Reuse methods decontamination. Medical search. Frequent questions

Given predictions that these devices will be in short supply if a pandemic strikes in the near future, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services asked the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies to investigate the potential for reuse of disposable respirators or masks. (sciencedaily.com)
Disposable masks and respirators do not lend themselves to reuse because they work by trapping harmful particles inside the mesh of fibers of which they are made. (sciencedaily.com)
Critical shortages of these masks have driven efforts to find new decontamination methods that can extend their use. (scitechdaily.com)
The masks treated with vaporized hydrogen peroxide experienced no failures, suggesting they potentially could be reused three times, Lloyd-Smith said. (scitechdaily.com)
The MNA has also expressed concern about the unproven "decontamination" procedures for masks. (prnewswire.com)
Gov. Baker has instructed healthcare facilities to distribute PPE rather than stockpile it for "the future," but we reiterate that not all facilities are following this directive as too many frontline healthcare personnel are still reusing non-reusable N95 masks. (prnewswire.com)
The acknowledged risks of unproven decontamination methods for masks include a failure of filtration efficiency, reduced breathability, strap failure and ineffective face-fit, and the very real possibility that "reused respirators may not have been effectively decontaminated of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogens" per the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (massnurses.org)
Nurses and doctors have gone to creative extremes to reuse the same masks, gloves and scrubs they need to treat contagious coronavirus patients. (cnn.com)
But health care workers have had to reuse them anyway due to shortages of the masks and other PPE , like scrubs and gloves. (cnn.com)
The news that UM medical researchers have been testing the possibility that N95 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) masks can be reused has attracted attention from far and wide. (umanitoba.ca)
They found that some N95 masks might retain integrity through as many as ten sterilizations and reuses. (umanitoba.ca)
The university tested four types of N95 masks and four methods of sterilization. (umanitoba.ca)
With high demand resulting in limited supply, S&T focused efforts on finding affordable and easy methods that allow masks to safely be reused. (dhs.gov)
Evaluating common household devices, researchers identified programmable multicookers as a readily accessible and effective means to decontaminate masks, using moist heat, one of three methods recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (dhs.gov)
Moist heat decontamination is achieved by treating masks with 149°F steam for 30 minutes. (dhs.gov)
Can surgical masks be sanitized and safely reused? (stackexchange.com)
Duke Health says it will stretch its supply of specialized masks used by health care workers treating coronavirus patients by decontaminating and reusing them. (stackexchange.com)
There is no guaranteed safe way to reuse face masks as protection against flu in the event of a pandemic, a government panel's report concluded Thursday. (stackexchange.com)
Tiny wireless sensors for recycled N95 masks could verify, in real time, whether the respirators are being exposed to proper decontamination conditions. (umich.edu)
The batteryless sensors are designed to provide more accurate and less cumbersome monitoring during the decontamination of protective masks for medical workers. (umich.edu)
In an effort to ensure availability of N95 masks when supplies are still tight, the devices help to ensure sufficient heat and humidity is used in decontamination systems. (umich.edu)
The ovens used to decontaminate these masks can produce cold spots and dry spots, so it's important to verify the decontamination conditions with a resolution of a few cubic inches," Fu explains. (umich.edu)
Unlike currently available N95 masks, which cannot be reused without special decontamination procedures, these cost-effective nanofilter masks can be easily washed, dried and reused. (louisville.edu)
The manufacturing method for the masks is adopted from Conn Center's roll-to-roll printing techniques used in battery electrode and solar cell fabrication. (louisville.edu)
European EN rated masks perform similarly to their NIOSH equivalents. (comecer.com)
The sensor was able to ensure proper decontamination conditions for hundreds of masks simultaneously, while users monitored the process in real time with a smartphone app. (umich.edu)
Because of the N95 mask shortage, healthcare workers just have to reuse their masks and hope for the best. (umich.edu)
Because it can use ovens already available in hospitals and potentially sanitize hundreds of masks at a time, the moist-heat decontamination process has emerged as one of the most-promising methods for resource-strapped hospitals. (umich.edu)
This brings access to rural hospitals and low-resource communities, so they can safely reuse masks. (umich.edu)
The app also alerts users if specific masks were not properly decontaminated, so those can be disposed instead of reused. (umich.edu)
The proposed solution can provide a rapid, effective sterilization method that is at room temperature and that causes minimal damage while maintaining static electricity of fibers in masks. (cancovid.ca)
The agency authorized use of the Battelle Critical Care decontamination system in March to reprocess tens of thousands of respirator masks per day so that health personnel can reuse them. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
In Ontario, there are directives or supports related to producing, allocating, using, reusing, and repurposing different types of masks during COVID-19. (esnetwork.ca)
DURHAM, N.C. - Facing a critical shortage of N95 face masks that block the coronavirus, Duke Health research and clinical teams have confirmed a way to use existing vaporized hydrogen peroxide methods to decontaminate the masks so they can be reused. (dukehealth.org)
The decontamination process should keep a significant number of N95 masks in use at Duke University Hospital as well as Duke Regional and Duke Raleigh hospitals, easing some of the shortage and curbing the need for other alternatives using unproven decontamination techniques. (dukehealth.org)
The decontamination process requires specialized equipment that vaporizes the hydrogen peroxide, and a closed facility where the masks can be exposed to the vapor. (dukehealth.org)
The ability to reuse the crucial N95 masks will boost the hospitals' ability to protect frontline health care workers during this time of critical shortages of N95 masks," said Cameron Wolfe, M.D., associate professor of medicine and infectious disease specialist. (dukehealth.org)
While this alone will not solve the problem, if we and others can reuse masks even once or twice, that would be a huge benefit given the current shortages. (dukehealth.org)
WEBINAR on Tuesday, March 31, 3pm (ET): Duke Health clinicians and researchers who have confirmed a method to decontaminate N95 masks using hydrogen peroxide vaporization will describe the process and answer questions during a webinar on Tuesday, March 31, at 3pm (ET). (dukehealth.org)
However, despite these efforts, masks that are designed for reuse are piling up in hospital corners, individually wrapped in paper bags, while doctors and nurses wait for them to be decontaminated. (umn.edu)
Motivated by the increasing burden and health risk posed by the used masks, Dr. Abe Jacob , Chief Quality Officer at M. Health Fairview, turned to the College of Design for help devising safe and efficient methods for mask storage and decontamination. (umn.edu)
Two important questions that must be addressed with this process include: 1) Does decontamination impair the integrity of masks? (covidstudentresponse.org)
Sending masks off site to a central location with sophisticated decontamination equipment may not be practical during a crisis, when there is a limited supply of respirators. (erwotex.net)

The study authors concluded that vaporized hydrogen peroxide was the most effective method because no traces of the virus could be detected after only a 10-minute treatment. (scitechdaily.com)
Additionally, there is the effect of mask breakdown causing abrasions to the wearer as well as ongoing respiratory effects of off gassing from hydrogen peroxide are only two of the immediate concerns for this unproven method. (massnurses.org)
A group of Duke University researchers developed their own method of decontamination in March using hydrogen peroxide. (cnn.com)
Residual hydrogen peroxide levels following decontamination were below the safety limit. (cheoresearch.ca)
The decontamination methods that had the least effect on particle penetration involved hydrogen peroxide (vaporized and liquid forms) and UV radiation. (isrp.com)
Future research should consider low-temperature decontamination methods such as vaporized and liquid hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, microwave radiation for 2 minutes or less, UV radiation, and 10% diluted household bleach for further study. (isrp.com)
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided guidance based on limited research indicating that ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, vaporous hydrogen peroxide, and moist heat have shown the most promise as potential methods of decontaminating FFRs. (blr.com)
In this study, we systematically evaluated five respirator decontamination methods using vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) or ultraviolet (254 nm wavelength, UVC) radiation. (a-star.edu.sg)
Five methods that are promising are as follows: hydrogen peroxide vapor, ultraviolet irradiation, dry heat, wet heat/pasteurization, and microwave ovens. (bvsalud.org)
In addition to vaporized hydrogen peroxide, the company is looking into ultraviolet and low-temperature moist heat methods, amongst others. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
Many reprocessing methods exist, but ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and hydrogen peroxide vaporization are the most promising. (esnetwork.ca)

B) Mask integrity quantitative fit testing results after decontamination and 2 hours of wear for 3 consecutive runs. (cdc.gov)
A prototype of the iMASC, a new silicone mask that can be safely reused without fear of contamination. (cnn.com)
Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston have developed the iMASC, a new silicone mask that can be safely reused without fear of contamination. (cnn.com)
The Duke team's biocontamination method takes hours to complete, requires equipment many hospitals don't have and can only be used up to 20 times for the same mask. (cnn.com)
Original research reporting on N95 FFR function, decontamination, safety, or mask fit following decontamination with a disinfectant was included. (cheoresearch.ca)
More than one decontamination cycle of vaporized H2O2may be possible but further information is required on how multiple cycles would affect mask fit in a real world setting before the upper limit can be established. (cheoresearch.ca)
Love is working on a project comparing various mask decontamination methods. (umich.edu)
The researchers hope the sensors will prove to be a more scalable method for monitoring mask decontamination, ultimately cutting down on wasted time and resources across the country. (umich.edu)
METHODS: We conducted a rapid review of the literature analyzing the effectiveness of decontamination methods for mask reuse. (bvsalud.org)
The VeriMask platform can contribute to the healthcare community by making N95 mask decontamination faster, safer, easier and more affordable," said Yan Long, a Ph.D. student in Fu's laboratory. (umich.edu)
The app notifies users when each mask finishes the decontamination process. (umich.edu)
We were finding paper bags lying all over the place in our units, an unintended consequence of our mask decontamination plan. (umn.edu)
Mask decontamination and re-use has been considered in the U.S. for past infectious outbreaks. (covidstudentresponse.org)

Successful reuse of filtering facepiece respirators will require decontamination methods that can inactivate microorganisms without compromising filtration performance. (cdc.gov)
Know which medical devices require decontamination. (bettercare.co.za)

This is to say nothing of the unknown risks as we rush to employ these unproven methods. (massnurses.org)

Decontamination may degrade FFR performance, and decontaminated respirators may not provide the level of protection needed during such procedures. (blr.com)

In industrial settings where infectious disease exposure is not a concern, users can wear and reuse a filtering facepiece respirator until it is damaged, soiled, or causing noticeably increased breathing resistance, unless there is a manufacturer-specified duration of use. (wikipedia.org)

The researchers hypothesized that dry heat might be a method to meet all three criteria - decontamination, filtration and fit - without requiring special preparation or leaving any chemical residue. (illinois.edu)
The researchers created a video demonstrating the method. (illinois.edu)
The researchers see potential for the electric-cooker method to be useful for health care workers and first responders, especially those in smaller clinics or hospitals that do not have access to large-scale heat sanitization equipment. (illinois.edu)
In a controlled laboratory setting, the researchers tested several decontamination methods on small sections of N95 filter fabric that had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2. (scitechdaily.com)
The researchers stressed that anyone decontaminating an N95 respirator should closely check the fit and seal over the face before each reuse. (scitechdaily.com)
The researchers used several different sterilization methods on iMASC, including running them through an autoclave (steam sterilizer), putting them in an oven, and soaking them in both bleach and isopropyl alcohol. (cnn.com)
Researchers have done some - not much, but some - investigations into the concept of disposable glove reuse. (glovesbyweb.com)
All researchers agree on one indisputable fact: ideally, disposable gloves should not be reused in any form. (glovesbyweb.com)
The researchers recently shared VeriMask's designs and schematics with N95DECON, a scientific consortium that reviews, collates, publishes and quickly disseminates data-driven research on N95 decontamination. (umich.edu)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are studying ways to safely and rapidly remove viral threats from N95 respirators, without compromising the device's fit and its ability to filter airborne particles, so they can be reused. (erwotex.net)

For decades now, there's been ongoing research into disinfection methods to combat tobamoviruses. (tomatonews.com)
Kees sees that growers employ many disinfection methods against tobamoviruses. (tomatonews.com)

In response to the widespread need for accessible, relocatable, and user-friendly decontamination systems, manufacturers must also consider cost-effective, install-ready components. (terrauniversal.com)
Microwave oven irradiation, in some cases, melts materials following prolonged exposure, while bleach damages filtration efficacy and leaves a toxic scent which detracts from the user experience, making neither a robust option for widespread decontamination. (covidstudentresponse.org)

It's another important step forward in helping to reduce shortages in critical N95 respirators, by allowing for these important devices, when decontaminated, to be reused by health care personnel on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
With the dangerous shortages of personal protective equipment, the ability to use and reuse protective gear often becomes a real need. (konicaminolta.us)

In addition, it may be useful for others who may have an N95 respirator at home - for example, from a pre-pandemic home-improvement project - and wish to reuse it, Nguyen said. (illinois.edu)
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued enforcement guidance allowing the decontamination and reuse of N95 respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic on a case-by-case basis. (blr.com)
This type of solution would make it possible to safely reuse respirators during a pandemic, or any other situation where supplies are limited, and front-line health care workers need protection. (erwotex.net)

Potentially cheaper methods, including moist heat and microwave generated steam, are being investigated, but these have limitations. (bmj.com)
For moist-heat decontamination to properly sanitize N95 facemasks, the conditions have to be perfect. (umich.edu)

Those treated with ultraviolet light and dry heat began showing fit and seal problems after three decontaminations, suggesting these respirators potentially could be reused twice. (scitechdaily.com)
Physicians have had to reuse potentially contaminated gear, which could expose them or their patients to coronavirus. (cnn.com)

This controlled method is Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). (konicaminolta.us)
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method or process that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV-C) light to kill microorganisms. (konicaminolta.us)
Recently, the University of Nebraska addressed this need with the development of a N95 Filtering Facemask Respirator Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) process for use in decontamination and reuse. (konicaminolta.us)

These results can help in the design of future studies on the decontamination of filtering facepiece respirators contaminated with different microorganisms. (cdc.gov)
How effective different cleaning methods are in removing harmful microorganisms from the glove. (glovesbyweb.com)
There is research that suggests that some cleaning methods may effectively eliminate disease-causing microorganisms - but that others are completely ineffective. (glovesbyweb.com)

Any sanitation method would need to decontaminate all surfaces of the respirator, but equally important is maintaining the filtration efficacy and the fit of the respirator to the face of the wearer. (illinois.edu)
In recent months, high income countries have been scrambling not only to secure PPE shipments but also to deploy technologies to reuse and decontaminate PPE. (bmj.com)
The development of methods to effectively decontaminate N95 respirators while maintaining their integrity is crucial for respirator regeneration and reuse. (a-star.edu.sg)
The ongoing personal protective equipment (PPE) shortage has challenged frontline workers to find new, reliable ways to decontaminate and reuse N95 facemasks. (umich.edu)
For example, liquid disinfectants like bleach can damage the filter, and sterilization methods that rely on ultraviolet light do not penetrate deep enough to fully decontaminate the filter. (erwotex.net)

Fu says this project has broader application to related domains for COVID-19 such as decontamination of automotive fleets, public transportation, and passenger aircraft by reducing the cumbersome and unsightly wiring to inconspicuous canary sensors that verify the environmental conditions needed for decontamination. (umich.edu)
To reduce the environmental impact, decontamination systems such as DeconBox TM have been developed to safely allow extending the life of the respirators and caring for the environment . (comecer.com)

Research on the level of bioaerosol contamination of used FFRs will provide empirical data to prioritize supply optimization strategies, determine the appropriate level of respiratory protection, and establish decontamination efficiency requirements for a standard method. (cdc.gov)

In this study, two models of FFRs (one N95 and one P100) were treated with ten decontamination processes at two conditions each. (isrp.com)
Decontamination using an autoclave, 160º C dry heat, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and soap and water (20 minute soak) caused significant filter degradation to both N95 and P100 FFRs. (isrp.com)

Because of this danger, many industries now use an artificial replication of UVC to better control its usage as a disinfectant method. (konicaminolta.us)

Chemicals and other sterilization methods can affect the strength, flexibility, surface appearance, color, dimensions or weight of various plastics differently. (thomassci.com)
Peter Tsai, the man who invented the N95 mask's filtering fabric, has come out of retirement to test sterilization methods . (cnn.com)

With limited FFR availability, healthcare facilities have employed extended use, limited reuse, and decontamination to optimize supplies (CDC 2020b). (cdc.gov)
Dangerous decisions are being made regarding the reuse of PPE as healthcare facilities experiment with decontamination methods not supported by scientific evidence. (massnurses.org)

UV decontamination lights and HEPA filtration are known to be rapidly effective for capturing and eradicating a wide range of surface and airborne based contamination, including SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. (terrauniversal.com)
These studies were done to determine how effective such methods are against viruses such as these. (tomatonews.com)

Through testing the bioburden, filtration, fluid resistance, and fit (shape) of the decontaminated respirators, we found that the decontamination methods using BioQuell VHP, custom VHP container, Steris VHP, and Sterrad VHP effectively inactivated Cardiovirus (3-log10 reduction) and bacteria (6-log10 reduction) without compromising the respirator integrity after 2-15 cycles. (a-star.edu.sg)

The interim guidance to the agency's Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) allows the reuse, in certain circumstances, of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) decontaminated using methods that have shown promise in limited research. (blr.com)
However, there are no NIOSH-approved methods of decontamination for FFRs. (blr.com)
Because decontamination may affect the fit and performance of N95 and other FFRs, decontaminated respirators are not NIOSH-certified. (blr.com)
If employers have no manufacturer or third-party guidance or procedures for specific decontamination methods, then workers should avoid using decontaminated FFRs when performing aerosol-generating procedures on patients who are or may be infected with SARS-CoV-2. (blr.com)

To address this issue, research on the reuse of filtering facepiece respirators after simple biological decontamination methods was recommended. (cdc.gov)
Research and jurisdictions have suggested using the same N95 respirator multiple times, after decontamination in between uses, as long as it retains its fit and function. (esnetwork.ca)

This is a decontamination technology and method we've used for years in our biocontainment laboratory," said Scott Alderman, associate director of the Duke Regional Biocontainment Laboratory. (dukehealth.org)

Scientists hope new methods can mitigate the chronic shortage of personal protective equipment. (scitechdaily.com)

Points at the LOD and at t = 0 for ethanol and heat methods applied to steel are offset slightly up and to the left to avoid overplotting. (cdc.gov)
The paper "Dry heat as a decontamination method for N95 respirator reuse" is available online . (illinois.edu)
They found that ultraviolet light and dry heat are also acceptable decontamination procedures, as long as the methods are applied for at least 60 minutes. (scitechdaily.com)
The wireless, batteryless sensors confirm when heat, humidity and time targets have been met for decontamination," says Love. (umich.edu)

Filtration performance after decontamination using bleach, ethylene oxide, and a microwave oven was degraded for both respirator models, although particle penetration levels were still less than the NIOSH certification criteria. (isrp.com)

The implementation of evidence-based infection control measures needs more public health actions and organizational control for universal application of evidence-based prevention and control practices, compliance with those practices, behavioural change, risk management, standardized surveillance methods, sterility assurance and generation of more reliable estimates of the burden of HAI through clinical audit. (who.int)

One possible solution to the potential shortage is to reuse the FFR after decontamination to remove any infectious material. (isrp.com)

However, the following steps would allow a person to reuse a disposable N95 respirator if necessary. (sciencedaily.com)
Ask any healthcare provider about the most important rules about gloving in a medical setting, and you'll hear that disposable gloves should never be reused. (glovesbyweb.com)
A disposable glove shortage often means that healthcare providers need to look for ways to cut corners, which includes finding ways to reuse their gloves as safely as possible. (glovesbyweb.com)
Any methods used to clean disposable gloves, from washing to decontamination or reprocessing, can compromise the health of both healthcare worker and patient. (glovesbyweb.com)
For example, turning gloves inside out is probably the worst "method" of disposable glove reuse. (glovesbyweb.com)

The potential presence of undesired substances in the recyclates hence requires appropriate methods of decontaminations. (circular-foodpack.eu)

Our findings show that N95 respirators treated by the previously mentioned decontamination methods are safe and effective for reuse by industry, laboratories, and hospitals. (a-star.edu.sg)
After several Zoom meetings with healthcare providers, multiple design iterations, and user testing, over 500 of the storage boxes have been built and assembled in the College of Design's Fabrication Shop, the first shipments of which are currently en route to hospitals and COVID-19 transitional care facilities in the Twin Cities and greater metro area. (umn.edu)

At Weeefiner, our highly selective 4D Scavenger technology is designed to target and extract dissolved metals for reuse, which significantly reduces the downstream water treatment burden. (iom3.org)

Which engineering control methods are most effective to prevent SARS-CoV-2 exposure through droplet, fomite and short-range aerosol routes? (cdc.gov)
UVC lights and lamps are effective against extremely contagious airborne diseases like tuberculosis , and unlike HEPA filtration, are also effective for decontamination of water, hard surfaces, and non-porous objects. (terrauniversal.com)
This method may not be effective with liquid droplets or viral pathogens and doesn't offer any disinfection capabilities. (louisville.edu)
According to Roy Imming of Agrozone, ozone treatment is the first disinfection method that has been proven effective against ToBRFV. (tomatonews.com)
The lack of standardization of the cleaning methods of the endodont ic f i les results in many controversies related to the most effective decontamination protocol, thus raising great interest in this subject 13 . (bvsalud.org)
The most effective method was the sponge. (bvsalud.org)

Although N95 respirators are designed for just one use before disposal, in times of shortage, N95 respirators can be decontaminated and reused up to three times," said James Lloyd-Smith, a co-author of the study and a UCLA professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. (scitechdaily.com)
A 2013 study considered various methods. (tomatonews.com)
On the other hand, Sousa 19 conducted a comparative study on four cleaning methods. (bvsalud.org)
Methods: A Prospective observational study was conducted among 360 randomly selected SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals who were on follow up from 2nd June to 5th July 2020. (bvsalud.org)

The respirators maintained their filtration capacity of more than 95% and kept their fit, still properly seated on the wearer's face, even after 20 cycles of decontamination in the electric cooker. (illinois.edu)

Filtration performance of the treated respirators plus two controls was assessed using a poly-dispersed sodium chloride aerosol test method similar to that used by the NIOSH for respirator certification. (isrp.com)

We understand that PPE is not always readily available and are working tirelessly to provide Americans with simple methods to extend the life of this important equipment. (dhs.gov)
The alternative is ultraviolet light decontamination, which requires expensive custom equipment," Hester said. (umich.edu)

Many PPE decontamination technologies are resource intensive and costly. (bmj.com)
Current methods to achieve this accuracy are both labor-intensive and damage-prone. (umich.edu)

To-date, water treatment methods at mining sites have focused on decontamination by precipitation, which requires large amounts of chemicals such as lime, and represents a heavy carbon footprint,' explains Mikko Hännigen, Weeefiner CEO. (iom3.org)

The Steris V-PRO 1 Plus, maX and maX2 low-temperature sterilization systems use a non-lumen decontamination cycle. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms1

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Humanities1

Health Care19

Masks43

Hydrogen11

Mask13

Require decontamination2

Unproven1

Respirators may not1

Facepiece respirator1

Researchers10

Disinfection Methods2

Widespread2

Shortages2

Pandemic3

Moist heat2

Potentially2

Ultraviolet germicidal3

Microorganisms3

Decontaminate5

Environmental2

Respiratory protection1

P1002

Disinfectant1

Sterilization methods2

Healthcare facilities2

Viruses2

Integrity1

FFRs4

Research2

Duke1

Shortage of personal protectiv1

Heat4

Ethylene oxide1

Practices1

Infectious1

Disposable5

Substances1

Hospitals2

Burden1

Effective6

Study4

Cycles1

Aerosol1

Equipment2

Intensive2

Requires1

Systems1