Retroviral dna transposable elements. Medical search. Frequent questions

DNA transposons are DNA sequences, sometimes referred to "jumping genes", that can move and integrate to different locations within the genome. (wikipedia.org)
Jumping genes" (more formally known as transposable elements or transposons) are DNA sequences that can move from one location of the genome to another. (bigthink.com)
The discovery in 2018 that tau protein activates jumping genes in the human brain raised interest in the idea that DNA transposition may contribute to Alzheimer's. (bigthink.com)
A small study of 25 patients, published in 2022, shows that onset of Alzheimer's is preceded by a transposon "storm," with increased or decreased activity in 1,790 different retroviral jumping genes. (bigthink.com)

Helitrons were also the first class of transposable elements to be discovered computationally and marked a paradigm shift in the way that whole genomes were studied. (wikipedia.org)
As one of the most complex known DNA transposons in eukaryotes, they make up the genomes of protists, fungi, and animals, such as the entamoeba, soybean rust, and chicken, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
They contain genes with homology to viral proteins and which are often found in eukaryotic genomes, like polymerase and retroviral integrase. (wikipedia.org)
Transposable elements (TE) are important components of livestock and poultry genomes, contributing to their genetic diversity, chromatin states, gene regulatory networks, and complex traits of economic value. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposable elements were initially viewed as "selfish" DNA or "parasitic" elements because of their deleterious effects on host genomes [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposable elements can be considered as a source of raw material for primitive genomes, tools of genetic innovation, and ancestors of modern genes (e.g., ncRNA) [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
TEs comprise approximately 45 % of the human genome and form the vast majority of the total DNA content of most plant genomes, in some cases reaching close to 80 % [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) or endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) have been identified in eukaryotic genomes including the human genome. (blog-biosyn.com)
Weiss and Stoye report in a paper that was published in the Journal Science in May 2013 that retroviral genomes alone account for 6 to 14 % of the genomes analyzed to date, including approximately 8% of the human genome. (blog-biosyn.com)
The contribution of transposable elements to size variations between four teleost genomes. (chinagene.cn)
Eukaryotic genomes are usually packed into nucleosomes, which comprise of 147 bp DNA wrapping around a histone octamer, forming the structural units of chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
2006. Evolution of non-LTR retrotransposons in the trypanosomatid genomes: Leishmania major has lost the active elements . (umd.edu)
Transposable elements (TEs) are major constituents of eukaryotic genomes and are important catalysts of evolution [1] , [2] . (prolekarniky.cz)
Further, 80 proteins in our genomes, he explained, are derived from mobile genetic elements. (genengnews.com)

It is important to note that DNA transposons do not randomly insert themselves into the genome, but rather show preference for specific sites. (wikipedia.org)
Today, there are no active DNA transposons in the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the elements found in the human genome are called fossils. (wikipedia.org)
Traditionally, DNA transposons move around in the genome by a cut and paste method. (wikipedia.org)
The system requires a transposase enzyme that catalyzes the movement of the DNA from its current location in the genome and inserts it in a new location. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike our genome, which is composed of DNA, the retroviral genome is composed of RNA. (answersingenesis.org)
Once the retrovirus enters a host cell, its RNA genome is made into DNA (through an enzyme the retrovirus carries) and the DNA is integrated into the host genome-becoming a type of endogenous retrovirus, meaning that it is now a part of the genome in that cell. (answersingenesis.org)
In the past, they may have been a type of transposable element comprised of pieces of the genome that "jump" from one site to another. (answersingenesis.org)
1 , 2 The scientists involved in this recent study compared sequences of HERVs from many parts of the human genome and constructed a retroviral sequence they believe resembles the sequence of the "ancestral" retrovirus of this family. (answersingenesis.org)
In fact, mobility of transposable elements seems to be highly controlled by the host to provide stability to the host genome. (answersingenesis.org)
This DNA makes up what's known as our genome, and it's kept within a special control center inside the cell called the nucleus. (stanford.edu)
Transposons are short bits of DNA that in their active, mobile form can insert (and re-insert) themselves over and over into the host DNA, resulting in hundreds or even thousands of copies hiding in our genome. (stanford.edu)
Given that one of the major roles of the piRNA pathway is the inactivation of transposable elements, impairment of this pathway can lead to overexpression of transposable elements, which may result in increased genome stability and thus germ cell defects and sterility. (molcells.org)
Since DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that cells have evolved to check on TEs from being unleashed and doing havoc in their genome, it is being postulated that with the event of global DNA hypomethylation, the TEs transpose because the epigenetic constraints are lifted. (cme30.eu)
Some people propose that mobile DNA is completely selfish--it starts hopping around the genome, copying itself, and there's no way for our cells to stop it. (rcsb.org)
However, mobile DNA is a slow but potent source of mutation, so it may have provided a method, over millions of years, to shuffle and rearrange the genome, providing the diversity that drives evolution. (rcsb.org)
Our genome is currently filled with many old, inactive mobile elements, left as a legacy of our gradual evolution. (rcsb.org)
DNA methylation is the most commonly studied epigenetic mark in humans, as it is well recognised as a stable, heritable mark that can affect genome function and influence gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
These findings are insights that originated from the human genome project that were made possible by recent advancements made in instrumentation, particularly in DNA sequencing technologies. (blog-biosyn.com)
DNA-transposons amplify without RNA intermediates, whereas retroelements rely on an RNA transcript that is retrotranscribed by a reverse transcriptase before integrating into a genome. (blog-biosyn.com)
The replication occurs by reverse transcription in which the virus uses it own reverse transciptase, an enzyme that can make DNA from RNA, to produce DNA from its RNA genome. (blog-biosyn.com)
Next, the new DNA is incorporated into the host's genome by the enzyme integrase. (blog-biosyn.com)
Central to the development of any transposon as a research tool is the ability to integrate a foreign piece of DNA into the cellular genome. (encyclopedia.pub)
After transcription of their DNA genome to RNA, a reverse transcription step back into DNA is performed, and a reintegration into the genome occurs [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In contrast, Subclass II transposons, such as members of the Helitron superfamily [ 9 ] , follow a copy-and-paste mechanism, during which the element generates copies of itself which integrate into the genome. (encyclopedia.pub)
It not only maintains the epigenetic state of the genome, but can also specifically silence additional DNA segments with virus-like characteristics. (bionity.com)
The blastocyst has one of the lowest overall levels of DNA methylation during mouse development, but just 72 hours later, the genome has transitioned to a highly methylated state", Meissner says. (bionity.com)
Transposition burst of mariner-like elements in the sequenced genome of Rhodnius prolixus. (chinagene.cn)
Here we report a genome-wide landscape of chromatin accessibility of 20 tissues in two female pigs at ages of 6 months using ATAC-seq, and identified 557,273 merged peaks, which greatly expanded the pig regulatory element repository. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, genome-wide understanding of these elements holds great therapeutic promise. (researchgate.net)
TEs are able to move throughout the genome either directly (DNA transposons) or by an RNA intermediate (Retrotransposons). (prolekarniky.cz)
A recent publication has identified ~2.9 million DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), markers of regulatory DNA in the human genome, based on the coexpression patterns of the regions and known promoters of all human protein-coding genes [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposable elements refer to DNA sequences capable of moving from one part of the genome to another. (lu.se)
Mutagenesis with mobile genetic elements that insert into the genome offers a great scope for screening as these provide readily detected tags to identify insertion sites, and can potentially either activate or disrupt gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
In it, they described how retroviral-like proteins found in the human genome form virus-like capsids that carry nucleic acids. (genengnews.com)
According to Akin Akinc, PhD, CEO of Aera Therapeutics, roughly 8% of our genome comes from mobile transposable elements. (genengnews.com)

As newly inserted DNA into active coding sequences, they can disrupt normal protein functions and cause mutations. (wikipedia.org)
These results do not support a major role for transcriptional transitions in the time of onset of DNA methylation in the oocyte, but suggest a model in which sequences least dependent on chromatin remodelling are the earliest to become permissive for methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
The virus has been named Phoenix and was constructed through comparison of DNA sequences from the human endogenous retrovirus K family (HERV-K). 2 HERV-K is proposed to be a fairly young (less than 5 million years) family, as it still contains a complete set of genes (albeit with mutations) necessary for a retrovirus to produce infectious viruses. (answersingenesis.org)
Specific sequences in the DNA are copied into RNA in a process called transcription. (stanford.edu)
Among these repetitive sequences are the transposable elements (TEs), which are mobile genetic sequences present in plants and in all eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
The LTRs are direct repeat sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the LTR-RT elements containing the regulatory information of the LTR-RT such as promoters, enhancers and termination signals [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our DNA is filled with mobile DNA sequences, so there has obviously been a lot of action over the course of our evolution. (rcsb.org)
Functions of ERVsIt is thought that after the proviral DNA of a retrovirus integrates into the germ-line of a host it becomes inherited alongside all the host DNA sequences. (blog-biosyn.com)
These sequences also includes nonautonomous LTR-retrotransposons, also known as class I transposable elements. (blog-biosyn.com)
The pluripotency of the initial cell and the establishment of cell types depend to a large extent on the coordinated deployment of hundreds of transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress the transcription of cell lineage genes 1 . (nature.com)
DNA sequences in genes that interact with regulatory proteins (such as transcription factors) to determine the rate and timing of expression of the genes as well as the beginning and end of the transcript. (nationalacademies.org)
We investigated the presence of transposable elements (TEs) in open chromatin regions across all tissues, these included identifications of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) exhibiting high accessibility in liver and homology of porcine specific virus sequences to universally accessible transposable elements. (biomedcentral.com)

DNA transposons can move in the DNA of an organism via a single-or double-stranded DNA intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
DNA transposons have been found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
With regard to movement, DNA transposons can be categorized as autonomous and nonautonomous. (wikipedia.org)
There are three main classifications for movement for DNA transposons: "cut and paste," "rolling circle" (Helitrons), and "self-synthesizing" (Polintons). (wikipedia.org)
Since DNA transposons cannot synthesize DNA, they replicate using the host replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
DNA transposons are a cause of gene expression alterations. (wikipedia.org)
Class II transposons are DNA transposons solely relying on DNA intermediates in their transposition process. (encyclopedia.pub)
Among them, the Tc1 / Mariner superfamily represents the most widespread DNA transposons. (chinagene.cn)
DNA transposons: nature and applications in genomics. (chinagene.cn)

In the female germline, DNA methylation is acquired late in oogenesis from an essentially unmethylated baseline and is established largely as a consequence of transcription events. (biomedcentral.com)
We find that most sequence elements, including most classes of transposable elements, acquire methylation at similar rates overall. (biomedcentral.com)
Although more highly transcribed genes acquire methylation earlier, the major transitions in the oocyte transcriptome occur well before the de novo methylation phase, indicating that transcription is generally not rate limiting in conferring permissiveness to DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic DNA methylation patterns that can persist throughout life are established shortly after fertilisation when the majority of epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, are erased from the pre-implantation embryo. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, the period around conception is potentially critical for influencing DNA methylation, including methylation at imprinted alleles and metastable epialleles (MEs), loci where methylation varies between individuals but is correlated across tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Retrospective studies of the survivors of famines, such as those exposed to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-45, have linked exposures around conception to later disease outcomes, some of which correlate with DNA methylation changes at certain genes. (frontiersin.org)
Animal models have shown more directly that DNA methylation can be affected by dietary supplements that act as cofactors in one-carbon metabolism, and in humans, methylation at birth has been associated with peri-conceptional micronutrient supplementation. (frontiersin.org)
Placenta-associated pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, are all associated with aberrant patterns of DNA methylation and expression which are only now being linked to disease risk later in life. (frontiersin.org)
Part of this connection may come through DNA methylation, patterns of which are known to change under different conditions. (frontiersin.org)
This review will summarise current knowledge on the effect of early environmental exposure on later disease risk, especially where this may be mediated by DNA methylation. (frontiersin.org)
DNA methylation is independent of the presence of IAP copies, since it is present in flanking regions of both full and empty sites. (prolekarniky.cz)
DNA methylation, small RNAs and histone post-translational modifications. (prolekarniky.cz)
In plants, invertebrate species and vertebrates, DNA methylation has been described as an important epigenetic silencing mechanism. (prolekarniky.cz)
In mouse, IAPs (Intracisternal A-type Particle elements), long terminal repeats (LTR) retrotransposons (also termed endogenous retroviruses (ERVs)), are highly DNA methylated and the disruption of enzymes responsible for such methylation (DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3L) causes global derepression of IAP copies [6] , [7] , albeit only in particular tissues. (prolekarniky.cz)
In Arabidopsis thaliana, TEs are strictly silenced by DNA methylation, which is often guided by small RNAs [8] . (prolekarniky.cz)
Get Out and Stay Out: New Insights Into DNA Methylation Reprogramming in Mammals. (u-paris.fr)
Epigenetic control of gene expression lasts through multiple cell divisions without alterations in primary DNA sequence and can occur via mechanisms that include histone modification and DNA methylation. (stanford.edu)

An essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic CHROMOSOMES. (lookformedical.com)
As scaffolding molecules, they significantly regulate the DNA packaging into the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. (aging-us.com)
Given the considerable stability of the nucleosome, eukaryotic cells employ a staggering array of interconnected molecular mechanisms that locally modify the electrostatic interaction between the highly basic histones and the negatively charged DNA molecules. (aging-us.com)

This signature, originally described for retroviruses, is recognized by retroviral integrase conferring specificity to the integration process. (biomedcentral.com)
Lambda integrase bound to a DNA Holliday junction intermediate. (rcsb.org)

Recent discoveries indicate that these endogenous retroviruses compromise more genomic DNA than that encoding the host proteome. (blog-biosyn.com)
Many endogenous Borna-like N (EBLN) elements in many diverse mammals have been identified in recent years. (blog-biosyn.com)
About 8% of your DNA is made up of Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that have been picked up during evolution and most of which have been inactivated and can indeed be regarded as junk. (epiphanyasd.com)

They are class II transposable elements (TEs) that move through a DNA intermediate, as opposed to class I TEs, retrotransposons, that move through an RNA intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
and non-LTR retrotransposons, including long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs, such as the L1 element [ 7 ] ) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs, such as the Alu element [ 8 ] ). (encyclopedia.pub)
To examine this phenomenon, we chose two mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that possess insertionally polymorphic retrotransposons (IAP, ETn/MusD, and LINE elements) at specific loci in one cell line but not the other. (prolekarniky.cz)
After his PhD, Thierry focused on transposable elements and retrotransposons. (biomedcentral.com)

Finally, the enzymes find a new location on the DNA and reinsert the transposon. (rcsb.org)
Close transposon relatives and other recombination enzymes, including retroviral integrases, have served as useful models to infer functional information relevant to SB. (encyclopedia.pub)
Like the librarian putting warning labels on certain books, these enzymes leave the genetic sequence untouched by appending small carbon packets (methyl groups) to the DNA molecule, which means they are operating epigenetically. (bionity.com)

Occasionally, genetic material not originally in the transposable element gets copied and moved as well. (wikipedia.org)
They homed in on a mobile genetic element called a transposon. (stanford.edu)
But by far the most active form of transposition is performed by retroviruses, such as HIV, that multiply by inserting themselves into the DNA, and then forcing the cell to make many new copies of their genetic information. (rcsb.org)
ERVs are considered to be a combination of pathogen and selfish genetic elements. (blog-biosyn.com)
In other words: is there any scientific study whereby they have extracted the DNA of, for instance, some bacterium, let that bacterium reproduce and extracted the DNA of this direct offspring, and then, when they compared the DNA they have indisputably concluded that genetic insertion has taken place in this reproduction? (stackexchange.com)
The dynamic nature of chromatin establishes the access to the genetic material and, as a consequence, influences a large number of biological processes, such as DNA replication, repair and transcription [ 1 , 2 ]. (aging-us.com)
The question he asked at that time was simple: how to be able to monitor the transposition of these mobile elements in a mammal where genetic approaches to detect transposition were both poorly efficient and time consuming. (biomedcentral.com)
Its ability to probe complex genetic context and non-coding genomic elements as well as cooperative resistance events makes it a good complement to RNAi or ORF expression based screens. (biomedcentral.com)
Perhaps more importantly, as reverse genetic approaches, they are biased toward previously characterized genetic elements. (biomedcentral.com)
Forward genetic approaches using mobile genetic elements provide a powerful alternative method for gene discovery that can overcome many of the limitations of reverse genetic approaches. (biomedcentral.com)

L. Haren, B. Ton-Hoang and M. Chandler (1999) Integrating DNA: transposases and retroviral integrases. (rcsb.org)
Kulkosky J, Jones KS, Katz RA, Mack JP, Skalka AM. Residues critical for retroviral integrative recombination in a region that is highly conserved among retroviral/retrotransposon integrases and bacterial insertion sequence transposases. (chinagene.cn)

Last month I explained how the difference in DNA sequence between chimps and humans corresponds to what we would predict from evolutionary theory. (blogspot.com)
An ORF is a DNA sequence without a stop codon in the given frame. (cme30.eu)
Epigenetic marks are heritable DNA modifications that can influence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. (frontiersin.org)
We discuss the interplay between epigenetics and DNA sequence variation as well as the implications of epigenetics for cellular memory and plasticity. (nature.com)
The maintenance phase often involves a plethora of non-DNA sequence specific chromatin cofactors that set up and maintain chromatin states through cell division and for extended periods of time-sometimes in the absence of the initial transcription factors 3 . (nature.com)
During DNA REPLICATION, chromosome ends loose some of their telomere sequence (TELOMERE SHORTENING. (lookformedical.com)

These include chemical modifications of DNA bases, post-translational histone modifications and chromatin structure, and their configuration can be affected by a variety of environmental exposures. (frontiersin.org)
While canonical histones H3.1 and H3.2 are synthetized and loaded during DNA replication, the histone variant H3.3 is expressed and deposited into the chromatin throughout the cell cycle. (aging-us.com)

The viral DNA makes viral proteins, which assemble themselves into something that looks suspiciously like infectious viral particles. (stanford.edu)
PIWI Argonaute proteins and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are expressed in all animal species and play a critical role in cellular defense by inhibiting the activation of transposable elements in the germline. (molcells.org)
This piece of DNA can now code for the parts needed to make the virus particles including the proteins needed for the assembly of the virus particle. (blog-biosyn.com)
Proteins which bind to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
Histones are evolutionarily conserved DNA-binding proteins. (aging-us.com)

The first one shows that the mutation rate can be estimated from the known properties of the DNA replication complex and repair mechanisms. (blogspot.com)

Integrated retrovirus DNA (provirus) derived from infection of the germline of an ancestral animal. (nationalacademies.org)

Transposition requires three DNA sites on the transposon: two at each end of the transposon called terminal inverted repeats and one at the target site. (wikipedia.org)
In many reactions, the transposon is completely excised from the donor site in what is called a "cut and paste" transposition and inserted into the target DNA to form a simple insertion. (wikipedia.org)
She called this process transposition, where a piece of DNA is cut out of one place and pasted into another location. (rcsb.org)
In the simplest cases, transposition needs only two things: a transposon (the DNA that moves), and a transposase (the enzyme that cuts out the DNA and moves it to a different place). (rcsb.org)

A non-template-directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. (lookformedical.com)

The Ty virus-like particles (VLPs) are functionally analogous to retroviral particles. (ox.ac.uk)

Typically, these genomic regions fall into opposing classes, for example, transcription factor bound versus unbound promoter regions or significantly conserved versus non-conserved regulatory elements. (g6g-softwaredirectory.com)
My research questions have explored different aspects of transposable elements, including their transcription and epigenetic regulation. (lu.se)
He then decided to devise a system that could detect retrotransposition of any element whose mobilization includes a reverse transcription step, no matter where the reverse transcribed, transposed element would target and integrate. (biomedcentral.com)

Researchers have known for nearly six decades that nearly every cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromo-somes - stubby bundles of DNA strings that carry the instructions to make every protein in the body. (stanford.edu)
The PIWI protein was initially described in Drosophila , and its name, P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI), was assigned as a result of the destructive effect on testis development observed in PIWI knockout ( Lin and Spradling, 1997 ). (molcells.org)

Autonomous ones can move on their own, while nonautonomous ones require the presence of another transposable element's gene, transposase, to move. (wikipedia.org)
The transposase enzyme then disconnects the element from the flanking DNA of the original donor site and mediates the joining reaction that links the transposon to the new insertion site. (wikipedia.org)
The Tn5 transposon is a piece of DNA that includes several genes for antibiotic resistance, along with the gene needed to build the transposase itself. (rcsb.org)
Then, the two ends are brought together, closing the transposon into a big loop, and the transposase cuts the DNA at both ends. (rcsb.org)

Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are DNA elements that serve to compartmentalize the chromatin into structural and functional domains. (researchgate.net)

This process involves making a nick to a circular strand by an enzyme, which separates the DNA into two single strands. (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme would make a single stranded cut in the DNA which explains the lack of Target Site Duplications found in Helitrons. (wikipedia.org)
The process starts when two copies of enzyme bind to the DNA at the two ends of the transposon. (rcsb.org)
This is what we see in the structure: two copies of the enzyme holding the two severed ends of the DNA (note that the actual loop of DNA is much larger. (rcsb.org)
This structure again catches the enzyme in the middle of its reaction, which involves an elaborate looping of DNA in and around the enzyme. (rcsb.org)
The sibling enzyme Dnmt1 then merely copies labels when only one side of the DNA strand is methylated after cell division or where one half of the two strand's labels have been lost. (bionity.com)

S/MARs identified in present study and their subsequent analysis also suggests that these elements act as hotspots for integration of retroviruses. (researchgate.net)

HERVs may alter the development of the brain by means of several mechanisms, including modulation of gene expression, alteration of DNA stability, and activation of immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposases use many different mechanisms for cutting and pasting DNA. (rcsb.org)
The "arms race" relationship between transposable elements (TEs) and their host has promoted a series of epigenetic silencing mechanisms directed against TEs. (prolekarniky.cz)

2) also if #1 is ok, 98.6% genomic identity between chimp and human (= 22.4 million DNA bases) is highly debatable, because genomic comparison can be done in many different ways and depends on many presuppositions. (blogspot.com)
The majority of these proviral remnants of previous retroviral infections appear to have been inactivated due to mutations accumulated over time, however, current research suggests that members of at least one family of human retroelements may still be capable of movement. (blog-biosyn.com)
It is surprising that only about 2% of human DNA encodes the 20,000 or so genes we all have. (epiphanyasd.com)
Raquel Garza Gómez defends her Ph.D. thesis "Transposable elements in the healthy and diseased human brain ' on Friday, January 19th. (lu.se)
With a background in computational biology, Raquel's research focuses on studying the role of transposable elements in the human brain. (lu.se)
This is important for the understanding of human brain evolution as well as diseases with complex networks where transposable elements may play a regulatory role. (lu.se)
During my Ph.D., my research has primarily focused on studying transposable elements in the human brain in various contexts such as development, healthy adulthood, and certain disease contexts. (lu.se)

Distal and proximal cis-regulatory elements sense X chromosome dosage and developmental state at the Xist locus. (axonmedchem.com)

Mobile elements where initially discovered in 1956 by Barbara McClintock. (blog-biosyn.com)

A pathogenic bacterium of plants that can inject a plasmid DNA (T DNA) into plant cells. (nationalacademies.org)
Superior induction of T cell responses to conserved HIV-1 regions by electroporated alphavirus replicon DNA compared to that with conventional plasmid DNA vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)

for example, the vegetative production of new plants or the propagation of DNA molecules by insertion into plasmids. (nationalacademies.org)
They don't mean [this]( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion_(genetics)) , do they? (stackexchange.com)

A heritable chemical modification of DNA (replacement of cytosine by 5-methyl cytosine) that, when present in a control region, usually suppresses expression of the corresponding gene. (nationalacademies.org)

These data provide an invaluable resource for further research on the involvement of m1A, m5C, m6A and m7G in the regulation of miRNA and repeat elements in vertebrates, and provide new thoughts to study the brain hypoxic injury on the aspect of epitranscriptome. (biomedcentral.com)

Chemotherapy-induced transposable elements activate MDA5 to enhance haematopoietic regeneration. (ox.ac.uk)

These elements are involved in control of gene expression which governs the phenotype and also plays role in disease biology. (researchgate.net)

Each core nucleosome comprises 147bp of DNA bound to two copies of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. (aging-us.com)
Among these regulatory processes, core and linker histones are subjected to a large pattern of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that influence chromatin state and DNA accessibility [ 4 - 7 ]. (aging-us.com)

SAMHD1-dependent retroviral control and escape in mice. (ox.ac.uk)

For decades, there seemed to be a clear division of labor: the methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b hunt for suitable segments of DNA and garnish them with methyl groups. (bionity.com)

We revealed tissue-specific regulatory elements which were associated with tissue-relevant biological functions. (biomedcentral.com)
We identified both positive and negative significant correlations between the regulatory elements and gene transcripts, which showed distinct distributions in terms of their strength and distances from corresponding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
The authors did not investigate if these regulatory elements are enhancers, silencers, insulators or other types of regulators. (biomedcentral.com)

The location of integration sites of transposable elements are used to determine evolutionary relationships: "A specific retroviral integration site shared by two species is indicative of a common ancestor because the likelihood of independent integrations at exactly the same locus (insertional homoplasy) is negligible. (answersingenesis.org)
Transposable elements are able to affect conserved and divergent chromatin looping and contribute to cell- and species-specific gene regulation [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
But why is it necessary to turn off specific DNA segments in the first place? (bionity.com)

it is the term I understand to be fit for the concept of 'information' being added in strands of DNA. (stackexchange.com)

More recently scientists have found that non-retroviral viruses called bornaviruses have been endogenized repeatedly in mammals throughout evolution. (blog-biosyn.com)

Mutations are caused by damage being done to the DNA by ultra violet light, radiation, etc. (stackexchange.com)

Contrary to being "junk" DNA, HERVs are thought to play at least three major roles. (answersingenesis.org)

1) actually there is no proof that DNA is the unique cause of the formation of a certain species. (blogspot.com)
The claim roughly goes that species only experience micro-evolution because information is never added to DNA but only deleted , and species therefor never evolve into other species but only ever go extinct (or something to that extent). (stackexchange.com)

They have the ability to spontaneously replicate and integrate anywhere in the DNA. (bionity.com)

Employing ChIP-seq data for these cell lines, we show that IAP elements robustly induce H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 marks in flanking genomic DNA. (prolekarniky.cz)

In maize, a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) inserted into the promoter of the NAC gene ( ZmNAC111 ) has been found to enhance drought tolerance at the seedling stage [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
1 Later on as the global DNA hypomethylation continues, genes inhibiting cell invasion and dissemination also get involved and are silenced by their promoter undergoing CpG island hypermethylation. (cme30.eu)

Anatomy19

Organisms39

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs52

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes127

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science8

Jumping genes4

Genomes14

Genome36

Sequences12

Transposons9

Methylation17

Eukaryotic3

Integrase2

Endogenous3

Retrotransposons4

Enzymes3

Genetic10

Integrases2

Sequence6

Histone2

Proteins6

Replication1

Germline1

Transposition4

Polymerase1

Functionally1

Transcription3

Protein2

Transposase4

Structural1

Enzyme6

Retroviruses1

Mechanisms3

Human7

Chromosome1

Initially1

Plasmid2

Insertion2

Heritable1

Vertebrates1

Activate1

Gene expression1

Histones2

Mice1

Methyltransferases1

Regulatory elements3

Specific3

Strands1

Mammals1

Mutations1

Roles1

Species2

Replicate1

H3K9me31

Promoter2