Retrotransposons alu elements. Medical search. Frequent questions

The discovery of Alu subfamilies led to the hypothesis of master/source genes, and provided the definitive link between transposable elements (active elements) and interspersed repetitive DNA (mutated copies of active elements). (wikipedia.org)

There are over one million Alu elements interspersed throughout the human genome, and it is estimated that about 10.7% of the human genome consists of Alu sequences. (wikipedia.org)
Along with integration sites that seem to correspond to germline activity of these mobile genetic elements, they also saw thousands of potential insertion sites stemming from somatic retrotransposons activity in the brain, including many retrotransposition events affecting protein-coding sequences that are typically expressed in the brain. (genomeweb.com)
For the sequencing portion of the study, the team captured L1, Alu, and SVA retrotransposons sequences using custom NimbleGen Sequence Capture 2.1M arrays before sequencing the retrotransposons with the Illumina GAIIx. (genomeweb.com)
There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. (lookformedical.com)
Due to the staggered DNA cuts of the genome by the L1-derived endonuclease during TPRT, Alu insertions are flanked by short sequences of duplicated host DNA called target site duplications (TSDs), which can be used to identify the insertion event. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, Li (Bioinformatics 35:4408-4410, 2019) developed a novel software tool dna-brnn to annotate repetitive sequences using a recurrent neural network trained on sample annotations of repetitive elements. (biomedcentral.com)
The RT-sensitive miRNAs and UCRs are significantly associated with Alu sequences. (unife.it)
Our lab made several breakthroughs in the field of alternative splicing and discovered two out of three demonstrated mechanisms for the origin of alternative exons: (i) Alu exonization, i.e. the birthing process of new exons from intronic Alu sequences, and (ii) exons that changed their mode of splicing from constitutive to alternative during evolution. (tau.ac.il)
Most cancers exhibit reduced methylation of repetitive sequences such as Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) and Alu elements. (biomedcentral.com)
These sequences also includes nonautonomous LTR-retrotransposons, also known as class I transposable elements. (blog-biosyn.com)

Alu insertions have been implicated in several inherited human diseases and in various forms of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Along with apparent germline mutations caused by L1, Alu, or SVA genetic elements, the team found thousands of possible somatic insertions in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus, including 7,743 L1 insertions, 13,692 Alu insertions, and 1,350 SVA insertions. (genomeweb.com)
With relatively few young polymorphic insertions, the genomic landscape of the orangutan seemed like the ideal place to search for a driver, or source element, of Alu retrotransposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the autonomous features of L1 are straightforward, the identification of Alu element insertions that retain the ability to propagate copies of themselves has remained somewhat elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
This is primarily because Alu elements do not contain coding sequence and the vast majority of insertions are highly similar to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
For each wave, the host eventually finds a way to repress retrotransposon transcription and prevent further insertions . (blogspot.com)
The genomic role of TEs has followed an interesting arc - they were initially described as controlling elements in maize, due to the impact of insertions on local gene expression [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposable elements (TEs) are ancient (retro)-virus insertions inside a host genome and are peculiar mobile genetic elements accounting for a large proportion of repetitive DNA regions ( [29] ). (sisef.it)
Some examples of NHAR-mediated CNVs are the PDHX gene deletion, caused by the retrotransposition of LINE elements, and the LINE-mediated insertions in the CFTR gene. (bredagenetics.com)

Modern Alu elements are about 300 base pairs long and are therefore classified as short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) among the class of repetitive DNA elements. (wikipedia.org)
The primate Alu (ALU ELEMENTS) and the rodent B1 SINEs are derived from 7SL RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle. (lookformedical.com)
and non-LTR retrotransposons, including long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs, such as the L1 element [ 7 ] ) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs, such as the Alu element [ 8 ] ). (encyclopedia.pub)
Both LINEs and SINEs elements, despite the differences in structure and transposition mechanisms ( [44] ), are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic genomes, playing a major role in their evolution. (sisef.it)
There are 250000 copies of LINE elements in Lilium ( [21] ) and SINEs are represented, for example, by 50000 copies in tobacco ( [46] ). (sisef.it)

Alu elements are the most abundant transposable elements, containing over one million copies dispersed throughout the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
Alu elements are highly conserved within primate genomes and originated in the genome of an ancestor of Supraprimates. (wikipedia.org)
The Alu family is a family of repetitive elements in primate genomes, including the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, the AluY elements are the youngest of the three and have the greatest disposition to move along the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
As mobile genetic elements flit about the genome, they sometimes produce the sorts of deleterious mutations and copy number changes that have been associated with cancer or other disease, the study authors explained. (genomeweb.com)
The researchers tracked down retrotransposons insertion sites by looking for individual reads with ends that mapped to two different loci in the human reference genome. (genomeweb.com)
Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. (lookformedical.com)
Active Alu retrotransposons in the human genome. (anthropogeny.org)
Sequence analysis of the orangutan genome revealed that recent proliferative activity of Alu elements has been uncharacteristically quiescent in the Pongo (orangutan) lineage, compared with all previously studied primate genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
In the orangutan genome, this insertion contains three orangutan-specific diagnostic mutations which are characteristic of the youngest polymorphic Alu subfamily, Alu Ye5b5_ Pongo . (biomedcentral.com)
LINE-1 elements make up the most abundant retrotransposon family in the human genome. (unife.it)
Using dot plot analysis, we found that the most recent duplication in the Abp region of the mouse genome is flanked by L1Md _ T elements. (biomedcentral.com)
We observed that the major accumulation of L1 elements occurred after the split of the mouse and rat lineages and that there is a striking overlap between the timing of L1 accumulation and expansion of the Abp gene family in the mouse genome. (biomedcentral.com)
00:00:57.26 In the first part I talk about the transition from genetic approaches to genomic approaches 00:01:04.14 in order to identify elements that in fact impact genome evolution. (ibiology.org)
00:02:10.05 The other thing the genetics tells us is exactly where in the genome that active transposable element is. (ibiology.org)
00:02:48.25 Those are the elements that don't make transposase 00:02:51.27 but are able to move if there is an autonomous element in the genome. (ibiology.org)
00:03:31.04 Now because these elements cause mutations, there aren't many copies of them in the genome. (ibiology.org)
00:03:36.28 So, I mentioned in the first talk that genomes are up to 50-80% 00:03:42.28 of the genome sequence is derived from transposable elements. (ibiology.org)
00:04:02.15 And as such these elements really have a minimal impact on genome evolution. (ibiology.org)
00:04:29.14 And to review, she hypothesized that transposable elements that are in the genome 00:04:35.15 do not move around frequently, 00:04:38.02 that there are conditions, such as changes in climate for example, 00:04:42.09 that could activate transposable elements. (ibiology.org)
Those astonishing levels of sophistication and subtlety in the human genome arose with the help of these invading transposable elements. (blogspot.com)
Transposable elements (TEs) have significantly influenced the evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks in the human genome. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, Subclass II transposons, such as members of the Helitron superfamily [ 9 ] , follow a copy-and-paste mechanism, during which the element generates copies of itself which integrate into the genome. (encyclopedia.pub)
Furthermore, Alu represents the most abundant Short INterspersed Element (SINE) repetitive sequence, representing 11% of total human genome [ 26 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The retroelement long interspersed element-1 ( LINE-1 or L1) comprises about 17% of the human genome. (researchsquare.com)
Retrotransposable elements are important and peculiar genetic components derived from ancient retrovirus insertion inside plants genome. (sisef.it)
The analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple copies of retrotransposable elements inside the genome of beech, in accordance with the viral quasi-species theory of retrotransposon evolution. (sisef.it)
The identification of retrotransposable elements in forest trees represents an important step toward the understanding of mechanisms of genome evolution. (sisef.it)
The observed differences in genome size in plants are accompanied by variations in the content of LTR retrotransposons, demonstrating that such elements might be important players in the evolution of plant genomes, along with polyploidy ( [11] ). (sisef.it)
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) is the only active autonomous transposon in the human genome. (chinagene.cn)
Transposons are mobile DNA elements which inserted themselves into the human genome during the evolution. (bredagenetics.com)
Retrotransposons are fragments of cDNA which are transcribed from RNA and then inserted in a permissive sequence of the genome ( splicesosomal introns , for instance, are permissive regions). (bredagenetics.com)
Alu repetitions (which occur every 3 kb in the human genome) are SINE with an internal promoter . (bredagenetics.com)
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) or endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) have been identified in eukaryotic genomes including the human genome. (blog-biosyn.com)
Transposable elements (TEs) or mobile elements are genetic components that can have a significant effect on the host genome [ 1 , 2 ]. (ecancer.org)
Furthermore, these elements form the majority of the human genome. (ecancer.org)

The respective retrotransposition frequencies for the LINE-1, HERV-K10, and VL30 retrotransposons in the positive samples were 0.34 ± 0.13%, 0.37 ± 0.17%, and 0.30 ± 0.14% per sample of 10,000 spermatozoa. (nih.gov)
Results of the current study "indicate that somatic L1 and Alu mobilization fundamentally alters the genetic landscape of the human brain," the authors added, "and that retrotransposition is the primary mechanism underlying this phenomenon. (genomeweb.com)
These results suggest that no SVA domain is essential for retrotransposition in U2OS cells and that the 5= end of SVA (hexamer and Alu-like domain) is sufficient for retrotransposition. (elsevierpure.com)
This rare finding is due in part to the large landscape of hundreds of relatively young elements with limited knowledge about what characteristics make them retrotransposition competent. (biomedcentral.com)
He then decided to devise a system that could detect retrotransposition of any element whose mobilization includes a reverse transcription step, no matter where the reverse transcribed, transposed element would target and integrate. (biomedcentral.com)

An Alu element is a short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the Arthrobacter luteus (Alu) restriction endonuclease. (wikipedia.org)
The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). (lookformedical.com)

Using a targeted sequencing method called retrotransposon capture sequencing , or RC-seq, the researchers look for L1, Alu, and SVA family retrotransposon insertion sites in two areas of the human brain. (genomeweb.com)
DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom. (lookformedical.com)
Here we report the identification of a nearly pristine insertion possessing all the known putative hallmarks of a retrotranspositionally competent Alu element. (biomedcentral.com)
We provide evidence for the evolution of a lineage-specific subfamily of this shared Alu insertion in orangutans and possibly the lineage leading to humans. (biomedcentral.com)
In the Homininae lineage (human, chimpanzee and gorilla), this insertion has acquired three different mutations which are also found in a single human-specific Alu insertion. (biomedcentral.com)
This seemingly stealth-like amplification, ongoing at a very low rate over millions of years of evolution, suggests that this shared insertion may represent an ancient backseat driver of Alu element expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
Insertion of an SVA-E retrotransposon into the CASP8 gene is associated with protection against prostate cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
An example of pathogenic mutation caused by an Alu element is the insertion in intron 14 of the FERMT1 gene, which causes Kindler syndrome . (bredagenetics.com)
Another example is given by the insertion of an Alu element in the factor VIII gene ( F8 ), which causes hemophilia A . (bredagenetics.com)

These elements are mostly found in introns and upstream regulatory elements of genes. (wikipedia.org)
Alu elements are responsible for regulation of tissue-specific genes. (wikipedia.org)
Our results demonstrate that retrotransposons mobilize to protein-coding genes differentially expressed and active in the brain," corresponding author Geoffrey Faulkner, a genetics and genomics researcher at the University of Edinburgh, and co-authors wrote. (genomeweb.com)
Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases. (lookformedical.com)
Transposable elements can be considered as a source of raw material for primitive genomes, tools of genetic innovation, and ancestors of modern genes (e.g., ncRNA) [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Alu elements are retrotransposons and look like DNA copies made from RNA polymerase III-encoded RNAs. (wikipedia.org)
The long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) ORF2 protein is the genomic source for RT activity required for mobilization of its own RNA in cis and other RNAs, such as SINE/variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR)/Alu (SVA) elements, in trans. (elsevierpure.com)
SVA elements are~2-kb hominid-specific noncoding RNAs that have resulted in single-gene disease in humans through insertional mutagenesis or aberrant mRNA splicing. (elsevierpure.com)
Retrotransposons, for instance, may activate alternative gene promoters or generate non-coding RNAs (i.e. antisense RNAs or regulatory RNAs). (bredagenetics.com)

Repetitive elements contribute a large part of eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we ask whether retrotransposons contributed to the recent expansions of the Androgen - binding protein ( Abp ) gene families that occurred independently in the mouse and rat genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
00:00:11.12 In the first talk I introduced transposable elements by describing their discovery by Barbara McClintock, 00:00:21.02 how they move, and how that discovery over the years was recognized as a major revolution in biology 00:00:28.25 as it became appreciated that transposable elements 00:00:31.27 are the major component of most of the genomes of higher eukaryotes. (ibiology.org)
00:00:37.16 In this talk I am going to go into detail about how my lab 00:00:41.20 studies the evolutionary impact of transposable elements on genomes. (ibiology.org)
00:04:59.21 I will come back to this scenario at the end of the talk 00:05:02.16 when I show you how the elements that we have identified 00:05:08.00 in plant genomes fit this scenario very, very nicely. (ibiology.org)
Retrotransposons (RNA mediated Class I TEs) are the most widespread class of eukaryotic TE, particularly relevant in shaping plant genomes ( [10] , [44] ). (sisef.it)
It is therefore clear that retrotransposable elements build large parts of eukaryotic genomes ( [40] ). (sisef.it)
Transposable elements (TE) are important components of livestock and poultry genomes, contributing to their genetic diversity, chromatin states, gene regulatory networks, and complex traits of economic value. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposable elements were initially viewed as "selfish" DNA or "parasitic" elements because of their deleterious effects on host genomes [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

00:02:18.23 So for example, here when we are looking at spotted corn kernels, 00:02:22.13 we know that there is an active transposable element, in other words, one that is capable of moving 00:02:27.11 in a gene responsible for kernel pigmentation. (ibiology.org)
00:04:45.21 that this activation would generate genetic diversity in the population 00:04:51.05 by increasing the frequency of mutation, 00:04:57.15 and that some of these transposable element mutations may be adaptive. (ibiology.org)
The Complex Systems Life Sciences PhD Program at the University of Turin organized a "Transposable Element Day" as part of their two-week seminar program. (biologiaevolutiva.org)
In maize, a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) inserted into the promoter of the NAC gene ( ZmNAC111 ) has been found to enhance drought tolerance at the seedling stage [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Notably, the L1 element can retrotranspose itself as well as other retroelements, such as Alu and SVA (SINE-VNTR-Alu: short interspersed element-variable number tandem repeat-Alu). (researchsquare.com)

To investigate the expression of long interspersed element (LINE) 1, human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) K10, and short interspersed element-VNTR-Alu element (SVA) retrotransposons in ejaculated human spermatozoa by means of reverse-transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis as well as the potential incorporation of cloned human and mouse active retroelements in human sperm cell genome. (nih.gov)
We detected high levels of BNT162b2 in Huh7 cells and changes in gene expression of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1), which is an endogenous reverse transcriptase. (freedomontario26.ca)
Many endogenous Borna-like N (EBLN) elements in many diverse mammals have been identified in recent years. (blog-biosyn.com)

This combines the basic concepts of Li (Bioinformatics 35:4408-4410, 2019) with current techniques developed for neural machine translation, the attention mechanism, for the task of nucleotide-level annotation of repetitive elements. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the retrotransposon-encoded RT drives a previously unrecognized mechanism crucial to the transformed state in tumor cells. (unife.it)
Transposable elements (TEs) can be classified into two groups according to their mechanism of movement. (encyclopedia.pub)
Class I TEs, also called retrotransposons, follow a copy-and-paste mechanism. (encyclopedia.pub)
However, unlike with retrotransposons, the copying mechanism does not involve an RNA intermediate. (encyclopedia.pub)

Retrotransposons have been suggested to provide a substrate for non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) and thereby promote gene family expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
L1 retrotransposons preferentially accumulated in the Abp gene regions after lineage separation and roughly followed the pattern of Abp gene expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
We confirmed the role of L1 repeats in Abp gene duplication with the identification of recombinant L1Md _ T elements at the edges of the most recent mouse Abp gene duplication. (biomedcentral.com)
Establishing a link between the accumulation of L1 elements and the expansion of the Abp gene family and identification of an NAHR-related breakpoint in the most recent duplication are the main contributions of our study. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence determinants of human gene regulatory elements. (mpg.de)
Transposable elements are able to affect conserved and divergent chromatin looping and contribute to cell- and species-specific gene regulation [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

They are replicated as any other DNA sequence, but depend on LINE retrotransposons for generation of new elements. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of the sequence of these elements revealed breakpoints that are the relicts of the recombination that caused the duplication, confirming that the duplication arose as a result of NAHR using L1 elements as substrates. (biomedcentral.com)
RNA transcription and degradation of Alu retrotransposons depends on sequence features and evolutionary history. (mpg.de)
Two retrotransposons, belonging to the two major classes of LTR and non-LTR elements, were characterized trough a SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) strategy. (sisef.it)

Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. (lookformedical.com)

The function of repetitive elements has been discussed for a long time [ 3 ] and only recently has the importance of repeats in cellular processes begun to open up [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A recent overview of functions and the evolution of repetitive elements can be found in [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
While [ 11 ] mainly describes structural properties of two of the four repetitive element classes, we additionally highlight the biological importance and, if possible, function of specific repetitive elements. (biomedcentral.com)

The study of Alu elements has also been important in elucidating human population genetics and the evolution of primates, including the evolution of humans. (wikipedia.org)
We have shown that in humans most new exons have originated from the primate-specific Alu retrotransposon. (tau.ac.il)

95% percent of human Alus are also found in chimpanzees, and 50% of B elements in mice are also found in rats. (wikipedia.org)
RT-PCR analysis was performed to confirm the retrotransposon expression in human spermatozoa. (nih.gov)
RT-PCR products of expressed human LINE-1, HERV-K10, and SVA retrotransposons were observed in ejaculated human sperm samples. (nih.gov)
Investigation of rs700635[C] carriers revealed that they have a human-specific short interspersed element-variable number of tandem repeat-Alu (SINE-VNTR-Alu), subfamily-E retrotransposon (SVA-E) inserted into CASP8 intron 8. (ox.ac.uk)

The cloning and sequencing of amplification products and a Cleaved Amplified Polymorphisms (CAPs) approach on the identified retrotransposons, showed a high level of diversity among the multiple copies of both elements. (sisef.it)
the gypsy LTR element is present in 20000 copies in maize. (sisef.it)

00:03:14.26 And that is that by its very nature genetics depends on the analysis of mutant alleles, 00:03:20.23 and so the transposable elements that were being studied were the ones causing mutations. (ibiology.org)
00:03:45.04 However, the elements that cause mutations are not those elements. (ibiology.org)
these are a special class of transposable elements that cause mutations. (ibiology.org)

Partial- and whole-domain deletions revealed that removal of either the Alu-like or SINE-R domain in the context of a full-length SVA has little to no effect, whereas removal of the CT hexamer or the VNTR domain can result in a 75% decrease in activity. (elsevierpure.com)
Additional experiments demonstrate that the Alu-like fragment alone can retrotranspose at low levels while the addition of the CT hexamer can enhance activity as much as 2-fold compared to that of the full-length SVA. (elsevierpure.com)

Alu elements do not encode for protein products. (wikipedia.org)
Full-length LINE-1 elements encode a reverse transcriptase (RT) activity required for their own retrotranpsosition as well as that of non-autonomous Alu elements. (unife.it)
00:02:39.02 And I described at the beginning of the first talk the difference between autonomous elements, 00:02:45.18 that is, ones that encode transposase, and non-autonomous elements. (ibiology.org)

Fig. 1 - Schematic representation of the general structure of class I RNA mediated LTR TE (A), class I RNA mediated non-LTR elements (B) and class II DNA mediated elements (C) in their autonomous and non autonomous configurations. (sisef.it)

retrotransposons and DNA transposons . (bredagenetics.com)

ERVs are considered to be a combination of pathogen and selfish genetic elements. (blog-biosyn.com)

Retrotransposons may also alter the splicing process , causing the inclusion of introns or the exclusion of exons through the activation of cryptic splice sites . (bredagenetics.com)

To minimize this mutagenic potential, epigenetic mechanisms tend to keep the activity of many retrotransposons in check in somatic cells. (genomeweb.com)

Evolution just happened to produce transposable elements, and they then became evolutionary mechanisms ? (blogspot.com)

The younger AluS lineage is about 30 million years old and still contains some active elements. (wikipedia.org)

The question he asked at that time was simple: how to be able to monitor the transposition of these mobile elements in a mammal where genetic approaches to detect transposition were both poorly efficient and time consuming. (biomedcentral.com)
LTR retrotransposons, if still active, increase their copy number with their copy-and-paste mode of transposition. (sisef.it)

00:03:51.04 And you can understand that an element that causes mutation is eventually, 00:03:55.17 if its copy number increases too high, will kill the host. (ibiology.org)

Non-LTR retrotransposons can be divided in several subclasses, such as LINE (Long INterspersed Elements) and SINE (Short INterspersed Elements - [44] ). (sisef.it)

Alu elements were thought to be selfish or parasitic DNA, because their sole known function is self reproduction. (wikipedia.org)

In this paper the molecular identification of retrotransposable elements in Fagus sylvatica L. is reported. (sisef.it)
The resultant current voltage characteristic of this molecular memristor (a 'memory resistor', a globally passive resistive-switch circuit element that axiomatically complements the set of capacitor, inductor and resistor) exhibits eight recurrent and history-dependent non-volatile switching transitions between two conductance levels in a single sweep cycle. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Alu repetitions are typically GC rich. (bredagenetics.com)

Later on, a sub-subfamily of AluS which included active Alu elements was given the separate name AluY. (wikipedia.org)
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - An international team has found evidence that retrotransposons from three different families are active in somatic brain cells, the group described its findings online yesterday in Nature . (genomeweb.com)
00:01:53.12 So when you see a spotted corn kernel like this, 00:01:57.05 we know, the geneticist knows, that the reason that kernel is spotted 00:02:02.07 is because there are active transposable elements. (ibiology.org)

They consist of two sub-types, the long terminal repeat (LTR) and the non-LTR retrotransposons. (blog-biosyn.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms18

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science4

Provided the definitive link b1

Sequences10

Insertions9

SINEs5

Genome36

Retrotransposition5

Restriction endonuclease2

Insertion9

Genes5

RNAs4

Genomes9

Transposable element4

Retroelements1

Endogenous3

Mechanism5

Gene6

Sequence4

Retroviruses1

Repetitive elements3

Humans2

Human4

Copies2

Mutations3

Hexamer2

Encode3

Autonomous1

Transposons1

Genetic elements1

Introns1

Epigenetic1

Mechanisms1

Lineage1

Transposition2

Mutation1

Short1

Selfish1

Molecular2

Typically1

Active3

Long termin1