• The term "sex" has multiple meanings: It can allude to the act of reproduction itself, but in the context of sexual determination and sexual differentiation, it can refer to the biologic and structural composition of a developing human. (mdedge.com)
  • Secondary sex determination, or sexual differentiation , is the development of external genitalia and internal genital tracts because of the hormones produced from the gonads. (mdedge.com)
  • Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. (mdpi.com)
  • SOX9 has a role in sex determination and differentiation of Sertoli cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regulatory mechanisms that govern sex differentiation in sturgeon are still poorly understood. (researchsquare.com)
  • The doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor (Dmrt) gene family is known for its extensive roles in sex determination and differentiation across vertebrates. (researchsquare.com)
  • This study provides a genetic resource of full-length Dmrt family genes and increases the understanding of Dmrt functions in sex differentiation in sturgeon. (researchsquare.com)
  • The aquaculture water temperature does not affect the sex ratio (i.e., the sex differentiation of sturgeon shows no relationship with the breeding environment). (researchsquare.com)
  • 2021 ) while the Sterlet ( Acipenser ruthenus ) genome has provided insight into the mechanisms of segmental redipoidization (Du and Stöck, 2020 ), the regulatory mechanisms of sex differentiation in sturgeon are still poorly understood (Wei Wang et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)
  • An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
  • The type of gonad present determines the differentiation/regression of the internal ducts (ie, müllerian and wolffian ducts) and ultimately determines the phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Differentiation of the primitive gonad into testis is controlled by a multitude of genes, beginning with the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY), which is believed to represent the testis-determining factor. (medscape.com)
  • Gonads are the principal reproductive organs that are involved in sexual differentiation wherein they are involved in the production of sex hormones and gametes. (peerj.com)
  • Gonadal sex is the presence of either testes or ovaries. (mdedge.com)
  • At birth, obstetrician/gynecologists most often look at the phenotypic sex and make assumptions about the genetic and gonadal sex based on the secondary sexual characteristics. (mdedge.com)
  • Its action overlaps that of SOX9, though they are antagonistic in female vs male gonadal sex determination but conjoint in cartilage and skeletal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phenotypic sex determination begins with genetic sex and follows a logical cascade: chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, which determines phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • Chromosomal sex refers to the genetic makeup of a human, typically XX or XY chromosomes. (mdedge.com)
  • These variations can impact fertility and expression of secondary sexual characteristics as the type of sex chromosomes present results in primary sex determination , or the development of gonads. (mdedge.com)
  • Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)
  • As a result, important data about its genome organization and evolution were obtained, such as the lesser gene density of the large metacentric pair compared with the other metacentric chromosomes, which supports the theory of a sex proto-chromosome pair. (metasystems-international.com)
  • Of these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomes, and one is a sex chromosome. (en-academic.com)
  • There are two kinds of sex chromosomes- "X" and "Y" . In humans and in almost all other mammals, females carry two X chromosomes, designated XX, and males carry one X and one Y, designated XY. (en-academic.com)
  • The sex chromosome in a human egg is always an X chromosome, since a female only has X sex chromosomes. (en-academic.com)
  • Sex is determined at the moment of conception by sex chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
  • If sex chromosomes are involved, there is a change in the development of sexual characteristics. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Similarly, ovaries produce oocytes and secrete estrogen as the primary female sex hormone. (mdedge.com)
  • Gonads can be surgically removed either via orchiectomy (the removal of testes), or oophorectomy (the removal of ovaries) for a variety of reasons. (mdedge.com)
  • The determination of testosterone in women is helpful in the diagnosis of androgenic syndrome (AGS), polycystic ovaries (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) and when an ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, adrenal hyperplasia or ovarian insufficiency is suspected. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, the reproductive hormones testosterone and the estrogens-which are produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries)-are steroid hormones" (Molnar and Gair). (myessaywriter.net)
  • Remarkably, according to a spatiotemporal expression pattern analysis, DmrtA1 and DmrtA2 were predominantly distributed in undifferentiated gonads (UGs) and developing ovaries, whereas DmrtB1b showed the lowest expression in UGs. (researchsquare.com)
  • 22(3): 358-366 hormonal sex is determined through the gonads, imposes on families of intersex children a legal testicles in men, and ovaries in women, as well as determination of remote compliance within two by other glands (pituitary and thyroid) responsible weeks. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, it remains unclear whether in the US population circulating concentrations of sex steroid hormones vary by race/ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Steroid hormones, specifically testosterone and estrogen, "determine secondary sexual characteristics during development and sexual maturation" (Steimer). (myessaywriter.net)
  • In summary, "various biosynthetic pathways occurring in endocrine glands such as the gonads, the adrenals and the fetoplacental unit are required to produce and secrete circulating hormones" (Steimer). (myessaywriter.net)
  • N. von Engelhardt, C. Dijkstra, and S. Daan, "Effects of 17-beta-estradiol treatment of female zebra finches on offspring sex ratio and survival", HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR , vol. 45, 2004, pp. 306-313. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The role of steroid hormones in the adjustment of primary sex ratio in birds: compiling the pieces of the puzzle. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. (alchetron.com)
  • Along with producing eggs and sperm, they produce sex hormones that generate all the differences between men and women. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The organs affected principally by sex hormones are the male and female genitals, both internal and external, and the female breasts. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The primary function of testes is to produce sperm for reproduction and to secrete testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. (mdedge.com)
  • SOX9 is involved in the formation of testes from the indifferent fetal gonads. (thermofisher.com)
  • The demonstration by researchers that castrated rabbit embryos of both sexes developed as females proved that testes are required for development of the male phenotype in mammals. (medscape.com)
  • The gonads present may be bilateral ovotestes, or they may be a combination of a unilateral ovary or testis with an ovotestis on the contralateral side. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, in agreement with the high expression of these genes in the testis and ovary, we found significant impairment of the reproductive process and pathological alterations, including tumors, mainly limited to the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The term primary sexual characteristics denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: the ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. (alchetron.com)
  • Interestingly, in the gonad, it is also the only gene that has been found expressed uniquely in the ovary compared to the testis, and likely functions as an antagonist of the testis-determining SOX9 in gonadal development [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we highlighted some of the main gene networks and regulatory mechanisms involved in the plasticity of sex-determining pathways that help to establish a functional ovary that can nurture the follicles to generate a good ovarian reserve, both in quantity and quality. (lidsen.com)
  • When this region is absent or altered, the indifferent gonad develops into an ovary. (medscape.com)
  • The gonads may be ovotestis, or they may be a combination of an ovary on one side and a testis or ovotestis on the other. (medscape.com)
  • This process determines phenotypic sex - the visible distinction between male and female. (mdedge.com)
  • However, we can remove gonadal structures and alter phenotypic sex. (mdedge.com)
  • The goal of gender affirming hormone therapy and surgery isn't to change chromosomal sex, but to alter one's phenotypic sex so the physical body a patient sees, and others see, is reflective of how the patient feels. (mdedge.com)
  • In fact, many cisgender individuals also revise their phenotypic sex when they undergo augmentation mammaplasty, penile enlargement, or vulvoplasty procedures for the exact same reason. (mdedge.com)
  • In 2006, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) published proposed changes to the previously used nomenclature and definitions of disorders in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex is atypical. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to detecting certain genetic abnormalities, both noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can discern the chromosomal sex of a fetus prior to birth. (mdedge.com)
  • Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development, which was previously termed "intersex," describes disorders in which there is a discrepancy between a person's phenotype, genetic material, and gonads. (medscape.com)
  • In mankind, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. (alchetron.com)
  • This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic. (alchetron.com)
  • In mammals, the genotype first determines the sex in the genetic sex phase. (lidsen.com)
  • The biological elements involve genetic, team is essential for the diagnosis, treatment and hormonal and morphological sex aspects from which monitoring of these persons³. (bvsalud.org)
  • The of the diagnosis, whose repercussions transcend the genetic sex refers to the sex chromosome, where purely biomedical aspects, the presence of XX stands for female, and XY, for male. (bvsalud.org)
  • During the second month of fetal life, the indifferent gonad is guided to develop into a testis by genetic information present on the short arm of the Y chromosome. (medscape.com)
  • It is an immutable fact that humans cannot change chromosomal sex. (mdedge.com)
  • The LWPES-ESPE terminology mainly reflects the chromosomal sex or the gonadal tissue associated with the disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Testosterone promotes the development of the secondary sex characteristics in men and serves to maintain the function of the prostate and seminal vesicles. (cdc.gov)
  • Their action is crucial for the development of the brain, which presents different characteristics depending on the sex of individuals. (mdpi.com)
  • A diagnosis of OT-DSD is based solely on the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the gonad and not on the characteristics of the internal and external genitalia, even if ambiguous. (medscape.com)
  • The increase in testosterone for adolescent males leads to the "development and maturation of male secondary sexual characteristics" (Hoffman and Ratamess). (myessaywriter.net)
  • The term manhood is used to describe the period in a human male's life after he has transitioned from boyhood, having passed through puberty, usually having attained male secondary sexual characteristics, and symbolises a male's coming of age. (alchetron.com)
  • The term secondary sexual characteristics denotes all other sexual distinctions that play indirect roles in uniting sperm and eggs. (alchetron.com)
  • Secondary sexual characteristics include everything from the specialized male and female features of the genital tract, to the brilliant plumage of male birds or facial hair of humans, to behavioral features such as courtship. (alchetron.com)
  • Gender is a set of biopsychological his or her sexual identity, i.e., in his or her sex characteristics that distinguish male from female. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sometimes the term Variations in Sex Characteristics (VSC) is used, as is Disorders of Sex Development or Diverse Sex Development (DSD). (clinicalposters.com)
  • A sex difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics associated with either males or females of a species. (en-academic.com)
  • Ovotestis refers to the histology of a gonad that contains both ovarian follicles and testicular tubular elements. (medscape.com)
  • Our findings reveal that silk sericin can reduce the stress caused by photoperiod disorders regarding testicular function, sex hormone levels, and sperm quantity and quality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Müllerian duct structures typically develop on the gonad side(s) not containing testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Wolffian duct structures tend to be observed on the gonad side(s) containing functioning testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • von Engelhardt N, Dijkstra C, Daan S. Effects of 17-beta-estradiol treatment of female zebra finches on offspring sex ratio and survival. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Male-specific mortality biases secondary sex ratio in Eurasian tree sparrows Passer montanus. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Hormone-mediated adjustment of sex ratio in vertebrates. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • High fat diet prevents over-crowding induced decrease of sex ratio in mice. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Despite the lack of morphological differences between ambra1a −/− and ambra1b −/− fish lines, ambra1b homozygous mutants develop exclusively as males following the achievement of sexual maturity, whereas heterozygous adult ambra1b +/− and ambra1a mutants do not display sex ratio alterations [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although this level of plasticity is still found in the fully differentiated gonads, errors like mutations or epigenetic modifications impact ovarian development and, later, folliculogenesis, resulting in infertility. (lidsen.com)
  • In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian sex determination and on understanding mutual cross-talks between central molecules in sex development which might impact fertility later in adult life. (lidsen.com)
  • The zebrafish genome contains two ambra1 paralogous genes ( a and b ), both involved in development and expressed at high levels in the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it involves complex molecular processes with many genes and networks acting synergistically or antagonistically. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maternal effects mediated by egg quality in the Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis in relation to laying order and embryo sex. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Female is the default sex of the embryo, so most of the sex organ deficits at birth occur in boys. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Testis-determining factor (TDF) is a 35-kilobase pair (kbp) sequence on the 11.3 subband of the Y chromosome, an area termed the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY). (medscape.com)
  • Nevertheless, it negatively affects the ontogenesis of male gonads and brain areas homologous to the mammalian hippocampus, as well as body size and fitness. (frontiersin.org)
  • Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), as the pathological process of the invasion of abnormal blood vessels into the subretinal space of the mammalian eye, is known as a feature of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
  • Both males and females experience heightened estrogen and testosterone , but the reaction is not the same between both sexes. (myessaywriter.net)
  • A common feature shared by all juvenile vertebrates is the quiescent state of activity of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis that characterizes the post-embryonic developmental period until the onset of puberty. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disorders of sex development (DSDs), formerly termed intersex conditions, are among the most fascinating conditions encountered by the clinician. (medscape.com)
  • We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
  • SOX9 belongs to the SOX gene family expressed in several organisms and involved in numerous physiological processes such as sex determination and development gonad [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, photoperiodism is a firmly established mechanism evolved to optimize species' physiological processes and regulate diurnal/seasonal activity for success [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An egg's sex chromosome is always an X, so it is the sperm's sex chromosome that determines an individual's sex. (en-academic.com)
  • Because of the high risk of cancer developing in non-functional streak gonads, surgical removal of male organs is commonly recommended. (clinicalposters.com)
  • What are all organisms called which bear both the sex organs in the same individual. (assignmentsbag.com)
  • Organisms which bear both male and female sex organs in the same individual are called bisexual. (assignmentsbag.com)
  • If they produce too little sex hormone, then either the growth of the sexual organs or their function is impaired. (encyclopedia.com)
  • They also direct the adolescent maturation of sex organs into their adult form. (encyclopedia.com)
  • However, they all have low sensitivity and are relatively cumbersome processes that are particularly susceptible to interference from urine, semen, blood, etc., and fetal membrane rupture will inevitably cause significant amniotic fluid leakage, resulting in low accuracy and sensitivity. (cusagivd.com)
  • The larva undergoes transformation into the adult by the process of metamorphosis. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • The significant presence of degenerative and apoptotic processes could be related to the occurrence of a sort of metamorphosis when an adult medusa transforms itself into a polyp. (researchgate.net)
  • In the current study, we sequenced two small non-coding RNA libraries made from the gonads of adult male and female budgerigars using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. (peerj.com)
  • In this review, we explore the role of biological sex in the development of the brain and analyze its impact on the predisposition toward and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Such gonads are found exclusively in people with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD), formerly known as true hermaphroditism. (medscape.com)
  • Courtesy of Cureus [De Jesus Escano MR, Mejia Sang ME, Reyes-Mugica M, Colaco M, Fox J. Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development: Approach and Management of an Index Case in the Dominican Republic. (medscape.com)
  • Online at https://www.cureus.com/articles/70052-ovotesticular-disorder-of-sex-development-approach-and-management-of-an-index-case-in-the-dominican-republic]. (medscape.com)
  • Internal duct development usually corresponds to the adjacent gonad. (medscape.com)
  • The sex chromosome combination, particularly the presence of a Y chromosome, triggers a male pattern of development while its absence promotes female development. (lidsen.com)
  • Indeed, WT1 and its target steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) are present early in the AGP development process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the variety of clinical and laboratory manifestations, female endocrine infertility is always associated with a violation of the ovulation process: anovulation, luteal phase insufficiency, luteinization syndrome of a non-ovulating follicle. (clomid-info.com)
  • Because some studies have emphasized that most of these patients have a male sex identity despite reconstruction as female, male sex assignment has been recommended as a prudent decision. (medscape.com)
  • These include, most conspicuously, male (vs female) gonads. (en-academic.com)
  • In mammals, the adrenal cortex and gonads share the exact developmental origin: the adreno-gonadal primordium (AGP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, SIRT1 can regulate the acetylation of sex determining region Y- (SRY-) box 9 (SOX9) through nuclear translocation [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Indirect sex differences are general differences in class, as quantified by empirical data and statistical analysis. (en-academic.com)
  • Embryos can have an extra sex chromosome, as seen in Klinefelter syndrome, which is characterized by XXY karyotype. (mdedge.com)
  • Embryos can also be devoid of a sex chromosome, as observed in Turner's syndrome, which is characterized by an XO karyotype. (mdedge.com)
  • This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. (alchetron.com)
  • Sex is fixed, you cannot change biology. (mdedge.com)
  • Ndu, F.O. C. Ndu, Abun A. and Aina J.O. (2001) Senior Secondary School Biology: Books 1 -3 , Lagos: Longman. (skools.ng)
  • Ogunniyi M.B. Adebisi A.A. and Okojie J.A. (2000) Biology for Senior Secondary Schools: Books 1 Â- 3 , Macmillan. (skools.ng)
  • Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. (skools.ng)
  • To address this, concentrations of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol were measured in stored serum specimens from men examined in the morning sample of the first phase of NHANES III (1988-1994). (cdc.gov)
  • Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin). (cdc.gov)
  • Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the blood transport protein for testosterone and estradiol. (cdc.gov)
  • SHBG is a useful supplementary parameter in the determination of androgen where a relatively high concentration of free androgen (e.g. testosterone) is suspected. (cdc.gov)
  • It has been proposed that racial/ethnic variation in prostate cancer incidence may be, in part, due to racial/ethnic variation in sex steroid hormone levels. (cdc.gov)
  • A number of adverse events can damage the gonads and result in decreased hormone levels. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Our results support FOXL2 as a master transcription factor in a spectrum of developmental processes, including growth, cartilage and bone formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Wilms' tumor suppressor gene 1 (WT1) is the gene responsible for the developmental process of AGP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Direct sex differences follow a binary distribution . (en-academic.com)
  • The complimentary result for the X-chromosome follows, either a double or a single X. Therefore, direct sex differences are usually binary in expression (although the deviations in complex biological processes produce a menagerie of exceptions). (en-academic.com)
  • For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species. (alchetron.com)
  • When opponents of gender affirming care state that individuals cannot change sex, are they correct or false? (mdedge.com)
  • Analyses of phylogenetic relationships and selection pressure were performed, and tissue expression profiles and spatiotemporal expression patterns in gonads were then analyzed using real-time PCR. (researchsquare.com)
  • In addition, infertility is divided into primary and secondary, absolute and relative. (clomid-info.com)
  • Knowing the sex of a developing fetus is a common question many expectant parents ask at their prenatal appointments. (mdedge.com)
  • While the sex of a fetus has minimal clinical significance to obstetrician/gynecologists, technology has made ascertaining the answer to this question much more accessible. (mdedge.com)
  • It also establishes the molecular structure of TAP to facilitate mechanistic studies of the antigen presentation process. (janelia.org)
  • body weights did not exceed ± 20 % of the mean weight for each sex at onset of treatment. (europa.eu)
  • Proposed MRLs undergo a rigorous review process: Health Effects/MRL Workgroup reviews within the Division of Toxicology, expert panel peer reviews, and agencywide MRL Workgroup reviews, with participation from other federal agencies and comments from the public. (cdc.gov)
  • FSH, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone, is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, and is widely considered to function in the regulation of sex hormone synthesis in the gonads. (nature.com)