Salinity. Medical search. Frequent questions

Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). (wikipedia.org)
This important volume, Soil Salinity Management in Agriculture , addresses the crucial issue of soil salinity of potential farmland and provides a comprehensive picture of the saline environment and plant interactions, along with management and reclamation methods and policies. (routledge.com)
Tolerance to Soil Salinity. (routledge.com)
Soil Salinity Management in Crop Production. (routledge.com)
A major gap in our knowledge of how plants respond to soil salinity is their initial perception of sodium (Na+) ions. (europa.eu)
Soil salinity is a major problem in agriculture that limits plant growth and causes significant loss of crop productivity worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although it has good nutritional value as well as high consumer demand, the yield of okra per hectare is very low, and this lower productivity arises mainly from soil salinity. (hindawi.com)
Soil salinity limits plant growth, reduces crop productivity and degrades soil. (scirp.org)
Soil salinity is widespread in the southern part of Tunisia from the east coast until the desert in the south. (scirp.org)
Our analysis showed that increases in soil salinity correlated with significant differences in the alpha and beta diversity of the microbial communities across saline and non-saline soil samples. (unboundmedicine.com)
Animation of sea surface salinity from 27 March 2015 to 13 August 2019 based on the 8-day running mean version 4.0 Level 3 NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) dataset from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS). (nasa.gov)
Declining tree species, reducing soil fertility, increasing disease and insect infestation in field crops, increasing human and animal diseases are the major impact of increasing salinity. (scialert.net)
The salts are dissolved in water and deposited in the soil when water is evaporated, causing salinity. (earthjournalism.net)
During the trip, the students get acquainted with the field conditions for the cultivation of cotton, wheat, melons, and other crops in an arid climate and the salinity of the soil. (undp.org)
Soil water and salinity distribution under different treatments of drip irrigation. (lu.se)
In this study, field experiments and numerical simulations for different drip irrigation treatments in a sandy loam soil were conducted to investigate soil water and salinity distribution as well as dye infiltration patterns. (lu.se)

Seawater typically has a mass salinity of around 35 g/kg, although lower values are typical near coasts where rivers enter the ocean. (wikipedia.org)
For practical reasons salinity is usually related to the sum of masses of a subset of these dissolved chemical constituents (so-called solution salinity), rather than to the unknown mass of salts that gave rise to this composition (an exception is when artificial seawater is created). (wikipedia.org)
The use of electrical conductivity measurements to estimate the ionic content of seawater led to the development of the scale called the practical salinity scale 1978 (PSS-78). (wikipedia.org)
Observational data of salinity, relative humidity and seawater pH need to be globally comparable within requisite uncertainties over time spans of centuries. (nist.gov)
This paper reviews the historical development and the current definition and measurement practice of seawater salinity, pH and relative humidity. (nist.gov)
The first is coastal salinity, which is caused by the intrusion of seawater into coastal lands through sea level rise, tidal activity and dry weather. (earthjournalism.net)

About 41% farmers mentioned the salinity intrusion as a major barrier for crop cultivation and 23% farmers mentioned that the increase of salinity in river water is another major cause for salinity increase in cropland. (scialert.net)
Water uptake also decreased with an increase of salinity level but it was not so much drastic upto 8dS -m . (banglajol.info)

The suffix psu or PSU (denoting practical salinity unit) is sometimes added to PSS-78 measurement values. (wikipedia.org)
The oceans are shaded according to the observed concentrations of salt on the ocean surface using practical salinity units. (globalimagination.com)

Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure, governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water. (wikipedia.org)
Tsimplis and Baker examined data from a series of Mediterranean basin tide gauges, looking at trends in sea temperature and salinity. (heartland.org)
They suggest part of that decline is related to changes in atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic, while the rest can be explained by temperature and salinity changes in deep waters in the Mediterranean. (heartland.org)
Even though measurements at about 2 to 3km depth at various locations in the Mediterranean generally show both temperature and salinity increasing (two effects which tend to counteract each other with respect to sea-level rise), the declines in sea level since 1960 are significant. (heartland.org)
The Pro30 provides everything you need in a handheld meter that measures salinity, conductivity, specific conductance, total dissolved solids, and temperature. (ysi.com)
High-resolution measurements of waves, currents, water levels, temperature, salinity and turbidity were made in Hanalei Bay, northern Kaua'i, Hawaii, during the summer of 2005 to better understand coastal circulation and sediment dynamics in coral reef habitats. (usgs.gov)
A series of bottom-mounted instrument packages were deployed in water depths of 10 m or less to collect long-term, high-resolution measurements of waves, currents, water levels, temperature, salinity and turbidity. (usgs.gov)
The data used were collected over a two-year period, largely by a group of two types of profiling floats equipped with sensors that record high-resolution temperature and salinity measurements in the upper few meters of the water column. (tos.org)
By comparing the SPURS-1 measurements to observations in the area from previous decades, we examine variability at time scales ranging from a few hours (mostly consisting of rainfall-driven decreases in salinity) to diurnal cycles in temperature and salinity, seasonal variability and the annual cycle, and finally to decadal-scale changes. (tos.org)
2014. Near-surface variability of temperature and salinity in the near-tropical ocean: Observations from profiling floats. (tos.org)
Temperature and salinity records from profiling floats. (pangaea.de)
Also if a temperature or salinity was missing, the pressure level has been removed from the profiles here. (pangaea.de)
The combination of increased water temperature and salinity where shellfish are harvested may contribute to increased contamination rates of shellfish. (medscape.com)
Depends upon body's core temperature and salinity. (cdc.gov)

They have proven that remote sensing data using statistical methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), is a useful and promising method to monitor and predict salt-affected soils, especially those with high salinity. (scirp.org)

In this study, the 3D hydrodynamic unstructured-grid model SELFE is used to investigate the influence of the local wind on salinity intrusion. (mdpi.com)
Analysis of modeled salinity intrusion length shows that the resolution of atmospheric forcing matters, and strong episodic winds occurring in winter and fall exert some control on this parameter. (mdpi.com)
The West False River barrier is a temporary rock barrier to reduce the intrusion of high salinity water into the central and south Delta. (ca.gov)

The impact of salinity is higher during seed germination and plant growth and the effect is less during the flowering and mature stages of paddy. (earthjournalism.net)

The physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are reviewed at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant level. (nih.gov)
Molecular genetics and functional genomics provide a new opportunity to synthesize molecular and physiological knowledge to improve the salinity tolerance of plants relevant to food production and environmental sustainability. (nih.gov)
In this study, we characterized plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and examined their effect on salinity stress tolerance in okra through the induction of ROS-scavenging enzyme activity. (hindawi.com)
UPMR18 could be an effective bioresource for enhancing salt tolerance and growth of okra plants under salinity stress. (hindawi.com)

Plant growth responds to salinity in two phases: a rapid, osmotic phase that inhibits growth of young leaves, and a slower, ionic phase that accelerates senescence of mature leaves. (nih.gov)
In this review , authors describe how salinity stress imposes risk consequences on growth and developmental processes of tomato through toxicity by ethylene (ET) and cyanide (HCN), and ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stresses . (bvsalud.org)

We demonstrate the potential of LSP flooding as a less-expensive and more-effective way for performing polymer flooding when the reservoir wettability can be altered with chemically tuned low-salinity brine. (onepetro.org)
Recovery of heavy metals from high salinity geothermal brine. (cdc.gov)

Statistical correlation between ground measurements of Electrical Conductivity (EC), spectral indices and Landsat original bands showed that the near and short-wave infrared bands (band 4, band 5 and 7) and the salinity indices (SI 5 and SI 9) have the highest correlation with EC. (scirp.org)
Salinity is measured using the electrical conductivity of water and the unit is deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)

Effect of Salinity Stress on Growth Parameters and Metabolites of Medicinal Plants: A Review. (routledge.com)
Surviving salinity: How do plants sense Na+? (europa.eu)
Increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX, and CAT) and upregulation of ROS pathway genes (CAT, APX, GR, and DHAR) were observed in PGPR inoculated okra plants under salinity stress. (hindawi.com)
Species distributions along leveled transects at six tidal marshes indicate that elevation and water salinity are the principal ecological factors that-control the distribution of seed plants in the remaining natural tidal marshes of the northern San Francisco Bay estuary. (usgs.gov)
Most of the crop plants can tolerate salinity within the range of 2-8 deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)
Plants are less tolerant to salinity higher than 8 deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)

This real-time animation, updated monthly, maps the distribution of the surface salinity levels on the world's oceans, giving scientists an unparalleled view of the global ocean circulation processes. (globalimagination.com)
We examine the variability of near-surface salinity in a 10° × 10° region of the eastern North Atlantic, the location of the first part of the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS-1). (tos.org)
The current literature evaluated in this paper provides an overview of salinity stress resistance mechanism involving synchronized routes of ET metabolism by SA and PAs, connecting regulated network of central physiological processes governing through the action of AOX, ß-CAS, SOS and ANTOX pathways, which might be crucial for the development of tomato . (bvsalud.org)

The 2021 Emergency Drought Salinity Barrier Project consists of constructing a temporary rock barrier across West False River in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (ca.gov)
The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) has determined that a salinity barrier is needed in response to the current drought conditions in the State of California. (ca.gov)
Such actions may include, among other things, the installation and removal of, Emergency Drought Salinity Barriers at locations within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (ca.gov)
DWR is requesting emergency authorization under the United States Army Corps of Engineers' Regional General Permit 8 for the 2021 Emergency Drought Salinity Barrier Project. (ca.gov)
Drought, floods, salinity and iron toxicity are among the key environmental factors that affect paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean. (earthjournalism.net)
The severity of salinity increases with the effects of the level of drought and higher evaporation. (earthjournalism.net)
Also, with climate change, the risk of salinity increases, mainly due to rising temperatures, higher evaporation, increased intensity of drought, water scarcity and rising sea levels. (earthjournalism.net)

Salinity control efforts in the Colorado River Basin have focused on mobilization of salts from irrigated land, but nonirrigated rangelands are also a source of salinity. (usgs.gov)
Salinity is the result of the accumulation of various salts in paddy fields. (earthjournalism.net)
Coastal salinity is caused by salts of ions such as fluoride, sulfate, sodium, and magnesium. (earthjournalism.net)
The reasons for this salinity include carbonate and bicarbonate salts formed with ions such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. (earthjournalism.net)

The okra plant is sensitive to salinity especially in the early stage of its growth [ 7 ] where salinity affects water and nutrient uptake of the plant, and ionic stress reduces leaf expansion. (hindawi.com)
Effect of salinity on sprouting water uptake, ion uptake and metabolic efficiency of wheat seeds in the variety kanchan were studied in Jaydebpur. (banglajol.info)

Besides being fairly bewildered by the complexity of water delivery in the American West, I was pretty surprised by the high and persistent salinity levels that come from long periods of irrigation. (golfclubatlas.com)
Polymer viscosity degrades in reservoirs with high-salinity brines, so it is advantageous to inject low-salinity water as a preflush. (onepetro.org)
High salinity leads to a decrease in paddy productivity or the yield per hectare, rather than the death of the entire crop. (earthjournalism.net)
Germination percentage decreased in high salinity level. (banglajol.info)
Therefore, a simple model based on linear interpolation between two sets of high salinity and low salinity relative permeability curves is widely used in the industry. (dtu.dk)
In order to include the hysteresis effect, we modify two different interpolation approaches, which are commonly used in commercial software, to switch from high salinity to low salinity relative permeability and capillary pressure curves. (dtu.dk)

But one of paspalum s most powerful attributes is its ability to tolerate elevated salinity levels that would affect other turfgrass types much more negatively. (golfclubatlas.com)

My question here is whether irrigation salinity is relevant to superintendents or even designers. (golfclubatlas.com)
Furthermore, T2 and daily irrigation showed lower salinity levels in the flow domain as compared to other irrigation treatments and regimes. (lu.se)

it will reveal how plant responses to salinity stress are driven, and ultimately what is required to cope with salinity. (europa.eu)
Salinity is a major environmental stress that limits crop production worldwide. (hindawi.com)
Salinity stress generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely, H 2 O 2 , O −2 , and OH − that damage the DNA, RNA, and proteins [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Regulation of ethylene metabolism in tomato under salinity stress involving linkages with important physiological signaling pathways. (bvsalud.org)
Recent research has clarified how salinity stress induced-ACS and - ß-CAS expressions stimulate the accumulation of ET and HCN, wherein the action of salicylic acid (SA),compatible solutes (CSs), polyamines (PAs) and ET inhibitors (ETIs) regulate ET and HCN metabolism . (bvsalud.org)
Here we emphasize how ET, SA and PA cooperates with mitochondrial alternating oxidase (AOX), salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathways and the antioxidants (ANTOX) system to better understand the salinity stress resistance mechanism. (bvsalud.org)

This work investigates the impact of grid size and hysteresis effects on the numerical modelling of modified salinity water flooding. (dtu.dk)

The Aquarius Sea Surface Salinity data is produced by NASA. (globalimagination.com)
The relationship of near-surface salinity to the hydrological cycle suggests a continuous spectrum of variability in this cycle from hours to decades. (tos.org)
The study was undertaken to determine the variation in multiyear ice salinity profiles with changes in ice surface topography. (trb.org)

I guess I'm just curious because it seems like farmland that's perpetually irrigated can have serious salinity problems, and I just wonder if it's an ongoing concern for long-lived courses in areas like the San Joaquin or Coachella Valleys. (golfclubatlas.com)

This paper presents the first analytical solutions for the coupled synergistic behavior of LSW and polymer flooding considering CE reactions, wettability alteration, adsorption, inaccessible pore volume (IPV), and salinity effects on polymer viscosity. (onepetro.org)
Numerous attempts have been made to model the effect of modified salinity water flooding that leads to additional oil production in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. (dtu.dk)
Since there is no consensus on the physicochemical mechanisms of modified salinity water flooding, it is challenging to develop a physics-based model and simulate the complete system. (dtu.dk)

shear velocity, salinity, and sediment had no effect on the orientation of juveniles. (springer.com)
Different farmers described the consequences of salinity in various dimensions, the major effect was the reduction in crop yield (34% farmers). (scialert.net)
The effect of salinity is not only functional on crops but its impact on environment is now well recognized. (scialert.net)
Different paddy varieties and agricultural practices have been developed and used to reduce the effect of salinity. (earthjournalism.net)

Three abiotic factors (sediment, current, and salinity) potentially influencing the distribution of flatfish species were tested in a recircurlating flume with juvenile winter flounder. (springer.com)

Different practical definitions of salinity result from different attempts to account for these problems, to different levels of precision, while still remaining reasonably easy to use. (wikipedia.org)
The levels of salinity, especially nitrates, exceeds five times the recommended international standards. (who.int)

Salinity is the saltiness or measure of dissolved salt in water. (engineeringtoolbox.com)

Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: Oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. (nist.gov)

This report includes conceptual models of how sediment-retention ponds function relative to salinity, and a collection of environmental data to evaluate the conceptual models. (usgs.gov)

Salinity affects up to 20% and 50% of the total cultivated and irrigated land in the world, respectively [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

During the last major glaciation (about 11,000 years ago), for instance, a slug of freshwater came down the St. Lawrence River into the North Atlantic, reducing its salinity, shutting off the sinking motion and deep water formation, and plunging northern Europe into a cold and dry millennium. (heartland.org)

Conceptually the salinity is the quantity of dissolved salt content of the water. (wikipedia.org)
Salinity - salt content - of fresh, brackish and sea water. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Consequently, on one hand, salt-affected areas are constantly increasing, and, on the other hand, a significant amount of arable land is being abandoned every year because of salinity [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Salinity results in salt toxicity and plant fatigue. (earthjournalism.net)

Salinity in rivers, lakes, and the ocean is conceptually simple, but technically challenging to define and measure precisely. (wikipedia.org)
The reduced amount of freshwater in the tropical Atlantic Ocean raises the salinity. (heartland.org)

Brendan Crossman measures porewater salinity in a vegetation plot situated on a survey transect from the wetland into the adjacent upland forest. (usgs.gov)

Salinity observations from sea ice of varying thicknesses and ages collected at various arctic subarctic locations revealed a strong correlation between the average salinity of the ice thickness. (trb.org)
The article aims to shed light on this issue, using the findings of field observations conducted in several areas of the island that have been severely affected by salinity. (earthjournalism.net)

The solutions are used to develop a front-tracking algorithm, which can solve the slug-injection problem of low-salinity water as a preflush followed by polymer. (onepetro.org)
Recovery can be significantly enhanced by a low-salinity preflush before polymer injection. (onepetro.org)
The results show that the grid-block sizes heavily influence the response time of the reservoir to the injection of low-salinity water and the final oil production, but to different extents for the two different interpolating approaches. (dtu.dk)

Champalbert G, Marchand J, Le Campion J (1994) Rheotaxis in juvenile sole Solea solea (L.): influence of salinity and light conditions. (springer.com)
Generally, no maintenance has been performed on these structures, some have degraded over time, and their current and past influence on salinity is poorly understood. (usgs.gov)

Under the proclamation, it states that: "the Department of Water Resources shall take actions, if necessary, to implement plans that address potential Delta salinity issues. (ca.gov)

As the dominant techniques evolve, so do different descriptions of salinity. (wikipedia.org)
Salinity a dominant challenge. (golfclubatlas.com)

The principal components analysis is conducted by incorporating the reflectance bands and spectral salinity indices from the remote sensing data. (scirp.org)

Inland salinity is reported to be gradually increasing in some areas at least since 2007. (earthjournalism.net)

Regional trends in evaporation and precipitation are reflected in small changes of oceanic salinity on climatic time scales. (nist.gov)

Emerging Trends in Salinity Research: An Indian Perspective. (routledge.com)

The increasing trend of salinity in southwest region of Bangladesh is reducing the farmers` interest to cultivate various agricultural crops. (scialert.net)

Low-salinity waterflooding (LSW) can also improve local-displacement efficiency by changing the wettability of the reservoir rock from oil-wet to more water-wet. (onepetro.org)
and during the Yala season, when the weather is drier and paddy depends on reservoir-stored water, the impact of salinity is prominent. (earthjournalism.net)

Anatomy8

Organisms25

Chemicals and Drugs11

Phenomena and Processes31

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science2

Health Care11

Geographicals2

Soil16

Seawater6

Increase of salinity2

Practical salinity2

Temperature14

Soils1

Intrusion3

Seed germination1

Tolerance4

Osmotic2

Brine2

Conductivity2

Plants6

Processes3

Drought7

Salts4

Uptake2

High6

Tolerate1

Irrigation2

Stress6

Numerical1

Surface3

Farmland1

Flooding3

Effect4

Species1

Levels2

Saltiness1

Measurements1

Environmental1

Affects1

North Atlantic1

Salt4

Ocean2

Plot1

Observations2

Injection3

Influence2

Delta1

Dominant2

Data1

Gradually1

Precipitation1

Trends1

Crops1

Reservoir2