By selecting organisms resistant to the novel inhibitors and sequencing their genomes, we identified a new therapeutic target, the class Ia ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). (elifesciences.org)
The authors present two small molecules that specifically target the essential ribonucleotide reductase of the causative agent of gonorrhea. (elifesciences.org)
Deletion of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) genes in E. coli . (elifesciences.org)
RT-PCR indicates that ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) genes are not expressed in ∆RNR. (elifesciences.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Ribonucleotide Reductase M1 (RRM1) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (allelisakits.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Ribonucleotide Reductase M1 (RRM1) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (allelisakits.com)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Ribonucleotide Reductase M1 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (allelisakits.com)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Ribonucleotide Reductase M1 (RRM1) in samples from tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (allelisakits.com)
Micro-array analysis showed increased expression of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) subunits M1 and M2 as confirmed by real time PCR analysis (28- and 2.7-fold, respectively). (amsterdamumc.org)
Protein activation and expression were analysed by western blotting, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels by HPLC, ribonucleotide reductase activity by 14 C-cytidine incorporation into nascent DNA and cell-cycle distribution by FACS. (nature.com)
It further inhibited cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase by four different mechanisms: rapid downregulation of cyclin D1, induction of Chk2 with simultaneous downregulation of Cdc25A, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21 Cip/Waf and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity resulting in reduced dCTP and dTTP levels. (nature.com)
We then identified ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), the iron-dependent subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), as one mediator of iron chelator toxicity in Ewing sarcoma cells. (oncotarget.com)
An active ribonucleotide reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana cloning, expression and characterization of the large subunit. (hal.science)
In all living organisms, deoxyribonucleotides, the DNA precursors, are produced by reduction of the corresponding ribonucleotides catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase. (hal.science)
c) activity is stimulated by thioredoxin and ATP and is inhibited by dATP, showing that as in the mammalian enzyme, the plant ribonucleotide reductase seems to be allosterically regulated by positive (ATP) and negative (dATP) effectors. (hal.science)
Ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 drives glioblastoma TMZ resistance through modulation of dNTP production. (bvsalud.org)
Of interest was the increased expression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2), which we found to regulate dGTP and dCTP production vital for DNA damage response during TMZ therapy . (bvsalud.org)
The data show that ERCC5, encoding Xeroderma pigmentosum protein G (XPG), essential for DNA excision repair, and ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RNRM1), encoding a gene necessary for providing the nucleotides needed for DNA repair, were down-regulated in cells treated with diazinon. (cdc.gov)
The catalytic subunit of an anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase: What binds where? (lu.se)
Deoxy-ATP (dATP) can reach toxic levels that inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme essential for synthesis of DNA precursors. (medscape.com)
dGTP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, which is needed for synthesis of deoxynucleotides. (medscape.com)
Ribonucleotides are the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides in the mammalian genome, with over 1 million DNA -embedded ribonucleotides per replicating cell, posing a significant challenge to genome stability. (cam.ac.uk)
Ribonucleotides are now widely considered as the most frequently incorporated non-canonical nucleotides in genomic DNA. (researchsquare.com)
Ribonucleotides, also known as ribonucleoside 5′-monophosphates (rNMPs), which are normally monomers of RNA, have been found to be the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides incorporated into DNA2,3. (researchsquare.com)
Purines, such as adenine and guanine nucleotides, are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP) since purines are synthesized as ribonucleotides and not as free nucleobases (as opposed to pyrimidines that are synthesized first as a free base). (biologyonline.com)
Reductases3
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential for DNA synthesis in most organisms. (diva-portal.org)
Bacterial ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) play a significant role in the formation of dNTPs and their expression is normally regulated with the transcription factors NrdR and Hair. (immune-source.com)
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential enzymes for all life by virtue of their central role in the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks for DNA synthesis. (lu.se)
Excision3
Ribonucleotides incorporated during DNA replication are normally removed by Ribonuclease (RNase) H2, a developmentally essential enzyme that initiates error-free ribonucleotide excision repair (RER). (cam.ac.uk)
Ribonuclease H type 2 (RNase H2) is a major protein factor involved in repair of rNMPs in DNA and initiates ribonucleotide excision repair2,3. (researchsquare.com)
These structure-function studies have implications for cellular signaling by ribonucleotides, and they may be relevant to replication stress in cells defective in ribonucleotide excision repair, including humans suffering from autoimmune disease associated with RNase H2 defects. (neb.com)
Pyrimidine1
Figure 1: Theories of prebiotic syntheses of pyrimidine ribonucleotides. (nature.com)
Enzyme6
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are urate D-ribonucleotide and phosphate , whereas its two products are urate and alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate . (wikipedia.org)
The systematic name of this enzyme class is urate-ribonucleotide:phosphate alpha-D-ribosyltransferase . (wikipedia.org)
Most, however, reflect enzyme incision at ribonucleotides, which are the most abundant noncanonical component of DNA. (duke.edu)
in the specific case of ribonucleotide-initiated events, mutations reflect sequential cleavage by the enzyme. (duke.edu)
Our findings establish RNase H2 as a key mammalian genome surveillance enzyme required for ribonucleotide removal and demonstrate that ribonucleotides are the most commonly occurring endogenous nucleotide base lesion in replicating cells. (academicediting.org)
enzyme that will require discussion with 2′-OH organizations from four consecutive ribonucleotides for efficient substrate cleavage (Nowotny et?al. (academicediting.org)
Presence of ribonucleotides3
Scientists have known about the presence of ribonucleotides in DNA, but until now had not been able to determine exactly what they are and where they are located in the DNA sequences. (labmanager.com)
The current presence of ribonucleotides in genomic DNA is undesirable given their increased susceptibility to Naringenin hydrolysis. (academicediting.org)
2002 Cech 2011 Ribonucleotides change from deoxynucleotides by the current presence of an individual reactive hydroxyl group in the 2′ placement from the ribose sugars making RNA ～100 0 even more vunerable to spontaneous hydrolysis under physiological circumstances (Li and Breaker 1999 The current presence of ribonucleotides in genomic DNA can be therefore undesirable since it makes DNA more delicate to strand damage. (academicediting.org)
Ribonucleoside3
Binding to a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety. (mcw.edu)
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. (ntu.edu.sg)
It is definitely idea that such misincorporation can be avoided by the strict selectivity of replicative DNA polymerases favoring deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) over ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) substrates (Joyce 1997 Nevertheless latest in?vitro tests have got demonstrated that under physiologically relevant circumstances where rNTPs substantially exceed dNTPs such DNA polymerases might add a ribonucleotide foundation every few 1000 foundation pairs (Nick McElhinny et?al. (academicediting.org)
Consecutive ribonucleotides1
Even less efficient bypass of two consecutive ribonucleotides in DNA correlates with similar movements of Tyr391 and displacement of one of the ribonucleotides along with the primer-strand DNA backbone. (neb.com)
Synthesis1
Under low-transcription conditions, most Top1-dependent mutations arise in the context of replication and reflect incision at ribonucleotides incorporated during leading-strand synthesis. (duke.edu)
Genomic2
Ribose-seq could potentially be applied to any cell type of any organism to allow profiling of ribonucleotide incorporation into genomic DNA. (researchsquare.com)
Ribonucleotides, units of RNA, can become embedded in genomic DNA during processes such as DNA replication and repair, affecting the stability of the genome by contributing to DNA fragility and mutability. (labmanager.com)
Nucleotide1
A ribonucleotide is a nucleotide that has a ribose as its sugar component. (biologyonline.com)
Polymerase2
This stress correlates with DNA polymerase (Pol) stalling during bypass of ribonucleotides in DNA templates. (neb.com)
2010 Budding candida expressing a much less selective replicative polymerase just displayed wide-spread ribonucleotide incorporation when ribonuclease (RNase) H2 activity was genetically abolished (Nick McElhinny et?al. (academicediting.org)
Purine1
Thus purine moieties are initially formed as part of the ribonucleotides rather than as free bases . (citizendium.org)
Reactions2
When you look at the reactions that people get from gluten vs. MSG and ribonucleotide (itchy rash, migraine headache, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, puffiness, bloating, etc.), you will see that they are nearly identical reactions. (healthybliss.net)
Hydrogen-donating proteins that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction and reduction of PEROXIREDOXINS. (bvsalud.org)
Genome2
In this talk, I will present our recent findings that shed light on the molecular mechanisms of genome instability caused by aberrant processing of DNA -embedded ribonucleotides in mammalian cells. (cam.ac.uk)
Upon high-throughput sequencing and analysis, the distribution and identity of ribonucleotides in the genome could be determined as recently reported using yeast as a model organism1. (researchsquare.com)
Phosphate3
Other names in common use include UAR phosphorylase , and urate-ribonucleotide:phosphate D-ribosyltransferase . (wikipedia.org)
Dianion of nicotinic acid D -ribonucleotide arising from deprotonation of carboxylic acid and phosphate functions. (ebi.ac.uk)
As for the nitrogenous base (or nucleobase) component, the common bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Depending on the number of phosphates that make up the compound, the ribonucleotide may be designated as monophosphate (having only one phosphate group), diphosphate (having two phosphate groups), and triphosphate (having three phosphate groups). (biologyonline.com)
Incorporation2
Here, we describe an approach, ribose-seq, to prepare DNA libraries for next-generation sequencing to map ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA. (researchsquare.com)
Sources of ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA include incomplete Okazaki fragment maturation, oxidative damage, and numerous DNA polymerases. (researchsquare.com)
Reduction1
Activity is regulated on two levels: overall activity and substrate specificity (as only one RNR catalyses the reduction of all four ribonucleotides under given physiological conditions). (lu.se)
19741
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides were first assessed in 1974 by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives based on all available scientific literature. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleic2
Purification of viral DNA from infected cells also indicated that 5- 3 H-uridine was associated with viral nucleic acid possibly as ribonucleotides. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Sedimentation of heat denatured 5- 3 H-uridine label viral nucleic acid in Cs 2 SO 4 indicated that the label sedimented at a density of single stranded DNA suggesting that the ribonucleotides are covalently linked to the viral DNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Deoxyribonucleotide1
60 known mutations) results in accumulation of adenosine , which is converted to its ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide (dATP) forms by cellular kinases. (msdmanuals.com)
Chemical reaction1
We know whatever chemical reaction created ribonucleotides must have been able to happen in the messy, complicated environment found on our planet billions of years ago. (yahoo.com)
Replication1
Ribonucleotides are frequently incorporated into DNA during replication, they are normally removed, and failure to remove them results in replication stress. (neb.com)
Yeast2
Scholars@Duke publication: Ribonucleotides and Transcription-Associated Mutagenesis in Yeast. (duke.edu)
Here we demonstrate that stalling by yeast replicative Pols δ and ε increases as the number of consecutive template ribonucleotides increases from one to four. (neb.com)
Pathway3
The ribonucleotides are biosynthesized via the de novo pathway. (biologyonline.com)
In our latest work , my colleagues and I have integrated autocatalysis into a well-known chemical pathway for producing the ribonucleotide building blocks, which could have plausibly happened with the simple molecules and complex conditions found on the early Earth. (yahoo.com)
The formose reaction shares some common ingredients with a well-known chemical pathway to make ribonucleotides, known as the Powner-Sutherland pathway. (yahoo.com)
Ribose2
By specifically targeting and capturing the unique ends of alkali-derived 2′,3′-cyclic monophosphate or 2′-monophosphate from ribonucleotides embedded in DNA, ribose-seq libraries are constructed. (researchsquare.com)
Crystal structures of an exonuclease-deficient variant of RB69 Pol corresponding to multiple steps in single ribonucleotide bypass reveal that increased stalling is associated with displacement of Tyr391 and an unpreferred C2'-endo conformation for the ribose. (neb.com)
Formation1
Formation and properties of polyribonucleotide-polydeoxy-ribonucleotide helical complexes. (elsevierpure.com)