Retinal ganglion cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

In primates, including humans, there are generally three classes of RGCs: W-ganglion: small, 40% of total, broad fields in retina, excitation from rods. (wikipedia.org)
It is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to a specific deformation of the optic nerve head. (nih.gov)
It has been established that RGCs die by apoptosis in glaucoma, but the exact pathway from death stimulus to cell death is not understood. (uclahealth.org)
Optic nerve section in the newborn rat results in a rapid apoptotic degeneration of most axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (nih.gov)
It is well established that the retina has multiple, functionally complementary populations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which together transmit visual information to various central visual areas ( Roska and Werblin, 2001 ). (frontiersin.org)
Previous studies thus appear to suggest that light responses alone do not contain sufficient information for reliable RGC classification unless a careful stimulus ensemble is designed to evoke optimal responses, in particular for specialized RGCs such as DS cells. (frontiersin.org)
We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. (jove.com)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) exhibit compartmentalized organization, receiving synaptic inputs through their dendrites and transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain through the optic nerve. (jneurosci.org)
To evaluate the neuroprotective and neurite outgrowth effects of maltol, a natural aroma compound, on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) under oxidative stress in vitro. (molvis.org)
This oxidative stress significantly increased the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs, but the maltol drastically reduced the proportion of those apoptotic cells. (molvis.org)
However, after it was discovered that oxidative stress injury to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a leading pathophysiology of glaucoma [ 2 ], researchers' attention has turned to how to directly rescue the damaged RGCs from fatal oxidative stress. (molvis.org)
Our approach consists of increasing the firing level of RGCs co-expressing a certain gene ( Scnn1a or Grik4 ) using excitatory DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) and then correlate the location of these cells with post hoc immunostaining, to unequivocally characterize anatomical and functional features of these two groups. (biorxiv.org)
The retina is the part of the central nervous system that detects light and transduces it into electrical signals that are relayed to the brain via the axons of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (ca.gov)
BACKGROUND: There are numerous functional types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), each participating in circuits that encode a specific aspect of the visual scene. (ca.gov)
RESULTS: We morphologically and molecularly characterized Isl2+ RGCs using a transgenic mouse line that expresses GFP in the cell bodies, dendrites and axons of Isl2+ cells (Isl2-GFP). (ca.gov)
Targeted filling of individual cells reveals that the majority of Isl2-GFP RGCs have dendrites that are monostratified in layer S3 of the IPL, suggesting they are not ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells. (ca.gov)
We have investigated the ontogeny of light-driven responses in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (biorxiv.org)
Using a large-scale, high-density multielectrode array, we recorded from hundreds to thousands of RGCs simultaneously at pan-retinal level, including dorsal and ventral locations. (biorxiv.org)
Although the retina cannot experience patterned vision beforehand, it is remarkable that RGCs are already capable of encoding information originating from photoreceptors and transmit it to retinal central targets as soon as eyes open. (biorxiv.org)
We recorded simultaneously from hundreds to thousands of RGCs at near pan-retinal level using the high-density large-scale CMOS-based Active Pixel Sensor multielectrode array (APS-MEA) featuring 4096 electrodes (42 μm pitch) arranged in a 64x64 configuration, covering an active area of 7.12 mm 2 25 - 27 , allowing us to discriminate topographical differences in light responses. (biorxiv.org)
To address these questions, particularly in a human-relevant system, we have focused upon the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to assess their ability to give rise to RGCs, with a particular emphasis upon ipRGC differentiation. (indianactsi.org)
The former edit allows for the purification of RGCs from retinal organoids derived from iPSCs, while the latter edit allows for the identification of ipRGCs among the broader RGC population. (indianactsi.org)
To characterize RGCs in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived retinal organoids we examined RGC markers and surface antigen expression and made comparisons to human fetal retina. (caltech.edu)
The differential expression timing of CD184 and CD171 permits identification and enrichment of RGCs from retinal organoids at differing maturation states from committed progenitors to differentiating neurons. (caltech.edu)
These observations will facilitate molecular characterization of PSC-derived RGCs during differentiation, critical knowledge for establishing the veracity of these in vitro produced cells. (caltech.edu)
Recent discoveries from this lab have demonstrated that activation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina is linked to neuroprotection of RGCs that are typically lost in glaucoma-like conditions. (wmich.edu)
In this study, the neuroprotective activity of these two agents was analyzed at the synapse between starburst amacrine cells and RGCs in adult Long Evans rats to determine if these agents can prevent the loss of RGCs associated with glaucoma. (wmich.edu)
Loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a leading cause of blinding conditions. (ku.dk)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a population of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) extending with their soma to the inner retina and with their axons to the optic nerve. (encyclopedia.pub)
Glaucoma represents a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by optic nerve damage and the slow progressive death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (encyclopedia.pub)
Retinal damage was evaluated by counting the number of surviving RGCs retrogradely labeled with fluorogold under the microscope. (elsevierpure.com)
Results: Seven days after the NMDA injury, the number of su rviving RGCs was significantly increased at doses of more than 30 pmol atanoprost (846±178 cells/mm 2 P=0.0166) compared with vehicle control (556±122 cells/mm 2 ). (elsevierpure.com)
However, the function of lncRNAs in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the pathogenesis of myopia is still unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Our study demonstrates a circadian rhythm of contrast sensitivity that peaks during the daytime, and that its regulation involves interactions of D4Rs, the clock gene Npas2 , and the clock-controlled gene adenylyl cyclase 1 ( Adcy1 ) in a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (jneurosci.org)
Hence, we have identified a circadian clock mechanism in a subset of RGCs that modulates an important aspect of retinal physiology and visual processing. (jneurosci.org)
Cell transplantation has been proposed to replace retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) lost in glaucoma. (bnv-lab.org)
However, despite these improvements, most donor RGCs fail to integrate into the ganglion cell layer (GCL). (bnv-lab.org)
To identify this molecular barrier, we studied the donor RGC transcriptome following transplantation and found a 6-fold lower Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM) expression in integrated donor RGCs. (bnv-lab.org)
To inhibit DSCAM in donor RGCs, we established a Dox-inducible DSCAM shRNA human stem cell line (TetON-DSCAM-shRNA-hESC). (bnv-lab.org)
RGCs were differentiated using 3D-retinal organoids, and doxycycline was used to induce DSCAM knockout (KO) ~24 hours before transplantation. (bnv-lab.org)
Retinas were stained three days after transplantation and evaluated by tracking the position of donor RGCs in 3D reconstructions of retinal flat mounts (5-9 mice/group). (bnv-lab.org)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output neurons of the retina. (org.es)
In the retina, RGCs synapse with bipolar and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) to receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs respectively. (org.es)
Because different subtypes of bipolar cells (Fig 1) (Euler and Wässle, 1995) and amacrine cells (Fig. 2) (MacNeil and Masland, 1998) have their axonal/dendritic terminals in the specific sublaminae of the IPL, it is crucial that dendrites of individual RGCs are also confined to specific strata in order to synapses with them. (org.es)
2009. See also RGCs of human, cat and rabbit retinas in the ganglion cell chapter in Webvision ). (org.es)
RGCs differentiate first followed by amacrine cells, cones and horizontal cells. (org.es)
The last synaptic element to link photoreceptors in the outer retina and RGCs in the inner retina is the synaptic connection between bipolar cells and RGCs (Fig. 5A) (Stone et al. (org.es)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) undergo apoptosis after injury. (figshare.com)

A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
It receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types: bipolar cells and retina amacrine cells. (wikipedia.org)
Retina amacrine cells, particularly narrow field cells, are important for creating functional subunits within the ganglion cell layer and making it so that ganglion cells can observe a small dot moving a small distance. (wikipedia.org)
Retinal ganglion cells collectively transmit image-forming and non-image forming visual information from the retina in the form of action potential to several regions in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon, or midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
There are about 0.7 to 1.5 million retinal ganglion cells in the human retina. (wikipedia.org)
With about 4.6 million cone cells and 92 million rod cells, or 96.6 million photoreceptors per retina, on average each retinal ganglion cell receives inputs from about 100 rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
In the fovea (center of the retina), a single ganglion cell will communicate with as few as five photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
In the extreme periphery (edge of the retina), a single ganglion cell will receive information from many thousands of photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
Here we combine transsynaptic PRV labeling, two-photon laser microscopy, and electrophysiological techniques to trace the local circuit of different ipRGC subtypes in the mouse retina and record light-evoked activity from the transsynaptically labeled ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
Retinal ganglion cells, the sole output neurons of the retina, exhibit surprising diversity. (frontiersin.org)
We evaluate our approach using synthetic spike trains, and demonstrate that major known cell types are identified in high-density recording sessions from the mouse retina with around 1,000 retinal ganglion cells. (frontiersin.org)
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). (mdpi.com)
These findings show that retinal functionality is not spatially homogeneous, likely reflecting ecological requirements that favour the early development of dorsal retina, and reflecting different roles in vision in the mature animal. (biorxiv.org)
The retinal ganglion cell is situated in the inner retina and its axons, composing the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), leave the eye to form the optic nerve. (avhandlingar.se)
The retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) of retinal organoids expressed CD184, consistent with its expression in the neuroblastic layer in fetal retina. (caltech.edu)
Furthermore, observations made in the retinal organoid model closely parallel those in human fetal retina further validating use of retinal organoid to model early retinal development. (caltech.edu)
Layer of the retina that contains the ganglion cell bodies. (zfin.org)
Targeted disruption of the gene encoding D4Rs reduces the amplitude of the contrast sensitivity rhythm by reducing daytime sensitivity and abolishes the rhythmic expression of Npas2 and Adcy1 mRNA in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the retina. (jneurosci.org)
The ganglion cell layer of the manatee's retina was comprised primarily of large neurons with broad intercellular spaces. (edu.au)
The cell density changed across the retina, with the maximum in the area below the optic disc and decreasing toward the retinal edges and in the immediate vicinity of the optic disc. (edu.au)
Retinal degenerations and dystrophies are the major causes of genetically inherited blindness that are characterized by the apoptotic death of the photoreceptor cell layer of the retina. (edu.au)
The retina serves as an excellent model for the study of central nervous system diversity, as it is composed of multiple major cell types. (northwestern.edu)
Goldberg and colleagues have demonstrated through a series of interventions in mice with optic nerve injury that they can successfully regenerate retinal ganglion cells axons, which form the optic nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. (nih.gov)
They expect their studies to identify a list of small molecules and candidate genes that contribute to the ability of photoreceptor cells to home in on their appropriate target cells in the retina, known as bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
describe a novel type of output neuron of mouse retina that exhibits both direct, melanopsin-based photosensitivity and center-surround chromatic opponency generated by amacrine-cell inhibition. (huji.ac.il)
The neural signals initially processed by the retina travel via the axons of the ganglion cells through the optic nerves, dividing and partially crossing over into the optic chiasm and then travelling via the optic tracts to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). (medscape.com)
and finally reaches the photoreceptor cells of the retina. (medscape.com)
The receptor cells and the bipolar cells of the retina respond to light with graded electrotonic responses, rather than with all-or-nothing action potentials. (medscape.com)
About ten years ago researchers in the United States discovered that there was also a third light receptor in the retina - a form of so-called retinal ganglion cells. (lu.se)

ipRGCs are also activated by classical photoreceptors, the rods and cones, through local retinal circuits [2, 3]. (nih.gov)
A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. (wakehealth.edu)
Light that enters the eye activates rod and cone photoreceptors, which then activates retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
Dr. Bo Chen's research focuses on mechanistic and therapeutic studies of retinal degenerative diseases caused by loss of photoreceptors or retinal ganglion cells, such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. (nih.gov)
These are followed by the synaptic formation between photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the OPL. (org.es)
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) combine direct photosensitivity through melanopsin with synaptically mediated drive from classical photoreceptors through bipolar-cell input. (huji.ac.il)
To stimulate different retinal photoreceptors , we used a 1-second 640-nm flash with a luminance of 250 cd/m(2). (bvsalud.org)
Light activates these photoreceptors, which modulate the activity of bipolar cells. (medscape.com)
The graded responses in the photoreceptors are the result of the photochemical process, but those in the bipolar cells are synaptically driven. (medscape.com)
A light flash decreases the dark current and hyperpolarizes the photoreceptors relative to the dark state, reducing the amount of inhibitory neurotransmitters released onto the bipolar cell. (medscape.com)

A new study reports high contrast visual stimulation can help damaged retinal neurons to regrow optic nerve fibers. (neurosciencenews.com)
Retinal neurons come in remarkable diversity based on structure, function and genetic identity. (biorxiv.org)
To study these conditions, his laboratory pursues two main strategies: neuroprotective strategy to save existing retinal neurons and neural regenerative strategy to produce new retinal neurons. (nih.gov)
Fig 5 shows an overview drawing of the development of mouse retinal neurons. (org.es)
Bipolar cells are the last neurons to differentiate. (org.es)
Similarly, most retinal neurons differentiate before birth in other mammals (Altshuler et al. (org.es)
The order of synaptogenesis of retinal neurons is somewhat different from the order of neurogenesis. (org.es)
In this article, we first provide a short history of cell therapy in Parkinson's disease and briefly describe the current state-of-art regarding human stem cell-derived dopamine neurons for use in any patient trial. (lu.se)
Several academic and industry efforts are well under owned subsidiary Cyto Therapeutics, it had received way to produce dopaminergic neurons from stem approval by the Australian government to conduct a cells under conditions compliant with use in patients. (lu.se)
Without this, the patient cells lost in PD could be replaced by grafted community is left trying to interpret complex scien- immature human dopaminergic neurons [3, 5]. (lu.se)

Dr. Piri's research is aimed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to retinal ganglion cells (RGC) death in glaucoma. (uclahealth.org)
Gene and protein expression studies may lead to a better understanding of the regulatory events involved in RGC apoptosis, and provide molecular targets for the development of new therapeutic agents with neuroprotective effects in order to prevent or delay the loss of ganglion cells in glaucoma. (uclahealth.org)
Thus, our study supports the idea that the σR1 is a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative retinal diseases, such as glaucoma. (molvis.org)
Many common eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, put these cells at risk. (nih.gov)
Researchers recently reported a technique that increases the regenerative capacity of retinal axons in a mouse model of optic nerve injury, a model commonly used to study glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. (nih.gov)
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell activity is associated with decreased sleep quality in patients with glaucoma. (bvsalud.org)
To use the pupillary light reflex and polysomnography to evaluate the function of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and to correlate this function with structural damage in glaucoma . (bvsalud.org)

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a subset of retinal ganglion cells that respond to light independently from rod and cone photoreceptor input. (indianactsi.org)
Using transgenic mice that allow reliable visualization of axonal fate, we demonstrate that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are both resilient to cell death and highly regenerative. (miami.edu)
The photophobia associated with blepharospasm may be related to dry eyes and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. (medscape.com)

M cells) Bistratified cell (koniocellular, or K pathway) Photosensitive ganglion cells Other ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus for eye movements (saccades) P-type retinal ganglion cells project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Photosensitive ganglion cells, including but not limited to the giant retinal ganglion cells, contain their own photopigment, melanopsin, which makes them respond directly to light even in the absence of rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
The M6 cell: A small-field bistratified photosensitive retinal ganglion cell. (atsbio.com)
Quattrochi LE, Stabio ME, Kim I, Ilardi MC, Michelle Fogerson P, Leyrer ML, Berson DM (2019) The M6 cell: A small-field bistratified photosensitive retinal ganglion cell. (atsbio.com)

RBPMS + RGC were counted in retinal wholemounts and paraphenylenediamine + (PPD) axons were counted in optic nerve sections. (arvojournals.org)
The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. (xenbase.org)
A signal travels to the brain via the retinal ganglion cell axons. (nih.gov)
In this next research phase they hope to identify genes and proteins that help or hinder this ability of retinal ganglion cells to regenerate, grow axons to a target and become functional in mice. (nih.gov)
Strittmatter and his team also are searching for genes that contribute to the regeneration of axons from retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
We show that M5 cells send axons to the dLGN and are thus positioned to provide chromatic signals to visual cortex. (huji.ac.il)
A novel retinal lesion following the anatomic distribution of the optic nerve axons occurred in 14.6% (97.5% CI 7.1%-25.6%) of EVD survivors and no controls, suggesting neuronal transmission as a route of ocular entry. (cdc.gov)
Axons of retinal ganglion cells travel through the optic nerve carrying visual information from the eye to the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
Damage to these axons causes ganglion cell death with resultant optic nerve atrophy and patchy vision loss. (msdmanuals.com)
The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve, which carries information to the brain. (medscape.com)

We are interested in investigating the potential neuroprotective benefits of stem cell transplantation, which has produced encouraging results in different models of CNS degeneration. (nih.gov)
Degeneration of these cells was completely prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis during lidocaine application. (nih.gov)
Here, we used the σR1-knockout mouse ( Sigmar1 −/− ) to demonstrate unambiguously the role of the σR1 in protecting the retinal ganglion cells against degeneration after acute damage to the optic nerve. (molvis.org)
Our data indicated faster retinal ganglion cell death in Sigmar1 −/− than in wild-type mice under the stresses caused by optic nerve crush, providing direct evidence for a role of the σR1 in alleviating retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon degeneration are common features of many neurodegenerative conditions including retinal degenerations. (tcd.ie)
The optic nerve swelling can exacerbate retinal ganglion cell degeneration by further compromising the vascular blood supply, either through a rise in intraluminal pressure or reactive vasospasm. (medscape.com)

We have previously demonstrated that exosomes derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) provide retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotection in a rat optic nerve crush model (ARVO 2017, Abstract Vol.58, 2953). (arvojournals.org)
In both laser and microbead rat models, BMSC but not fibroblast exosomes promoted significant preservation of RGC function, as measured by pSTR amplitudes, and significant neuroprotection of RBPMS + RGC as quantified in retinal wholemounts. (arvojournals.org)

First, we show that ipRGCs are connected by monostratified amacrine cells that provide strong inhibition from classical-photoreceptor-driven circuits. (nih.gov)
Second, we show evidence that dopaminergic interplexiform cells are synaptically connected to ipRGCs. (nih.gov)

abstract = "The discovery of cell type-specific markers can provide insight into cellular function and the origins of cellular heterogeneity. (northwestern.edu)

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nearly all clinical and preclinical studies measure the retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) thickness as the sole indicator of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage without investigating RGC axon bundles directly. (jneurosci.org)
Intraocular pressure (IOP), positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) recordings were taken. (arvojournals.org)
Correlations between ipRGC activity, as measured by the pupillary light reflex , and polysomnography parameters , and correlations between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and the pupillary light reflex and polysomnography parameters . (bvsalud.org)
In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. (lu.se)
The data suggest that up-regulation of Nf expression in the retinal ganglion cells precedes development of RNFL atrophy and plausibly explains the transient increase of axonal diameter and RNFL thickening. (lu.se)
Racial differences in the anatomy of the optic nerve head (ONH), such as larger optic discs and disc area, deeper cups, variation in lamina cribrosa position, and thicker overall retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and peripapillary choroid thicknesses in AD individuals, have also been previously described. (cdc.gov)
The purpose of this study is to determine if BMO-MRW varies with race, specifically across people of AD and ED, and how BMO-MRW relates to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. (cdc.gov)

Oppositely, expression of mutated myocilin sensitizes cells to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. (nih.gov)
The cell viability and apoptosis were determined by using adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. (molvis.org)
Under oxidative stress, the effects of maltol on cell viability, apoptosis, and neurite outgrowth were assessed. (molvis.org)
Organic solvent-induced proximal tubular cell apoptosis via caspase-9 activation. (cdc.gov)
While the exact function of the protein is unknown, it is thought to play a role in the organization of the shape and structure of the mitochondria and in controlled cell death ( apoptosis ). (medlineplus.gov)
Cells that contain these poorly functioning mitochondria seem to be more susceptible to apoptosis. (medlineplus.gov)

We found that iPSCs can be effectively differentiated into retinal cells, including the formation of 3D retinal organoids. (indianactsi.org)

Retinal ganglion cell death was induced by acute optic nerve crush in wild-type and Sigmar1 −/− mice. (molvis.org)
Quantification of cells remaining after optic nerve crush showed that 86.8±7.9% cells remained in the wild-type ganglion cell layer, but only 68.3±3.4% survived in the Sigmar1 −/− , demonstrating a significant difference between the wild-type and the Sigmar1 −/− in crush-induced ganglion cell loss. (molvis.org)
Background: To investigate the neuroprotective effect of intravitreal administration of latanoprost on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) or optic nerve axotomy. (elsevierpure.com)
Methods: Using Sprague-Dawley rats, retinal ganglion cell damage was induced by either intravitreal administration of NMDA or optic nerve axotomy. (elsevierpure.com)
Ten days after the optic nerve axotomy, the number of surviving RGC was significantly increased even at a dose of 0.3 pmol (815±239 cells/mm 2 , P=0.0359) compared with control (462±75 cells/mm 2 ). (elsevierpure.com)
Retinal dystrophy with inner retinal dysfunction and ganglion cell anomalies is a rare genetic retinal dystrophy disorder characterized by decreased central retinal sensitivity associated with hyper-reflectivity of ganglion cells and nerve fiber layer with loss of optic nerve fibers manifesting with photophobia optic disc pallor and progressive loss of central vision with preservation of peripheral visual field. (globalgenes.org)
It is likely that nerve cells in other parts of the body are similarly affected by dysfunctional mitochondria, resulting in the signs and symptoms of neuropathy in individuals with autosomal dominant optic atrophy and cataract. (medlineplus.gov)

Retinal tissue Nf concentrations per total protein (μg/mg) were significantly higher in MOG-EAE rats with ON (median 4.29, interquartile range [IQR] 3.41-5.97) compared with MOG-EAE rats without ON (1.14, IQR 1.10-1.67) or control rats (0.93, IQR 0.45-4.00). (lu.se)

CAR affects both rods and cones, whereas MAR is typically characterized by antibodies directed toward bipolar cells that interfere with rod function. (medscape.com)
Both rods and cones release L-glutamate at their terminals on bipolar cells. (medscape.com)

Here we describe a method for the automatic classification of large-scale retinal recordings using a simple stimulus paradigm and a spike train distance measure as a clustering metric. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we introduce a novel approach for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) classification, based on pharmacogenetics combined with immunohistochemistry and large-scale retinal electrophysiology. (biorxiv.org)

In a healthy eye, bipolar cells receive signals from photoreceptor cells across a synapse and then transmit this information either directly or indirectly to retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
form the optic nerves, so when retinal ganglion cells die, the optic nerves atrophy and cannot transmit visual information to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)

We found that myocilin is expressed in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and affects their differentiation into osteoblasts. (nih.gov)

Some approaches involve the use of stem cells, progenitor cells, and novel materials. (nih.gov)

Here we explore the neuroprotective effect afforded by the absence of sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1), a prodegenerative NADase, in a rotenoneinduced mouse model of retinal ganglion cell loss and visual dysfunction. (tcd.ie)
The purpose of this present review is to summarize the most recent evidence about some of the possible upstream causes which are responsible for RGC death, as well as neuroprotective strategies to prevent or at least to slow down progression of the retinal distress. (encyclopedia.pub)

Summary: M6 cells express low levels of melanopsin and have correspondingly weak intrinsic light responses. (atsbio.com)
Cells were initially edited by the CRISPR/Cas9 system to express the Thy1 gene at the Brn3b locus and the tdTomato gene at the melanopsin locus. (indianactsi.org)

Type of neuron that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. (xenbase.org)
The synapses of amacrine cells in the IPL appear first. (org.es)
Recordings suggest that both excitation and inhibition are driven by the ON channel and that chromatic opponency results from M-cone-driven surround inhibition mediated by wide-field spiking GABAergic amacrine cells. (huji.ac.il)
The primary line of information transmission is from photoreceptor to bipolar cell to ganglion cell and then to the brain, but the amacrine and horizontal cells provide lateral transmission lines that can produce the complicated center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells. (medscape.com)

marker genes Canonical marker genes for this cell type are unavailable at this time. (cziscience.com)
With a recent push for the improved understanding of neuronal diversity, it is important to identify genes whose expression defines various subpopulations of cells. (northwestern.edu)

The bipolar cells synapse with the ganglion cells. (medscape.com)

Although it is likely that a central control center for coordination and regulation of blink activity exists, somewhere in the basal ganglia, midbrain, and/or brain stem, it is unlikely that a single defect in this elusive control center is the primary cause of this disease. (medscape.com)

Piriev N, Yamashita CK, Shih J, Farber DB: Expression of functionally active cone photoreceptor cGMP-PDE o' subunit in chinese humster ovary, 293 human embryonic kidney and Y79 retinoblastoma cells. (uclahealth.org)
Serial electron microscopic reconstructions revealed that M5 cells receive selective UV-opsin drive from Type 9 cone bipolar cells but also mixed cone signals from bipolar Types 6, 7, and 8. (huji.ac.il)

However, multiple subtypes of cells exist within each of these major retinal cell classes, and few of these subtypes have known genetic markers, although many have been characterized by morphology or function. (northwestern.edu)
A knowledge of genetic markers for individual retinal subtypes would allow for the study and mapping of brain targets related to specific visual functions and may also lend insight into the gene networks that maintain cellular diversity. (northwestern.edu)
Current avenues used to identify the genetic markers of subtypes possess drawbacks, such as the classification of cell types following sequencing. (northwestern.edu)

The reduction in ganglion cell layer complex thickness did not represent atrophy and was not predictive of a poor outcome, researchers said. (reviewofoptometry.com)

In this thesis we aimed to see whether examining these cells with OCT could reflect physiological and pathological changes in the eye and brain.In cases of optic neuritis (Paper I), the OCT examination showed early thickening of the peripapillary (pRNFL) followed by thinning which takes 6-9 months to reduce to below normal thickness without the ability to distinguish between the real from pseudo thinning. (avhandlingar.se)
The ganglion cell -inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) layer, however, showed a thickness reduction within a few weeks to 3 months without pseudo thinning. (avhandlingar.se)
During the acute stage of CSC with retinal elevation, the SD-OCT estimate of ganglion cell layer complex thickness was reduced, researchers noted. (reviewofoptometry.com)
At the initial visit, the study reported the average thickness of ganglion cell layer complex was thinner than the measurement of the fellow eye (67.4 ± 27.4μm). (reviewofoptometry.com)
Serous retinal detachment causes a transient reduction on spectral domain OCT estimates of ganglion cell layer thickness. (reviewofoptometry.com)

citation needed] Retinal ganglion cells spontaneously fire action potentials at a base rate while at rest. (wikipedia.org)
The bipolar cells, no longer inhibited, release neurotransmitters, which stimulate the ganglion cells to generate action potentials. (medscape.com)

Immunolabeling detected this receptor in cells of both the ganglion cell layer and the photoreceptor cell layer in wild-type retinas. (molvis.org)
Zack, Gamm, and their teams plan to study precursor photoreceptor cells derived from human stem cells to determine what factors help coax them into becoming fully developed and connected photoreceptor cells. (nih.gov)
Generating appropriate synapses between photoreceptor and bipolar cells is an essential step in restoring vision through photoreceptor transplantation. (nih.gov)
Sodium influx ceases, resulting in hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cells. (medscape.com)

However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms through which retinal dopamine modulates contrast sensitivity have not been elucidated. (jneurosci.org)
The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. (bvsalud.org)

Here, we sought to provide a fuller description of the least understood ipRGC type, the M5 cell, and discovered a distinctive functional characteristic-chromatic opponency (ultraviolet excitatory, green inhibitory). (huji.ac.il)

The continuous influx of sodium ions results from binding of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to the sodium gates, which keeps the gated channels open while maintaining neurotransmitter release onto the bipolar cell, hyperpolarizing it (ie, the bipolar cells are inhibited). (medscape.com)
In "off" bipolar cells, L-glutamate activates the KA/AMPA receptor to produce hyperpolarization. (medscape.com)
In "on" bipolar cells, L-glutamate activates L-AP4 receptors to produce depolarization. (medscape.com)
Like the bipolar cells, the horizontal cells receive their inputs from receptors, and they generate no spikes. (medscape.com)
Horizontal cell outputs inhibit (ie, reduce transmission at) nearby unilluminated receptor-bipolar cell synaptic junctions. (medscape.com)
Some have suggested that these outputs may enhance contrast by strongly turning off unstimulated bipolar cells. (medscape.com)

Y- ganglion: largest, 5%, very broad dendritic field, respond to rapid eye movement or rapid change in light intensity. (wikipedia.org)
These cells are known as midget retinal ganglion cells, based on the small sizes of their dendritic trees and cell bodies. (wikipedia.org)
Dendritic and axonal targeting patterns of a genetically-specified class of retinal ganglion cells that participate in image-forming circuits. (ca.gov)
6.4 Development of retinal ganglion cell dendritic structure and synaptic connections. (org.es)

The study of each major class of cells has yielded genetic markers that facilitate the identification of these populations. (northwestern.edu)
This technique may be extended to non-neuronal cell types, as well as to rare populations of cells with minor variations. (northwestern.edu)

M-type retinal ganglion cells project to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. (wikipedia.org)

This presents a challenge for data analysis and requires rigorous validation methods to ensure that clusters contain cells of the same function. (northwestern.edu)

Protective effect of nilvadipine against glutamate neurotoxicity in purified retinal ganglion cells. (mattek.com)

Researchers have developed a new method that efficiently turns human stem cells into retinal ganglion cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
Recent news of an impending clinical cell transplantation trial in Parkinson's disease using parthenogenetic stem cells as a source of donor tissue have raised hopes in the patient community and sparked discussion in the research community. (lu.se)

According to researchers, retinal ganglion cells act collectively to correct visual errors and improve accuracy. (neurosciencenews.com)

Anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 counteract BAX-mediated cell death. (nature.com)
Huang, D. C. & Strasser, A. BH3-only proteins-essential initiators of apoptotic cell death. (nature.com)
Paraneoplastic and autoimmune retinopathies belong to a spectrum of uncommon ophthalmic disorders in which autoantibodies directed at various retinal proteins cause progressive vision loss. (medscape.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] Paraneoplastic retinopathies (PR) are characterized by retinal antibodies in the setting of an underlying malignancy, whereas autoimmune retinopathies (AR) are characterized by autoantibodies directed against retinal proteins without a known malignancy. (medscape.com)

Localization of the σR1 was performed by indirect immunofluorescence on frozen retinal sections. (molvis.org)
Markedly abnormal electroretinographic (ERG) findings indicate the correct diagnosis, which can usually be confirmed with immunofluorescence techniques to identify circulating retinal antibodies. (medscape.com)

Anatomy55

Organisms24

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations3

RGCs48

Retina29

Photoreceptors10

Neurons10

Glaucoma7

Intrinsically photosensitive3

Photosensitive4

Axons10

Degeneration6

Neuroprotection2

IpRGCs2

Abstract1

RNFL7

Apoptosis6

Organoids1

Nerve7

Rats1

Rods and c2

Large-scale retinal2

Transmit2

Mesenchymal stem1

Progenitor Cells1

Neuroprotective2

Melanopsin2

Amacrine4

Genes2

Synapse1

Midbrain1

Cone2

Subtypes3

Atrophy1

Thickness5

Action potentials2

Photoreceptor4

Contrast sensitivity2

Functional1

Bipolar6

Dendritic4

Populations2

Lateral1

METHODS1

Glutamate1

Stem cells2

Collectively1

Proteins4

Immunofluorescence2