Second aged age factors. Medical search. Frequent questions

They found that while costs generally increase with age from 80 to 96, this is followed by a decline in costs up to 100 years and older. (kcl.ac.uk)
Introduction The language ability is known to decline across the life span and it has been shown that aging in healthy speakers compromises language comprehension in three main aspects: processing speed, inhibition of irrelevant information and working memory (Myerson et al. (frontiersin.org)
In the psycholinguistic literature, the decline of language ability with aging has been studied at the syntactic, phonological and semantic level. (frontiersin.org)
The findings raise the question of whether it might be possible to shield the brain from aging by eliminating or mitigating the effects of these apparently detrimental blood-borne substances, or perhaps by identifying other blood-borne substances that exert rejuvenating effects on the brain but whose levels decline with age, said associate professor of neurology and neurological sciences Tony Wyss-Coray, PhD, the study's senior author. (sciencedaily.com)
The main objective of our research is to examine the role of diet (inflammatory diet) and nutrition (protein intake) with age-related cognitive decline, and brain age using large population-based longitudinal studies. (ki.se)
We have discovered that blood contains proteins that can restore some age-related cognitive decline. (simonsfoundation.org)
Aging is an important determinant of a decline in metabolic rate, with an estimated reduction of around 150 kcal per decade of adult life. (drsharma.ca)
Factors that result in the age‐related decline in energy requirements include changes in neuroendocrine factors (e.g. sympathetic activity, thyroid function, etc.) as well as a reduction in skeletal muscle quantity and quality (resulting from reduced physical activity, reduced protein intake and other less‐well‐understood factors). (drsharma.ca)
2014). Female age-related fertility decline. (nih.gov)
We recently demonstrated an age-dependent decline in CNS axon regeneration accompanied by changes of neuron-extrinsic factors at the injury site, implicating an increasing level of inhibitory influences at increasing ages. (cam.ac.uk)

Patients were divided into 2 age groups: younger than 50 years and 50 years or older. (cdc.gov)
Those aged younger than 50 years were significantly more likely to have advanced stage CRC compared with those aged 50 or older. (cdc.gov)
age of diagnosis for AD (3.1 to 5.5 years) or PDD-NOS (3.9 to 4.2 years) is much younger than average age of AS diagnosis (7 to 9 years) [ 14 , 25 , 34 , 38 , 39 ]. (hindawi.com)
A repeated, multiple baselines, single-subjects study investigated two age groups who misarticulated late-acquired sounds: a younger group (4-5) and an older group (7-8). (ku.edu)
The main age distinction involves younger nonretirees' greater expected reliance on retirement investment accounts such as 401(k)s and IRAs, and older nonretirees' greater expected reliance on Social Security. (gallup.com)
And even if they do receive a benefit, potential reforms to Social Security may require today's younger workers to wait until a later age to get full benefits or to get a proportionately smaller benefit than today's retirees. (gallup.com)

Data from the 2001 to 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a representative state-based telephone survey of health behavior in US adults, was analyzed for 327,917 women of reproductive age, 18 to 44 years. (cdc.gov)
Among women of reproductive age, prevalence of smoking and physical inactivity improved, but prevalence of obesity and all 4 chronic conditions worsened. (cdc.gov)
In the United States, 53.5% of deaths in women of reproductive age were due to unintentional injuries, cancer, and heart disease in 2007 (1). (cdc.gov)
In 2008, women of reproductive age incurred health care expenses estimated at $170.4 billion, or 14.8% of all health care expenditures, in the United States (2). (cdc.gov)
Preventing and managing these risk factors and conditions in women of reproductive age may improve pregnancy outcomes and the overall health of women. (cdc.gov)
Recent studies show increases in risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, and cancer in the general population (14-16), but only identified 1 study for women of reproductive age (17). (cdc.gov)
Ahluwalia et al highlighted worsening estimates for obesity, smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes in prevalence estimates from 1991-1992 to 2000-2001 among women of reproductive age (17). (cdc.gov)
The surveillance of trends among women of reproductive age in indicators related to adverse birth outcomes and development of chronic disease can identify groups at increased risk and guide public health prevention and management efforts. (cdc.gov)
Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women. (nih.gov)
Title : Factors Associated With Obtaining Health Screening Among Women Of Reproductive Age Personal Author(s) : Wilcox, Lynne S.;Mosher, William D. (cdc.gov)
The authors examined the rates for having obtained a Papanicolaou (Pap) test or pelvic examination, a breast physical examination, and a blood pressure test within the last 12 months among women of reproductive age in the U.S. in 1988, as reported by the 8,450 women interviewed for the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth. (cdc.gov)

Regular physical activity (PA) can improve health outcomes in cancer survivors, but the rate of adherence to PA recommendations among middle-aged survivors is unclear. (cdc.gov)
Among cancer survivors, 35% are middle-aged adults, most commonly with a diagnosis of melanoma or of cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, or cervix. (cdc.gov)

Entry into early intervention depends on both age of first parent concern (AOC) and age at initial autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis (AOD). (hindawi.com)
Although diagnosis of ASD is possible in children as young as 14 months of age [ 13 ], most children with autism are not diagnosed until after three years of age [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Understanding factors associated with delay in diagnosis, including both timing of age of parent concern (AOC) and age of initial diagnosis (AOD), may inform public awareness campaigns, screening guidelines, and professional education programming with the aim of lowering the age at which autism is detected. (hindawi.com)
The previous literature on AOC and AOD has not integrated, into one study, both AOC and AOD, child factors (such as intellectual functioning, birth order, history of regression, initial ASD diagnosis), family context factors (such as maternal education, race/ethnicity), and geographical factors (such as region and county income). (hindawi.com)
Leveraging data from Danish national health registers, adjusted analyses of data from more than 2 decades suggest those with a diagnosis of retinal vein occlusion were at increased risk of all-cause dementia, but this risk was not apparent among those with retinal vein occlusion after 75 years of age. (consultantlive.com)

We used data from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey (12), which is conducted annually among a large, representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults in the United States and US Territories (District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands). (cdc.gov)
An analysis of data from a prospective nationwide cohort study of more than 2.2 million older adults suggests retinal vein occlusion could serve as an age-dependent marker of incident dementia risk. (consultantlive.com)
With this in mind, a team led by Jakob Grassland, DMSci, PhD, MD, of the University of Southern Denmark, sought to assess whether or not retinal vein occlusion could serve as an age-dependent risk factor for dementia in older adults, citing previous work suggesting an association with increased risk not fully explained by shared risk factors. (consultantlive.com)
Age-standardized prevalence of heavy episodic drinking among adolescents and adults, as appropriate, within the national context. (who.int)

Adult respondents who reported having children aged 12-17 years old in the household were asked, "Have any of the children aged 12-17 years old living in your household received at least 1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine? (cdc.gov)
Adult age differences in the ability to read and remember metaphor, Educ Gerontol, 17(4), 297-313. (frontiersin.org)
The number of stem cells in adult brains diminishes with increasing age, as do certain cognitive capacities, such as spatial memory: An example in humans is remembering where you parked the car -- or, if you are a mouse, recalling the whereabouts of an underwater platform you can perch on so you won't have to keep swimming in order to keep your nose above water. (sciencedaily.com)

Dr. Anderson is the Principal Investigator of the Cognition and Neuroscience of Aging Lab. (mcgill.ca)

For example, giving old mice factors found in young blood can enhance the birth of new neurons, which typically slows with age. (simonsfoundation.org)

Age differences in prefontal recruitment during verbal working memory maintenance depend on memory load. (frontiersin.org)
Variation in AOC may reflect true differences in developmental trajectories of ASD subtypes or underlying causes [ 25 - 28 ], but there is limited or conflicting research on the effects of gender, family, community, and secular factors on AOC [ 25 , 26 , 29 - 31 ]. (hindawi.com)
Across two parallel lines of research, I ask how experiences and changes in context modify age differences in cognitive control, and what this means for how we define typical cognitive performance. (mcgill.ca)
Gallup finds the greatest differences in how nonretirees expect to pay for their retirement by income and age. (gallup.com)
The differences by age may largely reflect the changing nature of retirement funding, including the uncertain future of the Social Security system. (gallup.com)
Notably, there are not large differences by age in the percentage who expect to rely on a work-sponsored pension plan, which had been a common employee benefit in the past. (gallup.com)

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 16-17 years old on December 11, 2020 and children aged 12-15 years old on May 10, 2021 under Emergency Use Authorization [ 1 ]. (cdc.gov)
On August 23, 2021, Pfizer-BioNTech (COMIRNATY) received full FDA approval for children aged 16-17 years old [ 2 ]. (cdc.gov)
As of September 13, 2021, 54.6% of children aged 12-17 years old had received at least 1 dose of vaccine, based on administration data reported on the CDC COVID Data Tracker website [ 3 ]. (cdc.gov)
Understanding vaccination intent among households with eligible children may inform efforts to increase vaccination coverage in children aged 12-17 years old. (cdc.gov)
Beginning on July 21, 2021, three more questions were added about COVID-19 vaccinations for household children aged 12-17 years old and reasons for not vaccinating children in the household. (cdc.gov)
The study also found that the additional costs in the last year of life declined with age for those 80 years and over. (kcl.ac.uk)
In a 2022 study , researchers examined the survival rate of people 40 to 74 years old and people over the age of 75 who were treated for bowel obstruction between 2009 and 2019. (healthline.com)
We examined PA adherence among 8,655 cancer survivors and 144,213 control subjects aged 45-64 years who were respondents to the 2009 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. (cdc.gov)
After twenty-eight years of age the annual loss of oocytes becomes greater, and then when a woman reaches her forties the rate increases yet again. (positivehealth.com)
ABSTRACT The study was conducted to determine the family, social and economic factors associated with deaths of children aged under 5 years. (who.int)
A registry-based nested case-control study was conducted of the deaths of all children aged under 5 years in Kohgilooyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province in the Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
Congenital abnormality (37.6%) and preterm birth (29.0%) were the two most frequent causes of death among children aged under 5 years. (who.int)
The main causes of death of children aged under 5 years in the Province were congenital abnormality and prematurity. (who.int)
Instead, this practice causes therapists to initiate treatment for late-acquired sounds during a plateau of learning that occurs between the ages of 6-7 to over 8.5 years (Shriberg et al. (ku.edu)
While retirement is a reality for all Americans who reach an advanced age, how they plan to pay for it largely depends on their current financial resources and the number of years they have left until retirement. (gallup.com)
New data suggests retinal vein occlusion in individuals under 75 years of age correlates with increased dementia risk, while those older than 75 have a reduced risk. (consultantlive.com)
This study establishes that individuals with a [retinal vein occlusion] debut before 75 years of age have an independently increased risk of incident all-cause dementia. (consultantlive.com)
Investigators included all Danish citizens aged older than 65 years beginning on January 1, 1998 and through December 31, 2020, which were the sampling start and end of inclusion dates, respectively. (consultantlive.com)
Unconditional probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases. (who.int)
Age-standardized prevalence of insufficiently physically active persons aged 18+ years (defined as less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week, or equivalent). (who.int)

Retinal vein occlusion as an age-dependent marker of incident dementia in a long-term Danish national cohort [published online ahead of print, 2023 Oct 24]. (consultantlive.com)

Dr Ferrando says: "The most common cause of female infertility we see at the IVI clinics is to do with the age of the patient. (positivehealth.com)
What age-related factors may be involved with infertility in females and males? (nih.gov)
2 The discovery of how to make eggs from stem cells could help women preserve their fertility or could remove age as a factor in infertility. (nih.gov)

By investigating diet in conjunction with genetic and cardiometabolic risk factors, we aim to clarify how diet can be harnessed to promote healthy aging. (ki.se)
What Do We Know about Healthy Aging? (medlineplus.gov)

Overall, no single modifiable factor associated with AOC or AOD emerged but cumulative variation in certain individual- and family-based features, as well as some geographic factors, all contribute to AOC and AOD variation. (hindawi.com)
Identification of significant and modifiable factors affecting AOC and AOD is critical to effective ASD-specific early intervention that maximizes outcomes. (hindawi.com)
Some potentially modifiable risk factors and chronic conditions cause significant disease and death during pregnancy and promote the development of chronic disease. (cdc.gov)
This study describes recent trends of modifiable risk factors and controllable chronic conditions among reproductive-aged women. (cdc.gov)
Many of the same potentially modifiable risk factors for cancer are also risk factors for heart disease and stroke, such as smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and heavy drinking (5,6). (cdc.gov)

We used multinomial logistic regression to assess associations between PA adherence and demographic, psychosocial, and clinical factors, and multivariable linear regression to assess the relationship between PA adherence and HRQOL of cancer survivors. (cdc.gov)
This study describes adherence to PA recommendations among cancer survivors compared with control subjects without cancer and the association between survivor adherence to PA guidelines and demographic, psychosocial, and clinical factors, as well as health-related quality of life (HRQOL). (cdc.gov)
The role of physical performance and psychosocial factors was explored in two adversity contexts: as predictors of mortality after a bone fracture and as predictors of maintaining a high QoL during social distancing because of the COVID-19 pandemic. (jyu.fi)

Growth factors are naturally occurring, potent proteins that fight against aging and maintain epidermal health," explains Mona Gohara , a board-certified dermatologist based in Connecticut. (whowhatwear.com)

We calculated prevalence ratios over time to assess trends for 4 selected risk factors and 4 chronic conditions, accounting for age, race/ethnicity, education, health care coverage, and individual states. (cdc.gov)
In Olay's Multi-Decade and Ethnicity Study (MDE), scientists found that those with darker skin tones age at a much slower rate than those with lighter skin tones. (plasticsurgerypractice.com)

Moore KJ, Sussman DA, Koru-Sengul T. Age-Specific Risk Factors for Advanced Stage Colorectal Cancer, 1981-2013. (cdc.gov)
By using a statewide population-based cancer registry, this study examines sociodemographic and clinical disparities in CRC and characterizes advanced stage CRC risk factors with specific attention to age-specific risk factors. (cdc.gov)
Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were fitted to identify risk factors for advanced stage CRC presentation. (cdc.gov)
Keep reading to learn more about the survival rates of bowel obstruction surgery and factors that increase the risk of severe complications. (healthline.com)
0.05) were identified as risk factors for stunted growth. (nih.gov)
In my case, I took another risk and added a new product to the mix: an epidermal growth factor serum. (whowhatwear.com)
One risk factor, heavy drinking, did not change. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, these risk factors and chronic conditions are related to adverse reproductive health outcomes, including cesarean delivery, eclampsia, perinatal infections and complications, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and infant death (9-13). (cdc.gov)
We study how cardiovascular/metabolic disorders, organ function, and nutrition relate to brain pathologies and dementia risk, explore compensatory factors that may support healthier cognitive aging, and examine care utilization among people with dementia. (ki.se)
This is due to the fact that aging causes physical changes that lead to increased sensitivity to many medications and consequently an increased risk of medication side effects, especially if the use of medication is extensive. (ki.se)
However, risk factors for post-vaccination fatal COVID-19 are largely unknown. (nature.com)
Studies conducting quantitative surveys in school-aged children and adolescents help identify sports-related risk factors for acute and overuse injuries are scarce. (mdpi.com)
This study aimed to quantify the risk factors for sports-related injury in school-aged children and adolescents by school categories. (mdpi.com)
However, a greater understanding of risk factors could stand to have a significant benefit on individual and population-level health. (consultantlive.com)
In contrast, increased risk was observed in both age groups when assessing risk of vascular dementia as an isolated endpoint. (consultantlive.com)
To determine the risk factors associated with tooth loss between the ages of 18 and 26. (karger.com)
Currently, a careful clinical assessment of family history of obesity and related risk factors remains the best measure of genetic risk for obesity. (drsharma.ca)
Increasing age also increases the risk for certain problems that can contribute to a loss of fertility. (nih.gov)
As a woman ages, the risk increases for miscarriage and for having an embryo with abnormal chromosomes, which can lead to problems with development and loss of the pregnancy. (nih.gov)

While studies are being conducted in different East African countries, there is limited evidence of complete basic childhood vaccinations and associated factors in East Africa among children aged 12-23 months. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, this study aimed to investigate complete basic childhood vaccinations and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in East Africa. (biomedcentral.com)

They examined the health status of 98,220 participants aged 80 and over, including multiple comorbidities (cancer, heart disease, hypertension etc) and age-related impairments (falls, fractures, dementia etc), as well as proximity to death, to determine the main causes of health care costs in this elderly group. (kcl.ac.uk)

Combining demographic, immune and viral parameters, the best predictive models for mortality comprised IFNB1 or age, viral ORF7a and ACE2 receptor transcripts. (nature.com)
During the first epidemic wave, it was estimated that COVID-19 mortality in Belgium was up to 130 times higher inside than outside nursing homes, due to the combined effects of age, sex, frailty and infection risks among residents 1 . (nature.com)

Unfortunately, for children who experience late-acquired sound errors, this practice misses a period of accelerated learning that occurs between the ages of 4-6 (Shriberg, Gruber, & Kwiatkowski, 1994). (ku.edu)

The quality of the sperm is linked to genetics but also some lifestyle factors may play a role too, for example it is important to keep the testicles cooler than the rest of your body, around 34.5 degrees, so tight underwear should be avoided, and a regular break from sitting down for long periods of time is recommended. (positivehealth.com)

Changing population age structures [1990-2015] : demographic and economic consequences and implications. (who.int)
Making cities age-friendly is one of the most effective approaches for responding to demographic ageing' (WHO, 2007). (who.int)

However, comorbidities, impairments and proximity to death proved to have a stronger impact on health care costs compared to age alone. (kcl.ac.uk)

While we tend to focus on increased age as an important driver of higher health care costs, we should now shift our attention more towards multiple morbidity and frailty, as these prove to be significantly stronger factors than increased age itself. (kcl.ac.uk)

The first part of this presentation will present how modulating extrinsic factors (e.g. the myelin inhibitors such as Nogo, MAG and OMgp) and intrinsic factors (e.g. (cam.ac.uk)

As we get older, we begin to produce fewer growth factors, resulting in a massive reduction of collagen and elastin, which then leads to fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, sagging (basically, all of those age-related concerns that some of us try to avoid). (whowhatwear.com)
The term used to depict and describe people as they age in this strategy will be `older person' and refers to people aged over 60. (who.int)
Our AFS aims to facilitate the inclusion of older persons to create a more age-friendly environment. (who.int)
An age-friendly city is one which enables older persons to live in security, maintain their health and participate fully in society. (who.int)

To investigate factors affecting patient response to intravitreal ranibizumab treatment for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). (nih.gov)

Global estimates and projections of population by sex and age : the 1984 assessment. (who.int)

There is also concern that because growth factors are mitogenic, theoretically, they could cause cancer cells to replicate, however, there hasn't been any evidence pointing to topical growth factors doing that. (whowhatwear.com)

The objectives of this study were to clarify the nutritional status of children aged 0-23 months and to identify the associated factors in rural Nicaragua. (nih.gov)
These measurements allowed for an examination of treatment efficacy through the measurement of both subjective accuracy and objective accuracy as compared with the ages of the children. (ku.edu)
The study included a total weighted sample of 18,811 children aged 12-23 months. (biomedcentral.com)

The baseline measurements were repeated in the Active Aging - Resilience and External Support as Modifiers of the Disablement Outcome (AGNES) cohort (n=1 021) and the participants were followed up on using the AGNES-COVID-19 survey (n=809). (jyu.fi)

How much exercise you need depends on your age and health. (medlineplus.gov)

The interplay between the individual and environmental factors over the life course may shape the appearance of resilience. (jyu.fi)

Men also produce fewer sperm as they age. (nih.gov)

While proximity to death is still an important factor for health care costs, this is more difficult to determine. (kcl.ac.uk)
Besides age, one of the most important factors for determining the chances of surviving bowel obstruction surgery is how quickly treatment is begun. (healthline.com)
Consuming a balanced, nutritious diet is important for maintaining health, especially as individuals age. (ki.se)
More important than an aircraft's age is its history. (paramountbusinessjets.com)
Resilience refers to the process of adapting to adversity, and it may play an important role in aging well. (jyu.fi)

The current practice for treating speech sound disorders includes initiating treatment only after the expected age of acquisition has passed, according to developmental normative data. (ku.edu)

Finally, we will use molecular and behavioral assays to determine how selected factors exert their effects on neural function and improve cognitive performance. (simonsfoundation.org)

Multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was fitted for identifying significantly associated factors because the DHS has a hierarchical nature. (biomedcentral.com)

Increased age has been found to have far less influence on health care costs than other factors such as age-related impairments and multiple chronic morbidities, according to researchers from King's. (kcl.ac.uk)
Researchers believe that the development of more effective health interventions, including health promotion and disease prevention programmes, will help minimise the cost pressures associated with ageing by ensuring that people stay healthy in their old age. (kcl.ac.uk)
Memo to mature, health-minded vampires: You might want to consider limiting your treats to victims under age 30. (sciencedaily.com)
As the population In the US and globally continues to age, the impact on health systems is becoming more and more apparent. (consultantlive.com)
Dental examinations at ages 18 and 26 were conducted on Study members in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, and sociodemographic and dental service use data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. (karger.com)
Natural environmental factors including climate change and air and water quality can have an impact on farming and food production, and in turn our health. (who.int)

Consultation data has been collated and analysed against the evidence to develop objectives for the age-friendly framework priority areas. (who.int)

Indeed, very little is known about how age influences the way the spinal cord responds to injury. (cam.ac.uk)

Economic and social implications of aging in the ECE region : proceedings of the CBGS/ECE Seminar, Brussels, April 25-27, 1988 / edited by R. L. Cliquet and L. Vanden Boer. (who.int)

In males, age is known to reduce the quality of sperm, which affects the sperm's ability to reach or fertilize an egg. (nih.gov)

Age and size of greatest linear dimension were significantly associated with visual prognosis in typical neovascular AMD but not in PCV. (nih.gov)

My research program underscores the need to accommodate environmental factors such as time of day, and experiential factors leading to cognitive reserve, such as second-language use. (mcgill.ca)
In addition, lifestyle and environmental factors can combine with age-related factors to significantly decrease fertility. (nih.gov)

A Gallup poll released last week suggests a small uptick in national church attendance may be tied to gradually improving economic conditions, political beliefs and the aging of Baby Boomers. (everydaychristian.com)
At age 15, an estimate of socio-economic status (SES) for each Study member had been obtained by classifying the occupation of the male parent. (karger.com)

Scientists Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen first discovered growth factors way back in the 1950s, which subsequently earned them a Nobel Prize in 1986. (whowhatwear.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms3

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment60

Psychiatry and Psychology18

Phenomena and Processes23

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena15

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities1

Information Science8

Named Groups10

Health Care81

Geographicals25

Decline10

Younger6

Reproductive age11

Middle Aged2

Diagnosis5

Adults4

Adult3

Cognition1

Mice1

Differences6

Years20

20231

Infertility3

Healthy Aging2

Modifiable5

Psychosocial3

Proteins1

Ethnicity2

Risk19

Vaccinations2

Dementia1

Mortality2

19941

Genetics1

Demographic2

Comorbidities1

Frailty1

Inhibitors1

Older4

Investigate1

Assessment1

Cancer1

Children3

Outcome1

Depends1

Interplay1

Produce fewer1

Important5

Practice1

Behavioral1

Logistic regression1

Health6

Data1

Injury1

Implications1

Sperm1

Significantly associated1

Environmental factors2

Economic2

Scientists1