibility complex class II variants with persistently thyroid stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies (TRAb)-positive Graves disease were found. (medscape.com)
  • unlike most autoantibodies, which are inhibitory, this autoantibody is stimulatory, thus causing continuous synthesis and secretion of excess T4 and T3. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
  • Thyroid autoantibodies are frequently detected in healthy individuals, particularly in women. (labpedia.net)
  • Autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase are found in high titers. (labpedia.net)
  • Other autoantibodies are against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. (labpedia.net)
Graves19
  • Graves' disease (German: Morbus Basedow), also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further signs that may be seen on physical examination are most commonly a diffusely enlarged (usually symmetric), nontender thyroid, lid lag, excessive lacrimation due to Graves' ophthalmopathy, arrhythmias of the heart, such as sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and premature ventricular contractions, and hypertension. (wikipedia.org)
  • Graves disease , along with Hashimoto thyroiditis , is classified as an autoimmune thyroid disorder . (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Moreover, advances in cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 antibodies) have led to immune-related adverse effects, including problems affecting the thyroid glands (ie, thyroiditis [typically with a transient hyperthyroid phase followed by a permanent hypothyroid phase] and Graves disease). (medscape.com)
  • In Graves disease, B and T lymphocyte-mediated autoimmunity are known to be directed at 4 well-known thyroid antigens: thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, sodium-iodide symporter and the thyrotropin receptor. (medscape.com)
  • The genetic predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity may interact with environmental factors or events to precipitate the onset of Graves disease. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmune thyroid disease, including Hashimoto disease and Graves disease, is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration. (medscape.com)
  • The pathogenesis of infiltrative ophthalmopathy (responsible for the exophthalmos in Graves disease) is poorly understood but may result from immunoglobulins directed to the TSH receptors in the orbital fibroblasts and fat that result in release of proinflammatory cytokines, inflammation, and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The common physical features of Graves' disease include exophthalmos or bulging of the eyeballs and goiter (a swelling in the neck due to enlarged thyroid). (essay-samples.com)
  • The combination of absent thyroid peroxidase antibodies and high thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels in Graves disease identifies a group at markedly increased risk of ophthalmopathy. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Graves disease mechanisms: the role of stimulating, blocking, and cleavage region TSH receptor antibodies. (thieme-connect.de)
  • A novel thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin bioassay is a functional indicator of activity and severity of Graves orbitopathy. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Autologous T-lymphocytes stimulate proliferation of orbital fibroblasts derived from patients with Graves ophthalmopathy. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Evidence for an association between thyroid-stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors: a tale of two antigens implicated in Graves disease. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Bidirectional TSH and IGF-1 receptor cross talk mediates stimulation of hyaluronan secretion by Graves disease immunoglobins. (thieme-connect.de)
  • acid secretion by fibroblasts through IGF-1 inhibition.3 These therapies have been shown to at least partially alleviate Graves' ophthalmopathy and/or PTM. (unscburma.org)
  • Graves' disease (GD), characterized by TSH-receptor stimulating antibodies and increased thyroid hormone serum levels, is an autoimmune disease affecting roughly 3% of the general population ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) known as anti-microsomal antibodies have been detected in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • analyses, as well as others (8-11), support the hypothesis that adipose tissue-secreted factors may indeed be potent modulators of inflammation-related disorders such as obe- sity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid-associated (Graves') ophthalmopathy, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (123dok.org)
Hypothyroidism5
Thyroxine4
  • thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) from the thyroid, caused by thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) or by autonomous thyroid hyperfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Laboratory findings at that time were significant?for an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 23 mm/hr, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.27 mIU/ml, free thyroxine of 1 1.38 ug/dL, and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin of 3.9 IU/ml. (unscburma.org)
  • The thyroid produces thyroxine, and it is needed for body growth and metabolism. (labpedia.net)
  • Renal cortical perfusion is independently associated with free thyroxine, which can contribute to renal function abnormalities in the condition of impaired thyroid function. (medscimonit.com)
Hormone receptor1
  • The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor: impact of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies on multimerization, cleavage, and signaling. (thieme-connect.de)
Triiodothyronine1
Iodine2
  • Radioiodine therapy involves taking iodine-131 by mouth, which is then concentrated in the thyroid and destroys it over weeks to months. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment approaches include antithyroid drugs (ATDs), which are commonly used as the first-line treatment, or thyroid ablation with either radioactive iodine therapy or thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
Uptake1
  • Typically, blood tests show a raised T3 and T4, low TSH, increased radioiodine uptake in all areas of the thyroid, and TSI antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
Follicle-stimula2
  • Increased estrogen, by positive feedback, stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (proprofs.com)
  • Occult primary ovarian insufficiency presents as unexplained infertility in a patient with a normal basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level. (medscape.com)
Thyrotropin receptor3
  • The bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica bears structural similarity with the human thyrotropin receptor and was hypothesized to contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity arising for other reasons in genetically susceptible individuals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The stimulating activity of thyrotropin receptor antibodies is found mostly in the immunoglobulin G1 subclass. (medscape.com)
  • Adler GM - "The effect of sialic acid on adenylate cyclase activity and thyrotropin-receptor binding in human thyroid membranes" Acta Biochim Pol. (poisonfluoride.com)
Pathophysiology2
Inflammatory1
  • Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with fibrosis and abundant tissue lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations. (hindawi.com)
Receptors on the thyroid1
  • The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are a result of antibodies binding to receptors on the thyroid causing over-expression of thyroid hormone. (wikipedia.org)
Antigens1
Autoimmunity4
  • Thyroid autoimmunity is considered as the most prevalent autoimmune condition in women in fertility age. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are different clinical evidences indicating the association between thyroid autoimmunity and increased risk of RPL. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thyroid autoimmunity should intensely be controlled specially in patients with RPL history. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A group of studies have also indicated a correlation between thyroid autoimmunity and increased Th17 and decreased Tregs cells frequency [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen1
  • There is evidence of T-lymphocytic mediated cytotoxic reaction involving thyroid antigen. (labpedia.net)
Protein3
  • It contains an extracellular domain (that binds) TSH and an intracellular domain that acts via a G-protein second messenger system to activate thyroid adenyl cyclase, yielding cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (medscape.com)
  • In vitro , it stimulates the synthesis of specific milk protein mRNA by binding to membrane receptors. (e-cep.org)
  • Silencing of adipsin suppressed IGF-1-induced IL-6, IL-8, COX2, ICAM-1, CCL2 gene expression, and IL-6 protein secretion. (bvsalud.org)
TRAb1
  • TRAb are classified as stimulating, blocking, and neutral antibodies in relation to thyroid function and can be measured with 2 techniques. (medscape.com)
Thyroiditis1
Glands4
  • However, hyperactivity of the thyroid glands leads to increased serum levels of T3 and T4, beyond physiological concentrations. (essay-samples.com)
  • The thyroid, like other endocrine glands, is controlled by a complex feedback mechanism (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid hormone secretion is under the management of thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH, in the adrenal glands. (healthybones.in)
  • If levels rise too much, the glands decrease the secretion of the parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) and calcium levels return to normal again. (findmeacure.com)
Proteins1
  • During this stage, levels of lactose, total proteins, and immunoglobulin significantly increase, levels of sodium and chloride decrease, and substrate for milk production gathers [ 2 ]. (e-cep.org)
Fibroblasts1
  • Orbital fibroblasts from thyroid eye disease patients differ in proliferative and adipogenic responses depending on disease subtype. (thieme-connect.de)
Lymphocytic infiltration1
  • Intrathyroidal lymphocytic infiltration is the initial histologic abnormality in persons with autoimmune thyroid disease and can be correlated with the titer of thyroid antibodies. (medscape.com)
Excessive release of thyroid1
  • It can also result from excessive release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid without increased synthesis. (msdmanuals.com)
Insulin3
  • The earliest abnormality being an insulin resistance which initially compensated with an increase in insulin secretion. (wikidoc.org)
  • Thereafter, T2DM develops due to a defect in insulin secretion that prevents such secretion from matching the increased requirements imposed by an initial insulin-resistant state. (wikidoc.org)
  • Early-onset diabetes caused by an insulin secretion defect. (jci.org)
Ophthalmopathy1
  • This chapter provides a state-of-the-science review of adipokine-mediated paracrine signaling that may be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, and breast cancer. (123dok.org)
Autonomous1
  • Cell destruction of autonomous secretion is diagnosed by a lymphocytosis on review of this cardiac hypertrophy. (eostone.com)
Diseases2
Serum thyroid1
  • The presence of serum thyroid antibodies usually indicates an autoimmune thyroid disorder, but elevated levels may also be detected in other conditions. (medscape.com)
Elevation2
  • Methimazole was continued despite the patient's euthyroid state due to her persistent elevation in thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin. (unscburma.org)
  • This ultimately led to the establishment of new clinical entities called IgG4-related thyroid disease and thyroid disease with an elevation of IgG4. (hindawi.com)
Enlarges1
  • During pregnancy, the thyroid enlarges slightly, but not enough to be detected by a physical exam. (indiraivf.com)
Tissue2
Clinical1
Orbital1
  • PURPOSE: To explore if orbital fat-to-muscle ratio (FMR) is predictive of whether surgical decompression or teprotumumab leads to greater proptosis reduction in thyroid eye disease (TED). (bvsalud.org)