Responsible 1963 canine influenza a virus h3n8 subtype. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is the main cause of equine influenza and is also known as equine influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission of the equine influenza virus (EIV) to humans has not occurred during outbreaks of the disease in horses. (wikipedia.org)
Equine influenza virus (H3N8) can be spread by a few different routes. (wikipedia.org)
Viremia is rare, but is possible if the virus crosses the basement membrane and enters the circulation, potentially causing inflammation of skeletal and cardiac muscle (myositis and myocarditis), encephalitic signs, and limb edema Fever of 102.5-105.0 °F (39.2-40.6 °C), frequent dry cough for several weeks, 'drippy' nose with discharge and secondary bacterial infection are some of the clinical signs of Equine influenza virus infection. (wikipedia.org)
Continuing evolution of equine influenza virus in Central Asia, 2007-2012. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007. (cdc.gov)
One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. (cdc.gov)

H3N8 has been suggested as a possible cause of the 1889-1890 pandemic in humans, and also another epidemic in 1898-1900. (wikipedia.org)
Before the identification of H3N8 as a possible cause of the 1889 pandemic, the H2N2 subtype was suggested. (wikipedia.org)
Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties. (cdc.gov)
Increased or renewed reports of AI viruses, especially high pathogenicity H5N8 and H5N1 in birds and H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in humans globally, have established the need for a comprehensive review of current global AI virus surveillance data to assess the pandemic risk of AI viruses. (cdc.gov)

In 1963, the H3N8 (A/equine/2/Miami/63) subtype created an epidemic of equine influenza in Miami and subsequently spread throughout North and South America and Europe, creating massive outbreaks during 1964 and 1965. (wikipedia.org)
Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012. (cdc.gov)
Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. (cdc.gov)
The most recent global analysis of official reports of animal outbreaks and human infections with all reportable AI viruses was published almost a decade ago. (cdc.gov)
A multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between variables of interest and reported AI virus animal outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
RESULTS: From 2013 to 2022, 52.2% (95/182) of World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Member Countries identified 34 AI virus subtypes during 21,249 outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Seasonality patterns of animal outbreaks and human infections with AI viruses were very similar, occurred year-round, and peaked during November through May. (cdc.gov)

Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009. (cdc.gov)
H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. (cdc.gov)

Spread of the disease has been associated with the movement of people, pets, horse equipment and tack where proper biosecurity procedures have not been followed Subclinical infection with virus shedding can occur in vaccinated horses, particularly where there is a mismatch between the vaccine strains and the virus strains circulating in the field. (wikipedia.org)

BACKGROUND: Avian influenza (AI) virus detections occurred frequently in 2022 and continue to pose a health, economic, and food security risk. (cdc.gov)
400 million poultry have been culled since 2003 as a result of efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza ( http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html ), and there are increasing biological and ecological consequences. (nationalacademies.org)

A review of evidence that equine influenza viruses are zoonotic. (cdc.gov)
Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. (cdc.gov)

In 2022 and 2023, three people in China were infected with H3N8, with one fatality, marking the first time a human has died from this strain of flu. (wikipedia.org)
A lineage of H3N8 has been found to infect humans, with the first two cases in China in April and May 2022, and a third case in March 2023, which was the first death. (wikipedia.org)

H7N9 (1568/2000, 78.40%) and H5N1 (254/2000, 12.70%) viruses accounted for the most human infections. (cdc.gov)

If the infecting dose of virus is high, abundant viral neuraminidase breaks down the mucosal layer, allowing access of the virus to the underlying epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine. (cdc.gov)
Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV. (cdc.gov)
In total, 55 novel RNA viruses were identified, which could be assigned to 18 different viral families and related clades. (bvsalud.org)

H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus that is endemic in birds, horses and dogs. (wikipedia.org)
Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. (cdc.gov)
This highlights the incredible species diversity of viruses in these ancient species and provides essential data for the prevalence of RNA viruses in the global aquaculture industry. (bvsalud.org)
Although Australian marsupials are characterised by unique biology and geographic isolation, little is known about the viruses present in these iconic wildlife species. (bvsalud.org)
Of particular note was the identification of a marsupial-specific clade of delta-like viruses that may indicate an association of deltaviruses with marsupial species. (bvsalud.org)
As many of these Dasyuromorphia species are currently being used in translocation efforts to reseed populations across Australia, understanding their virome is of key importance to prevent the spread of viruses to naive populations. (bvsalud.org)

In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. (cdc.gov)

Cats have been experimentally infected with the virus, leading to clinical signs, shedding of the virus and infection of other cats. (wikipedia.org)
METHODS: We analyzed AI virus infection reports among animals and humans submitted to animal and public health authorities from January 2013 to June 2022 and compared them with reports from January 2005 to December 2012. (cdc.gov)
2001. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. (nationalacademies.org)

Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses and related animals such as donkeys, mules and zebras (collectively known as equines). (wikipedia.org)
Sovinova O , Tumova B , Pouska F , Nemec J . Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses. (cdc.gov)

Equine influenza distribution map 2006-2015, compiled from Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition reports, 2006-2017 ( 17 ). (cdc.gov)
OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition. (cdc.gov)
Cullinane A , Elton D , Mumford J . Equine influenza - surveillance and control. (cdc.gov)

Equine influenza is caused by a type A influenza virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae (genus Influenzavirus). (wikipedia.org)
Accordingly, we identified fifteen novel virus sequences from five DNA virus families (Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Gammaherpesvirinae, Papillomaviridae, and Polyomaviridae) and three RNA virus taxa: the order Jingchuvirales, the genus Hepacivirus, and the delta-like virus group. (bvsalud.org)

More broadly, these findings provide novel insights into the previously unrecognized RNA virosphere in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide and demonstrate that human activity might have driven the global connectedness of brine shrimp viruses. (bvsalud.org)

Coughing horses can release the virus into the air, where it can spread up to 30-50 metres. (wikipedia.org)
Antigenic and genetic analysis of H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from horses in Japan and Mongolia, and imported from Canada and Belgium during 2007-2010. (cdc.gov)
Outbreak of equine influenza among horses in Hong Kong during 1992. (cdc.gov)
Madić J , Martinović S , Naglić T , Hajsig D , Cvetnić S . Serological evidence for the presence of A/equine-1 influenza virus in unvaccinated horses in Croatia. (cdc.gov)

A total of 10 high pathogenicity AI and 6 low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes were reported to the WOAH for the first time during 2013-2022. (cdc.gov)
Between January 2013 and June 2022, 17/194 (8.8%) World Health Organization (WHO) Member States reported 2000 human AI virus infections of 10 virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)

A 1997 study found H3N8 was responsible for over one quarter of the influenza infections in wild ducks. (wikipedia.org)

the black-footed ferret from canine distemper and sylvatic plague (for a review see Abbott et al. (nationalacademies.org)

Since the late 1980s, evolution of the H3N8 virus has diverged into two families: an "American-like" lineage and a "European-like" lineage. (wikipedia.org)

However, our understanding of the biodiversity, prevalence and global connectedness of viruses in brine shrimp is still very limited. (bvsalud.org)

Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009. (cdc.gov)
A review of evidence that equine influenza viruses are zoonotic. (cdc.gov)
Since January 2011, surveillance of equine influenza viruses has been enhanced in 3 Mongolian aimags (provinces). (blogspot.com)

Antigenic and genetic analysis of H3N8 influenza viruses isolated from horses in Japan and Mongolia, and imported from Canada and Belgium during 2007-2010. (cdc.gov)
These viruses were first isolated from horses in 1963. (cdc.gov)

At this point, it is not possible to identify the virus for either the 1889 or 1900 outbreak with certainty. (wikipedia.org)
Outbreak of equine influenza among horses in Hong Kong during 1992. (cdc.gov)
The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia. (cdc.gov)

Horse flu viruses are highly contagious among horses and are thought to spread mainly through droplets made when the animal coughs or sneezes. (cdc.gov)

Since the late 1980s, evolution of the H3N8 virus has diverged into two families: an "American-like" lineage and a "European-like" lineage. (wikipedia.org)
In the 1980s, the virus was characterized, and researchers speculated that it was related to a reassortant influenza A(H1N1) virus vaccine strain, A/PR-8/34 + A/USSR/77, generated in a Soviet laboratory and administered to humans in Mongolia and possibly transmitted from vaccinated humans to camels in a reactivated form ( 5 , 6 ). (blogspot.com)

H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus that is endemic in birds, horses and dogs. (wikipedia.org)
As H3N8 viruses became adapted to each host, the H3N8 viruses in birds, horses and dogs all became different and distinct from one another. (cdc.gov)

A lineage of H3N8 has been found to infect humans, with the first two cases in China in April and May 2022, and a third case in March 2023, which was the first death. (wikipedia.org)
Since 1963, the H3N8 virus has drifted along a single lineage at a rate of 0.8 amino acid substitutions per year. (wikipedia.org)
In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. (cdc.gov)
We describe the isolation, full-genome sequencing, and phylogenetic characterization of an influenza A(H3N8) virus of equine lineage isolated from a Bactrian camel, thereby identifying a novel route of influenza virus interspecies transmission and raising further questions about influenza A virus ecology in under-studied regions such as Mongolia. (blogspot.com)

It was last reported in 2016, suggesting that this virus is now extinct in dogs. (cdc.gov)

Horse flu" viruses originally spread from birds to horses. (cdc.gov)
An H3N8 virus subtype has been reported in dogs, horses, and birds, but these viruses are different in each species. (cdc.gov)
While different H3N8 viruses continue to spread in birds and horses, the canine influenza H3N8 virus is now extinct in dogs. (cdc.gov)

While horse flu viruses are currently not well adapted to people, it is possible that one day one of these viruses could change in a way that would allow it to infect and spread easily among people. (cdc.gov)

It is caused by influenza viruses that commonly spread in horses and closely related animals, like donkeys and zebras. (cdc.gov)

That is why CDC and its partners in animal health closely monitor the changes that occur in circulating flu viruses. (cdc.gov)

Because little is known about the ecology of influenza viruses in camels, 460 nasal swab specimens were collected from healthy (no overt illness) Bactrian camels in Mongolia during 2012. (blogspot.com)
One specimen was positive for influenza A virus (A/camel/Mongolia/335/2012[H3N8]), which is phylogenetically related to equine influenza A(H3N8) viruses and probably represents natural horse-to-camel transmission. (blogspot.com)

In general, horse flu viruses pose a low threat to people. (cdc.gov)

A 1997 study found H3N8 was responsible for over one quarter of the influenza infections in wild ducks. (wikipedia.org)
Between January 2013 and June 2022, 17/194 (8.8%) World Health Organization (WHO) Member States reported 2000 human AI virus infections of 10 virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
H7N9 (1568/2000, 78.40%) and H5N1 (254/2000, 12.70%) viruses accounted for the most human infections. (cdc.gov)

In the United States, these viruses jumped from horses to dogs and continue to circulate among dogs ( 2 , 3 ). (blogspot.com)

One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. (cdc.gov)

Despite reports of serologic activity against influenza A virus among camels in several African countries ( 7 , 8 ), the lack of isolated virus from these populations highlights how little is known about the ecology of influenza viruses in camels. (blogspot.com)

Continuing evolution of equine influenza virus in Central Asia, 2007-2012. (cdc.gov)

EIV H3N8 spread to dogs in the United States in the late 1990s, adapted to become a canine influenza virus while spreading in dogs. (cdc.gov)
In the late 1990s, EIV H3N8 infected and adapted to dogs and started regularly spreading in them as canine influenza A(H3N8) virus. (cdc.gov)

Coughing horses can release the virus into the air, where it can spread up to 30-50 metres. (wikipedia.org)
Horse flu viruses also can spread indirectly through objects that have the virus on them, like clothing, equipment, and brushes. (cdc.gov)
If virus from on an object is inhaled, absorbed, or ingested by a susceptible horse, then the virus could spread. (cdc.gov)
Can equine influenza virus spread between horses and other mammals? (cdc.gov)
EIV H3N8 spread to dogs and after spreading and adapting to dogs became canine influenza virus H3N8, which is now extinct in dogs. (cdc.gov)

The viruses cause flu-like signs and symptoms in those animals, similar to those caused by seasonal flu viruses in people. (cdc.gov)
Horse flu viruses are currently not well adapted to infecting people. (cdc.gov)

As the organism grows it secretes a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that is responsible for the disease. (veteriankey.com)

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