• Lateral (and dorsal) to the olives are the rootlets for cranial nerves IX and X ( glossopharyngeal and vagus , respectively). (wikidoc.org)
  • The lateral medullary segment (orange) extends from the level of the most prominent part of the olive to the level of the rootlets of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Some of the sensory fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve have been seen to end in the upper part of this nucleus. (medmuv.com)
  • The somatic motor fibers arise from the cells of the nucleus ambiguus, already referred to in connection with the motor root of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (medmuv.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue , except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (iiab.me)
  • It then travels close to the vagus nerve and spinal division of the accessory nerve , [2] spirals downwards behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath . (iiab.me)
  • After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the vagus nerve and then passes behind the deep belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • X Vagus nerve (mixed) contains motor fibers which start from nucleus ambiguus, parasympathetic (preganglionic) fibers form dorsal nucleus and sensory fibers from superior and inferior ganglia in jugular foramen. (medmuv.com)
  • The vagus nerve is composed of both motor and sensory fibers, and has a more extensive course and distribution than any of the other cranial nerves, since it passes through the neck and thorax to the abdomen. (medmuv.com)
  • There the two portions unite into a single trunk, which leaves the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen in the same compartment of dura mater as the vagus nerve (Fig. 647, p. 771). (co.ma)
  • [3] The nerve passes through the subarachnoid space and pierces the dura mater near the hypoglossal canal , an opening in the occipital bone of the skull. (iiab.me)
  • More distally, a nerve root enters a meningeal tube formed by the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater (Fig. 16-4). (veteriankey.com)
  • The fila arrange themselves in two bundles which separately pierce the dura mater, and unite in the hypoglossal canal, or after emerging from the skull. (co.ma)
  • 3 Surgical treatment of VA-PICA aneurysms can be difficult given the location of these aneurysms to the brainstem and lower cranial nerves. (thejns.org)
  • Protruder and retractor hypoglossal MNs in neonatal brainstem slices. (eneuro.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla , the bottom part of the brainstem , [1] [2] in the anterolateral sulcus which separates the olive and the pyramid . (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve emerges as several rootlets (labelled here as number 12) from the olives of the medulla (labelled 13), part of the brainstem . (iiab.me)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • At the level of the midpons, the large trigeminal nerve , CN V, emerges. (wikidoc.org)
  • V. The trigeminal nerve is developed by means of a large posterior and a small anterior root. (co.ma)
  • The small anterior (efferent) root of the trigeminal nerve, like the motor anterior root of a spinal nerve, is later in its appearance than the sensory root. (co.ma)
  • These cranial nerves are the abducens nerve , facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve , respectively. (wikidoc.org)
  • The abducens nerve resembles in its mode of development the oculomotor and trochlear nerves with which in its origin it is in series. (co.ma)
  • At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible , the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • the lateral aspect of the spinal medulla, between the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves, its origin extending from the level of the accessory portion as low as the origin of the sixth cervical nerve (for the deep origin, see p. 596). (co.ma)
  • Successively joining together, the fila radicularia (rootlets) form a trunk which ascends in the subdural space of the spinal medulla, posterior to the ligamentum denticulatum, to the foramen magnum. (co.ma)
  • After crossing the posterior triangle the nerve ends by supplying the trapezius muscle on its deep surface. (co.ma)
  • This segment courses rostral or caudal to or between the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The tonsillomedullary segment (blue) extends from the level of the latter nerves around the caudal half of the tonsil and often forms a caudally convex loop. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a series of rootlets, from the caudal brain stem, here seen from below. (iiab.me)
  • thus the last several lumbar, the sacral, and the caudal nerves have to run increasingly longer distances before they reach the corresponding intervertebral foramina to exit from the vertebral canal. (veteriankey.com)
  • Because the caudal part of the spinal cord (S-1 caudally) and the nerves that leave it resemble a horse's tail, this part of the spinal cord (the conus medullaris), with the spinal roots coming from it, is called the cauda equina (see Chapter 16 ). (veteriankey.com)
  • The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) emerge from this sulcus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Between the basal pons, cranial nerve 6, 7 and 8 emerge (medial to lateral). (wikidoc.org)
  • The peripheral processes do not emerge directly from the brain, but extend dorsally from their origin along the side of the brain to its dorsal aspect, where they appear, after decussating with the fibres of the opposite nerve, just behind the quadrigeminal lamina. (co.ma)
  • The ventral rootlets emerge from the spinal cord at a wide, indistinct, ventrolateral sulcus. (veteriankey.com)
  • At the rostral pons, the occulomotor nerve emerges at the midline. (wikidoc.org)
  • The wide-necked saccular/fusiform aneurysm arose from the lateral aspect of the right V 4 segment just proximal to the PICA origin, anterior to the jugular tubercle at the level of the hypoglossal canal. (thejns.org)
  • 2 In the case of PICA aneurysms deemed appropriate for surgical intervention and located at the skull base, the anatomy of the jugular tubercle, hypoglossal canal, and all of the lower cranial nerves must be considered. (thejns.org)
  • The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, passes through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. (iiab.me)
  • After emerging from the hypoglossal canal, the hypoglossal nerve gives off a meningeal branch and picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1 . (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal , which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum . (iiab.me)
  • By two bundles from the groove between the olive and pyramid (10 - 15 rootlets), pass through the hypoglossal canal. (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Each spinal nerve consists of four segments from proximal to distal: (1) roots, (2) main trunk, (3) four primary branches, and (4) numerous peripheral branches ( Fig. 17-3 A ). The roots lie within the vertebral canal and consist of a dorsal root ( radix dorsalis ) with a spinal ganglion ( ganglion spinale ), and a ventral root ( radix ventralis ). (veteriankey.com)
  • Each root is formed by a variable number of rootlets ( fila radicularia ) that attach to the spinal cord. (veteriankey.com)
  • The twelfth or hypoglossal nerve arises by numerous fila radicularia from the front of the medulla oblongata between the pyramid and the olive (Fig. 643, p. 768) (for the deep origin, see p. 594). (co.ma)
  • Laterally, the trochlear nerve has emerged after emerging out of the dorsal rostral pons and wrapping around to the anterior. (wikidoc.org)
  • Directly rostral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, there is the superior medullary velum and then the two trochlear nerves. (wikidoc.org)
  • The trochlear nerve also arises from a group of neuroblasts occupying the medial part of the basal lamina of the mid-brain, close to its junction with the hind-brain. (co.ma)
  • Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. (iiab.me)
  • The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • At the spinal ganglion, the meninges continue on the main trunk of the spinal nerve and its branches as the epineurium. (veteriankey.com)
  • 3) beneath the trapezius, with the branches for the muscle derived from the third and fourth cervical nerves. (co.ma)
  • The oculomotor nerve arises, like the ventral root of a spinal nerve, from a group of neuroblasts in the medial part of the basal lamina of the mid-brain. (co.ma)
  • It arises as the peripheral fibres of a group of neuroblasts occupying the lateral part of the basal lamina of the hind-brain, which proceed directly to the surface to join the mandibular division of the nerve. (co.ma)
  • I., Fig. 2, or the anterior root of the 1st or other cervical nerve, shows how striking is the difference in size between even the largest fibres of the hypoglossal and those of its neighbouring motor nerves. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the anterior roots of the cervical nerves we find upon section of osmic preparations nerve fibres of varying sizes, see Pl. I. Fig. 3, most of which are of large calibre, varying from 14.4 µ to 19 µ , or larger. (ox.ac.uk)
  • neither in the size nor arrangement of its largest nerve fibres but in the one fact that it contains something new, something which is wanting in the anterior roots of the preceding nerves, viz. (ox.ac.uk)
  • bundles of finest medullated nerve fibres [note: 'Reissner (Op. cit. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Nerves with axons that conduct electrochemical impulses toward the central nervous system (CNS) are afferent, nerves with axons that conduct impulses away from the CNS are efferent, and nerves with both afferent and efferent axons are mixed. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This group becomes separated into three parts, of which the middle portion is the rudiment of the genicular ganglion which becomes incorporated with the efferent part of the facial nerve, and is connected to the brain by a slender root, known as the nervus intermedius (O.T. pars intermedia). (co.ma)
  • A , A schematic of a lower medulla section taken at the level of CNXII showing the nucleus (CNXII, box) ventral to the fourth ventricle (IV), segregated populations of pMNs (red) and rMNs (green), CNXII axons extending ventrally exit as CNXII rootlets (asterisks), and adjacent cranial nuclei including the nucleus of the solitary tract (nST), the spinal trigeminal nucleus (spCNV), and nucleus ambiguous (nA). (eneuro.org)
  • the anterior root of the 10th nerve (2nd thoracic) is however markedly different. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Section of three anterior rootlets of the 9th spinal (1st thoracic) nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Section of the white ramus communicans (A) of the 11th spinal (3rd thoracic) nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • From the second thoracic segment through the thirteenth thoracic segment there are two dorsal and two ventral filaments that form each thoracic nerve root. (veteriankey.com)
  • Part of a section through the anterior root of the 1st cervical nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Descending down over carotid sheath, forms the ansa cervicalis with a branch from C2 + 3 (inferior root of ansa or descending cervical nerve). (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The sensory fibers arise from the cells of the jugular ganglion and ganglion nodosum of the nerve, and, when traced into the medulla oblongata mostly end by arborizing around the cells of the inferior part of a nucleus which lies beneath the ala cinerea in the lower part of the rhomboid fossa. (medmuv.com)
  • The filaments of the nerve unite, and form a flat cord, which passes beneath the flocculus to the jugular foramen, through which it leaves the cranium. (medmuv.com)
  • In the jugular foramen the accessory portion of the nerve or internal ramus (after furnishing a small branch to the jugular ganglion of the vagus) applies itself to the ganglion nodosum, and in part joins the ganglion, in part the trunk of the nerve beyond the ganglion. (co.ma)
  • The spinal portion of the nerve, or external ramus, extends into the neck, where at first it lies along with other nerves, in the interval between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein. (co.ma)
  • Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. (wikidoc.org)
  • The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Fig. 17-3 B ). The dorsal rootlets send axons into the spinal cord at the dorsolateral sulcus. (veteriankey.com)
  • Lateral to these rootlets and the anterolateral sulci are the olives . (wikidoc.org)
  • Within the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve gives off a small and variable meningeal branch ( ramus meningeus ). (veteriankey.com)
  • Previous neuropathological observations in HMSN/ACC patients have included the presence of small oval vacuoles in the brain white matter, signs of axonal swelling and depletion of large myelinated fibers in nerves. (nature.com)
  • 4 Pathological findings from muscle and nerve biopsies, reported by Larbrisseau et al 5 , revealed evidence of chronic denervation with angular fibers and type grouping, suggesting an axonal neuropathy and a major primary defect at the level of peripheral nerve in HMSN/ACC. (nature.com)
  • A sympathetic nerve to the heart that carries impulses that speed the heart rate. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In rare cases, a facial nerve neuroma, vascular tumor, lipoma, or metastatic lesion is found within the cerebellopontine angle. (medscape.com)
  • Decision on type of access depends on tumor location, tumor size, hearing status, facial nerve status, and surgeon preference. (medscape.com)
  • Each facial colliculus , contrary to their names, do not contain the facial nerve nuclei. (wikidoc.org)
  • The facial nerve has developmentally a double origin. (co.ma)
  • Acoustic neuromas are intracranial, extra-axial tumors that arise from the Schwann cells, investing either the vestibular or cochlear nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous cells accompany each main division in its course from the ganglion, and form eventually the subordinate ganglia-the ciliary on the ophthalmic nerve, the spheno-palatine on the maxillary nerve, and the otic ganglion on the mandibular nerve. (co.ma)
  • CSlide: W.H. Gaskell, 'On the Structure, Distribution and Function of the Nerves which innervate the Visceral and Vascular Systems', Journal of Physiology 7 (1) (1886), pp. 1-80. (ox.ac.uk)
  • the inferior alveolar nerves innervate the lower teeth and gingivae. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • while the peripheral processes, separating into three groups, proceed along the fronto-nasal and maxillary processes, and along the mandibular arch, to form the three main divisions of the nerve. (co.ma)
  • Union of the dorsal and ventral roots forms the main trunk of the spinal nerve, which is located largely within the intervertebral foramen. (veteriankey.com)
  • After emerging from the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve gives off a dorsal branch ( ramus dorsalis ), then a communicating branch ( ramus communicans ), and continues as a larger ventral branch ( ramus ventralis ). (veteriankey.com)
  • The spinal ganglia ( ganglia spinalia ), formerly referred to as dorsal root ganglia, are aggregations of pseudounipolar nerve cell bodies that are located in the dorsal root within (rarely external to) the corresponding intervertebral foramen. (veteriankey.com)
  • In the midline and directly superior to the obex is the vagal trigone and superior to that it the hypoglossal trigone . (wikidoc.org)
  • The number of dorsal root filaments agrees closely with the number of ventral root filaments for each spinal nerve. (veteriankey.com)
  • The number of dorsal and ventral root filaments averages six each for the first five cervical nerves. (veteriankey.com)
  • In Pl. I., Fig. 4, I give a section of one of the roots of the hypoglossal nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • [8] [9] The nerve is first visible as a series of roots in the fourth week of development, which have formed a single nerve and link to the tongue by the fifth week. (iiab.me)
  • Their origin to a large extent resembles the mode of formation of the roots of a spinal nerve. (co.ma)
  • Near it is a section of a small grey ramus communicans (B) belonging to the same spinal nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Part of a section through the ramus communicans of the 26th spinal (3rd lumbar) nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • the anterior root of the 10th nerve differs from that of the 9th nerve (see Figs. 7, 6, Pl. II. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Section of the ganglionated root (A) of the hypoglossal nerve after it has reached the main hypoglossal root (B). The connective tissue matrix is tinged yellow. (ox.ac.uk)
  • stalk becomes solid, and forms the basis of the optic tract, optic chiasma, and optic nerve. (co.ma)
  • the central processes extend backwards along the optic stalk, and give rise to the optic nerve, optic chiasma, and optic tract. (co.ma)
  • [7] The musculature it supplies develop as the hypoglossal cord from the myotomes of the first four pairs of occipital somites. (iiab.me)
  • Auditory nerve. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 1) In connexion with the formation of the acoustic nerve a group of cells becomes separated from the alar lamina of the hind-brain opposite the auditory vesicle. (co.ma)
  • Underlying each of these are motor nuclei for the respective cranial nerves. (wikidoc.org)
  • [lower-alpha 1] It is a nerve with a solely motor function . (iiab.me)
  • Damage to the nerve or the neural pathways which control it can affect the ability of the tongue to move and its appearance, with the most common sources of damage being injury from trauma or surgery, and motor neuron disease . (iiab.me)
  • Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (unboundmedicine.com)