Germination begins with imbibition (absorbing water) followed by the development of the radicle (primary root) and emergence of the cotyledons (seed leaves). (specialtyhybrids.com)
Within one or two days under favorable temperatures, the first root (radicle) of the swollen seed will emerge through the seed coat (Figure 1) and grow downward to develop the primary root. (specialtyhybrids.com)
Lateral roots quickly emerge from the radicle as it elongates and root hairs grow from the radicle and the lateral roots. (specialtyhybrids.com)
The radicle comes out first and form the root followed by the plumule which develops into the shoot. (sureden.com)
This allows water and air into the embryo, embryo is made up of cotyledons, a plumule (embryonic (and a radicle (the embryonic root). (atikaschool.org)
Plumule5
At the tip of the epicotyl is the plumule, the bud that produces the first leaves. (irwantoshut.com)
The portion of the embryonic axis above the level of cotyledons is the epicotyl, which terminates with the plumule or stem tip. (pw.live)
In this germination the cotyledons remain inside the soil and the epicotyls elongates and pushes the plumule above. (sureden.com)
The epicotyl elongates and the plumule grows out of the coleoptile and forms the first foliage leaves. (atikaschool.org)
Embryo2
Many scientists and botanists feel that coconut is a water dispersal fruit and seed that contains the hypocotyl, that is, embryo root and the epicotyl or the embryo leaves. (ethicathome.com)
The covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed. (easynotecards.com)
Much like bryophytes , they reproduce with spores, but the sporophytes of these phyla are far more complex than those of the bryophyts, in that they have vascular tissue and well-differentiated leaves , roots , and stems. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In vascular plants-that is, plants with special conducting tissues-these materials are transported through the xylem tissue of the roots and stems to the leaves. (irwantoshut.com)
Monocots differ from dicots in four distinct structural features: leaves, stems, roots and flowers. (witty-question.com)
Biomass and total nutrient concentrations were assessed in roots, stems and leaves. (bvsalud.org)
Cotyledons8
In some plants, such as the many kinds of beans, the growth of the epicotyl carries the cotyledons above ground. (irwantoshut.com)
The part of the embryonic axis that projects above the cotyledons is known as the epicotyl. (witty-question.com)
In laterne mutants, the cotyledons are precisely deleted, yet the hypocotyl and root are unaffected. (biologists.com)
The cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons is hypocotyl that terminates at its lower end in the radical or root tip. (pw.live)
The hypocotyl begins to elongate and forms a hook that pushes through the soil surface, pulling the cotyledons upward (Figure 2). (specialtyhybrids.com)
In this method the cotyledons are lifted above the ground and they act as the first leaves as a result of the rapid elongation of the hypocotyls. (sureden.com)
The hypocotyls then straightens and elongates carrying with it the two cotyledons which turn green and leafy. (atikaschool.org)
Plant11
Topographically, the laimosphere includes the soil around any portion of subterranean plant organs other than roots where exuded nutrients (especially sugars and amino acids) stimulate microbial activities. (wikipedia.org)
This bacterium induces the neoplastic growth of plant cells that differentiate to form "hairy roots. (bioone.org)
Hairy roots are induced by the incorporation of a bacterial-derived segment of DNA transferred (T-DNA) into the chromosome of the plant cell. (bioone.org)
A key characteristic of hairy roots is their ability to grow quickly in the absence of exogenous plant growth regulators. (bioone.org)
In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of how A. rhizogenes induces root formation, on the new uses for A. rhizogenes in tissue culture and composite plant production (wild-type shoots with transgenic roots), and the recent development of a disarmed version of A. rhizogenes for stable transgenic plant production. (bioone.org)
Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: the xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The evolution of this vascular tissue allowed for an early dominance of these plants on land (first appearing 430 million years ago, during the Silurian period), giving them the ability to transport water and dissolved minerals through specialized strands of elongated cells that run from the plant root to the tips of the leaves . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Most water enters a plant through the roots. (irwantoshut.com)
These roots all arose from the stem of the plant and are called adventitious roots. (witty-question.com)
Compacted soil reduces the availability of water and oxygen required for germination, root and plant growth, and nutrient uptake. (specialtyhybrids.com)
Arabidopsis5
A zinc finger protein gene ZFP5 integrates phytohormone signalling to control root hair development in Arabidopsis. (chinaagrisci.com)
miR156-targeted SPL10 controls Arabidopsis root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration via cytokinin responses. (chinaagrisci.com)
Using the fluorescent dyes 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) and Rhodamine WT, we were able to observe xylem transport on a cellular level in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. (bvsalud.org)
Cho, M.H., Spalding, E.P., An anion channel in Arabidopsis hypocotyls activated by blue light (1996) Proc. (uba.ar)
Tiny root hairs absorb moisture and certain minerals from the soil by a process called osmosis. (irwantoshut.com)
Monocot roots are fibrous, meaning they form a wide network of thin roots that originate from the stem and stay close to the surface of the soil. (witty-question.com)
In contrast, dicots have "taproots," meaning they form a single thick root that grows deep into the soil and has smaller, lateral branches. (witty-question.com)
Once the root is emerged, it will start to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. (kidpid.com)
Soil crusting can delay or prevent seedling emergence and cause soybean hypocotyls to become swollen or break when trying to push through the crust. (specialtyhybrids.com)
It grows downwards into the soil as a primary root from which other roots arise. (atikaschool.org)
Hairs2
Morphologically, A. rhizogenes -induced hairy roots are very similar in structure to wild-type roots with a few notable exceptions: Root hairs are longer, more numerous, and root systems are more branched and exhibit an agravitropic phenotype. (bioone.org)
When the optimum conditions are met, the seed coat bursts and a primary root emerges. (kidpid.com)
By the time the epicotyl emerges, the stem has reached above the ground and the leaves start to emerge. (kidpid.com)
Elongation3
The miRNAs regulate root elongation, lateral root (LR) formation and adventitious root (AR) development in response to hormone signaling, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress. (chinaagrisci.com)
miR393-mediated auxin signaling regulation is involved in root elongation inhibition in response to toxic aluminum stress in barley. (chinaagrisci.com)
In monocots, the hypocotyl does not show above ground because monocots do not exhibit stem elongation. (witty-question.com)
Dicot1
How do you distinguish between monocot and dicot roots? (witty-question.com)
Leaves5
After a seedling has developed its own roots and leaves, it can make its own food. (irwantoshut.com)
the epicotyl becomes the first leaves. (kidpid.com)
A yield of 30 t/ha of roots and respectively 15 t/ha of leaves corresponds to 10500 feed units. (universityagro.ru)
The total feed value of by-products from processing 25-30 t/ha of roots and 10-15 t/ha of sugar beet leaves is about 5000 feed units. (universityagro.ru)
The epicotyl contains small leaves, buds, and the main growing point. (specialtyhybrids.com)
This root anchors the seedling in the ground and develops a root system that supplies water and minerals. (irwantoshut.com)
Embryos1
the amount of dna per nucleus and the coefficient of variation for measurement of individual nuclei were determined for cells from dormant embryos of pinus taeda and pinus coulteri, from onion root tips and from chicken erythrocytes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Xylem4
However, it has been technically challenging to apply fluorescent dyes on roots to monitor xylem transport in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
We describe how to apply these dyes on primary roots of young seedlings, how to monitor root-to-shoot xylem transport, and how to measure xylem transport velocity in roots. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, we show that our protocol can also be applied to lateral roots and grafted seedlings to assess xylem (re)connection. (bvsalud.org)
Applied to epicotyl, 2,4-D* moves into and along the phloem, monuron* into and along the xylem, and amino triazole* and maleic hydrazide* into and along both phloem and xylem. (ucanr.edu)
Axis1
Weaver H. L. Vascularization of the root-hypocotyl-cotyledon axis of Glycine max . (ucanr.edu)
Epicotyl is a tiny shoot that gives rise to the plant's whole shoot system. (farmerscion.com)
Hairy-root3
Agrobacterium rhizogenes is the etiological agent for hairy-root disease (also known as root-mat disease). (bioone.org)
The hairy root technology offers a promising in vitro source for secondary metabolite production. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Some studies have found that callus-induced hairy root cultures of Cannabis sativa in B5 media, supplemented with 4g/l NAA, under dark conditions produce cannabinoids. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Growth3
and they are involved in many biological processes in plants, such as root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
This review provides multiple perspectives on the involvement of miRNAs in regulating root growth and development in plants. (chinaagrisci.com)
We also discuss several crucial mechanisms of miRNAs, their relationships with transcription factors and the target gene-mediated hormone signaling interactions in the regulation of root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
Include2
Stem tubers generally start off as enlargements of the hypocotyl section of a seedling but also sometimes include the first node or two of the epicotyl and the upper section of the root. (fei-ct.com)
Additional plays include Confederates Pipeline Sunset Baby Blood at the Root and Follow Me to Nellie's. (avalyb.best)
Infection2
Effect of squash mosaic virus infection on microbial populations around the hypocotyl and chloroplast structure and function. (wikipedia.org)
The expression of genes encoded within the T-DNA promotes the development and production of roots at the site of infection on most dicotyledonous plants. (bioone.org)
Plants3
As a result, hairy roots are widely used as a trans-genic tool for the production of metabolites and for the study of gene function in plants. (bioone.org)
Most plants grow in length only at the tips of their roots and branches. (irwantoshut.com)
The root comes before the shoot in almost all the plants. (kidpid.com)
Begins1
Next, the upper part of the seedling, called the epicotyl, begins to grow upward. (irwantoshut.com)
Shoot1
in coconut, the shoot comes before the root. (kidpid.com)
Promotes1
MsmiR156 affects global gene expression and promotes root regenerative capacity and nitrogen fixation activity in alfalfa. (chinaagrisci.com)
Interactions1
Researchers have utilized this tool to study root development and root-biotic interactions, to overexpress proteins and secondary metabolites, to detoxify environmental pollutants, and to increase drought tolerance. (bioone.org)
Knowledge1
To my knowledge hypocotyls grow in the lingering warmth of the fall, and not in the cold fase. (peonysociety.eu)
Stage1
Even if they germinate -which I doubt-, the first stage is only a hypocotyl, wich can withstand frost. (peonysociety.eu)
Monocots have a root system that is composed of a network of fibrous roots as shown in the picture to the right. (witty-question.com)
The introduction into crop rotation of such roots as beets is inextricably linked with the transition to a more perfect system of field farming, with the improvement of land tillage and cattle fodder, etc. (universityagro.ru)
Longer1
I would put them back in warmth a little longer and transplant them as soon as their hypocotyl is 3 cm in an outdoor container. (peonysociety.eu)