Responses murine 1997 receptors interleukin 1 type i. Medical search. Frequent questions

Immunol Rev. 2011;239(1):167-77. (smw.ch)

It is initiated by one of the Wnt (wingless-type MMTV integration site) family of ligands (Rao and Kuhl 2010 ) probably WNT10A (Adaimy et al. (springer.com)
Following the cloning of CB1 and CB2 receptors, two endocannabinoid ligands were identified and characterized: arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) (Devane et al. (420magazine.com)
The cytokines of a possible significance in that range include interleukin 17 family (IL-17) containing the group of IL-17A-F ligands and IL-17RA-E receptors. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Secreted autoantibodies specific to receptors or receptor ligands can activate or inhibit receptor functions. (hindawi.com)

Combined stimulation with the T helper cell type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 induces mouse mast cell apoptosis. (southernbiotech.com)
Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-9, and interferon-γ were associated with higher FI scores in aging females, while levels of IL-12p40 rose as FI scores increased in older males. (deepdyve.com)

The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a powerful inducer of the hepatic acute-phase response, and it has been proposed to be a central mediator in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease through a combination of autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms ( 8 ). (ispub.com)
Additionally, alcohol inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), via the p38 ERK1/2 MAPK pathway [ 9 ]. (cdc.gov)

The MNC2 monoclonal antibody reacts with recombinant and native soluble human IL-1 receptor type II. (bdbiosciences.com)

CD121b, also known as interleukin-1 receptor type II (IL-1RII), has a significant role in the inflammatory response. (bdbiosciences.com)
CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes play an import role in the inflammatory response, as these cells may manage the profile of cytokines produced against an infectious agent 4 . (bvsalud.org)

Among its different constituents, Astragalus polysaccharides have been most widely studied particularly for their immunopotentiating properties, such as stimulation of murine B cell proliferation and cytokine production ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This macrophage polarization can be simulated in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation for a proinflammatory subset termed classical activation and stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 for an alternative polarization phenotype. (haematologica.org)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a stimulation of production of uPA, PAI-1 and interleukin-6 before and after operation in plasma patients with gynecological diseases, and whether vitamin E could inhibit this process. (ispub.com)
PGL-1 stimulation led to significantly higher activation of STAT-6 in BT/TT and BL/LL patients in comparison to healthy individuals. (bvsalud.org)

Although innate immune cells do not respond to specific antigenic epitopes on pathogens, they do produce restricted responses to par- ticular classes of pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) (18). (cdc.gov)

Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist R848 alters the immune tumor microenvironment and enhances SBRT-induced antitumor efficacy in murine models of pancreatic cancer. (rochester.edu)
Stereotactic Body Radiation and Interleukin-12 Combination Therapy Eradicates Pancreatic Tumors by Repolarizing the Immune Microenvironment. (rochester.edu)
The resulting early cellular response, consisting of glandular infiltration with neutrophils and monocytes, appears to exacerbate pancreatic injury and is at least in part responsible for early onset organ failure seen in some cases of AP (85, 86). (pancreapedia.org)
Several days to weeks into the disease, development of immune anergy - or compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome - has been described in patients (74), associated with infection of pancreatic necrosis and multi-system organ failure. (pancreapedia.org)
Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)
In response to cerulein (a CCK-8 ortholog widely used to elicit early pancreatitis responses in isolated acini an ex-vivo pancreatitis model), murine pancreatic acinar cells upregulate mRNA expression of both CXCL1 and CXCL2 within 90 min, with a supramaximally stimulating cerulein concentration of 0.1 mM producing 8 fold increase in CXCL1 and 10 fold increase in CXCL2 expression (87). (pancreapedia.org)
In this study, GLP-1 (100 nmol/l), in the presence of glucose (11 mmol/l), induced a ∼71-fold increase in insulin gene promoter activity in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells, an effect that was an order of magnitude larger than with either stimulant alone. (diabetesjournals.org)
These data suggest that the synergistic action of glucose and GLP-1 to promote insulin gene transcription is mediated through NFAT via PKA- and calcineurin-dependent pathways in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
The rate of insulin gene transcription in pancreatic β-cells is regulated by a complex integration of signals derived from nutrients, hormones, and neurotransmitters ( 1 - 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
We have previously identified NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) as a key regulator of insulin gene transcription in pancreatic β-cells that is activated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) in response to increased [Ca 2+ ] i ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Pristane administration induces macrophage activation [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
In the context of AP, the most extensively investigated chemokines are CC-ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP-1), CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1, also known as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant or CINC in rat and keratinocyte cytokine or KC in mouse), and CXC-ligand 2 (CXCL2, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha or MIP2a). (pancreapedia.org)
Compared with controls, the detectable proportion of HIV-1 particles derived from CD14 macrophages and CD26 lymphocytes was increased in persons with acute malaria coinfection and correlated with markedly increased plasma concentrations of both proinflammatory cytokines and soluble markers of macrophage and lymphocyte activation. (lww.com)
Parasite clearance following treatment with antimalarial drugs resulted in decreased detection of HIV-1 particles derived from the CD14 macrophage cell subset and correlated with a marked diminution in systemic immune activation. (lww.com)
98%) is thought to be derived from short-lived lymphocytes ordinarily [ 11,12 ], HIV-1 replication within the macrophage reservoir is increased during mycobacterial and Pneumocystis carinii coinfections [ 13-15 ]. (lww.com)
Alternative polarization with interleukin-4 and IL-13 led to a macrophage phenotype characterized by increased tissue factor (TF) production and release and by an increase in extracellular vesicle production. (haematologica.org)

These cells primarily produce interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that, respectively, activate macrophages and direct cytotoxic CD8 + T cell responses, that in turn promote elimination of intracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, cytokines induced during early stages of IBD, play important roles in differentiation of interferon (IFN)-γ/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-producing Th1 cells as well as IL-17-producing Th17 cells. (frontiersin.org)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor shedding controls thresholds of innate immune activation that balance opposing TNF functions in infectious and inflammatory diseases. (southernbiotech.com)
Targeted delivery of tumor necrosis factor-α to tumor vessels induces a therapeutic T cell-mediated immune response that protects the host against syngeneic tumors of different histologic origin. (southernbiotech.com)
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ) stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Intertumoral Genetic Heterogeneity Generates Distinct Tumor Microenvironments in a Novel Murine Synchronous Melanoma Model. (rochester.edu)
Co-administration of a clinically relevant dexamethasone dosage with ablative radiotherapy reduces peripheral lymphocytes but does not alter in vivo intratumoral lymphocyte phenotype or inhibit efficacy of radiotherapy in a murine colorectal tumor model. (rochester.edu)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
Interleukin (IL)-2 is a cytokine that enhances the production of cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of lysing tumor cells while leaving benign cells unharmed -- IL-2 activated lymphocytes are known as "lymphocyte-activated killer" or LAK cells [8,9]. (blogspot.com)
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well characterized angiogenic factor known to stimulate angiogenesis within a tumor ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Classical polarization is usually associated with a proinflammatory response, including the increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1, and IL-6. (haematologica.org)
Also, proteolysis is found in pathological conditions such as tumor growth, metastasis, arthritis and autoimmune diseases ( 1 ). (ispub.com)
Infliximab is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist that is a chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody. (medscape.com)

A renewed understanding of the critical role of innate immunity in influencing the development of an adaptive immune response has led researchers to a better under- standing of "the adjuvant effect" (16). (cdc.gov)
The two recognized types of immunity are innate and adaptive. (medscape.com)
The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)
The adaptive immune system consists of 2 types of lymphocytes: T cells (70-75% of the adaptive immune force) and B cells (10-20% of the adaptive immune force). (medscape.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
The innate immune system functions as the first-line barrier and the most rapid response mechanism to prevent the invasion of microorganisms, whereas the adaptive immune system may take days to weeks to develop the appropriate responses of the T and B lymphocytes. (uspharmacist.com)
IFN-I have potent direct antiviral activities, also mediate a multiplicity of immunoregulatory functions, which can either promote or dampen antiviral adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)
I have devoted the large majority of our work on the role of the innate and adaptive immune response to this fungus. (uc.edu)
Ichinohe T, Lee HK, Ogura Y, Flavell R, Iwasaki A. Inflammasome recognition of influenza virus is essential for adaptive immune responses. (smw.ch)
From this perspective, we discuss our current understanding of and progress on revealing the function and mode of action of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating adaptive and pathologic responses to particulates in health and disease. (cdc.gov)

Here we found that the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell function by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was required for host survival after infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). (nature.com)
Sousa AR, Lane SJ, Cidlowski JA, Staynov DZ and Lee TH: Glucocorticoid resistance in asthma is associated with elevated in vivo expression of the glucocorticoid receptor β-isoform. (spandidos-publications.com)

The loss of TNF α receptor 1/2 resulted in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells into the spleen, but only neutrophil recruitment was inhibited in the peritoneal cavity. (hindawi.com)
LT α is also required for the recruitment of dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages to the mesentery in response to pristane [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
The migration of inflammatory leukocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, to the peritoneal mesentery has been shown to be promoted in LAT −/− (lack mature T cells) mice but inhibited in μ MT (lack mature B cells) mice during the pristane-induced immune response [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Phagocytosis of invading pathogens by macrophages is a key component of this initial response. (uspharmacist.com)
A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)
Acute P. falciparum malaria coinfection impacts virus-host dynamics in HIV-1-infected persons at the cellular level, notably showing a reversible induction of HIV-1 replication in CD14 macrophages that is associated with changes in immune activation. (lww.com)
1 Some tissue macrophages and precursors are already established embryonically in the yolk sac and fetal liver before the onset of definitive hematopoiesis. (haematologica.org)
7 In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages are characterized by increased expression of IL-10 and of scavenger receptors. (haematologica.org)
Besides scavenging debris, promoting angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair, alternatively activated macrophages are able to fine tune inflammatory responses. (haematologica.org)

1990), expressed primarily by neurons, and CB2 receptors (Munro et al. (420magazine.com)

Interleukin-1 receptor type II acts as a decoy receptor to regulate prolonged persistence of IL-1 by binding to IL-1 and preventing the formation of signaling complexes. (bdbiosciences.com)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) seems to regulate both plasmacytoma development in BALB/c mice and oil granuloma formation in C57BL/6 mice during pristane-induced inflammation [ 10 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
These transcription factors are well known to regulate Th1 and Th2 mediated immune response which in turn could play vital role in the clinical manifestations of leprosy. (bvsalud.org)

The goal of this study was to determine how bacterial effectors inhibit type I interferon production. (k-state.edu)

Additionally, opioid peptides may be released from the nervous system with differing functionality on the immune system (TABLE 1) . (uspharmacist.com)
Additionally, the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are increased in almost every type of human cancer, which may be associated with cell invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Additionally, in the OVA-induced asthma model, the number of immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the concentration of OVA-specific IgE, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the bronchial thickness and the levels of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13 and COX-2 were significantly lower in the OVA + SEAC‑treated group compared with the OVA + vehicle‑treated group. (spandidos-publications.com)

[ 1 ] Neutrophils move to the site of invasion by means of chemotaxis, which occurs in response to microbial products, activated complement proteins, and cytokines. (medscape.com)
The gut needs to produce a strong protective immune response to resist the invasion of pathogenic antigens, while similar reactions to harmless antigens such as dietary proteins or symbiotic microorganisms, may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
1. DamaniaB (2004) Oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses: comparison of viral proteins involved in tumorigenesis. (prelekara.sk)
The goal of this study is to characterize E. coli virulence proteins that disrupt the host immune response. (k-state.edu)

Fig. 3: Infection with MCMV induces glucocorticoid-dependent PD-1 expression in spleen NK cells. (nature.com)
8. Lui O, Mak N, Leung K. Conjugated linoleic acid induces monocytic differentiation of murine myeloid leukemia cells. (southernbiotech.com)
This signal together with the T Cell Receptor (TCR) induces the expression of GATA-3. (bvsalud.org)

These receptors trigger inflammation through the NFkB-dependent and interferon regulatory factor-dependent signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
Turchinovich, G. & Hayday, A.C. Skint-1 identifies a common molecular mechanism for the development of interferon-γ -secreting versus interleukin-17-secreting γδ T cells. (nature.com)
Garcia-Sastre A. Induction and evasion of type I interferon responses by influenza viruses. (smw.ch)
IFN-α (interferon-alpha) is known to stimulate NK (natural killer ) cells, induce MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I response, augments the ability of Th1 (T-helper cells) and increase antibody recognition -- all mechanisms that stimulate the immune response in the bladder [2,3]. (blogspot.com)
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) sequence 206-220 (designated GAD2) represents a late-stage epitope, but GAD2-specific T cell receptor transgenic T cells producing interferon γ (IFNγ) protect against passive TID. (rupress.org)

IL-17 has pleiotropic activities, including induction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 on various types of cells ( 8 ). (aai.org)
In primary murine B cells, addition of cyclosporine (CsA) resulted in a significant decrease in M2-induced IL-10 levels as well as IRF4 expression, emphasizing the importance of the NFAT pathway in M2- mediated induction of IL-10. (prelekara.sk)
Murine Gammaherpesvirus M2 Protein Induction of IRF4 via the NFAT Pathway Leads to IL-10 Expression in B Cells. (prelekara.sk)
Immune activation and induction of HIV-1 replication within. (lww.com)
Indeed, antigen-presenting cells are important reservoirs of HIV-1 [ 16,17 ] and induction of HIV-1 replication within these cells may contribute significantly to the cofactor effect of confections on HIV-1 pathogenesis. (lww.com)

Aberrant high expression of B lymphocyte chemokine (BLC/CXCL13) by C11b + CD11c + dendritic cells in murine lupus and preferential chemotaxis of B1 cells towards BLC. (southernbiotech.com)
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. (mdpi.com)

Exogenous stimuli maintain intraepithelial lymphocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. (nature.com)

Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex set of diseases that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), each with multiple bacterial, immune, and non-immune cell types contributing to inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
The disease is autoimmune in nature and characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial tissues in multiple joints that leads to joint destruction, but the etiopathogenesis has not been elucidated completely ( 1 ). (aai.org)
We aimed to develop a laboratory test-based murine FI tool (FI-Lab) and to investigate the effects of age and sex on FI-Lab scores, FI-Clinical scores, and the combination (FI-Combined), as well as to explore links between frailty and inflammation. (deepdyve.com)
Deficit index, Deficit accumulation, Inflammation, Sex differences, Pro-inflammatory cytokines Frailty is considered a measure of unexplained heterogeneity in health status of people of the same chronological age, and as such can be considered a measure of a person's biological age (1). (deepdyve.com)
They concluded that '….relations of the sympathetic nerve … to the course of inflammation, … are due to some nervous functions of the sympathetic nerve other than… vasoconstriction and vasodilatation' [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Endo Y, Hirahara K, Yagi R, Tumes DJ and Nakayama T: Pathogenic memory type Th2 cells in allergic inflammation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Activated NLRP3 forms a supramolecular complex with an adaptor protein to activate caspase 1, which in turn activates IL-1 and IL-18 to instigate inflammation. (cdc.gov)

Interleukin (IL)-12, which is secreted by antigen-presenting cells, acts via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 to promote the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
T helper cells recognize antigen presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells in a T cell receptor-dependent fashion (not shown). (frontiersin.org)

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine receptor that belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family. (wikipedia.org)
This protein is a receptor for interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA). (wikipedia.org)
ED1 , encoding a ligand-ectodysplasinA-A1 (EDA-A1), EDAR , coding for ectodysplasinA-A1 receptor, EDARADD , programming the structure of EDAR-associated death domain protein and NEMO whose protein product, NFκB essential modulator (NEMO), is necessary for an indirect activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). (springer.com)
Two cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptors have been cloned thus far, CB1 receptors (Matsuda et al. (420magazine.com)
13 Morphine has been shown to decrease IL-23 production in murine models, decreasing dendritic cell antimicrobial protein production. (uspharmacist.com)
We have previously shown that the MHV68 M2 protein is important for virus reactivation from B cells and, when expressed alone in primary murine B cells, can drive B cell differentiation towards a pre-plasma cell phenotype. (prelekara.sk)
Together with acinar cell death releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as histones, high-mobility group box1 protein (HMGB1) and ATP (60), this initiates an acute, sterile (43) inflammatory response, in a manner that shares similarities with the molecular/signaling events observed in sepsis (113). (pancreapedia.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 (CDK2AP1) interacts with CDK2AP2, modulates the actions of transforming growth factor-B1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and retinoblastoma protein, and closely interacts with micro-RNA21 and micro-RNA25. (cancerindex.org)
1 The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase and triggers a cascade of aberrant downstream signaling pathways leading to clonal outgrowth of CML cells and subsequent disease manifestation. (haematologica.org)
The response to GLP-1 was mimicked by forskolin and largely inhibited by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, H89 and myristoylated PKI(14-22) amide, indicating partial mediation via a cAMP/PKA pathway. (diabetesjournals.org)
6 ) suggest that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) regulates PAI-1, uPA, and tPA in biphasic patterns in HMC, and the up regulation of PAI-1, uPA, and tPA after long-term LDL exposure seems to be mediated by a delayed protein kinase C (PKC) activation associated with an increased PA inhibitory activity. (ispub.com)
Previously, we have shown in a mouse model that exposure to hog dust extract (HDE) collected from a CAFO results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), elevated lavage fluid cytokines/chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the development of significant lung pathology. (cdc.gov)
Cyclosporine binds to cyclophilin, an intracellular protein, which, in turn, prevents formation of interleukin 2 and the subsequent recruitment of activated T cells. (medscape.com)

The gastrointestinal tract is a site of high immune challenge, as it must maintain a delicate balance between tolerating luminal contents and generating an immune response toward pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
As mentioned, the innate immune system is our first-line defense against invading pathogens, and opioids, specifically morphine, have been shown to significantly impair various aspects of this response. (uspharmacist.com)
The high prevalence of recurrent malaria, tuberculosis, chronic helminth infections, and water-borne pathogens in developing countries may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in persons living in such regions [ 1,2 ]. (lww.com)
Regulation of type III secretion hierarchy of translocators and effectors in attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens. (k-state.edu)

With the exception of EDA1 and NEMO , both localized on the X chromosome, all other genes encoding components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway involved in differentiation of skin appendages, are localized on the autosomes (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
Linkage and comparative mapping studies indicate that the transferred chromosome segment contains a number of candidate genes for hypertension, including genes encoding a brain dopamine receptor and a renal epithelial potassium channel. (jci.org)

However, a body of circumstantial evi- susceptible mice by stimulating elevated levels of proin- dence links diabetes, multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and flammatory cytokines from mast cells during the innate many other autoimmune diseases with preceding infec- immune response. (cdc.gov)
However, GFAP-IL6/sgp130 mice had decreased pY 705 -STAT3 in the brain due to a reduction in the total number of pY 705 -STAT3-positive cells and a marked loss of pY 705 -STAT3 in specific cell types. (jneurosci.org)
Previous studies from our group and other labs have demonstrated that oil granulomas represent the major pathology in response to pristane injections in C57BL/6 mice [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Aside from these two receptors, evidence exists supporting the presence of yet uncloned cannabinoid receptors, a hypothesis predominantly based on pharmacological activity of cannabinoid compounds in CB1 and CB2 receptor-deficient mice or following the administration of 'selective' CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists (Jarai et al. (420magazine.com)
5-9 Mechanistically, this is believed to occur through mu opioid receptors, as inhibition of phagocytosis was reversed in a study looking at mu opioid receptor knockout mice. (uspharmacist.com)
4. UsherwoodEJ, StewartJP, RobertsonK, AllenDJ, NashAA (1996) Absence of splenic latency in murine gammaherpesvirus 68-infected B cell-deficient mice. (prelekara.sk)
Similarly, alcohol-fed mice demonstrated significantly less IL-6 in lung lavage in response to dust than that observed in control mice instilled with HDE. (cdc.gov)

It is an important mediator involved in many cytokine induced immune and inflammatory responses. (wikipedia.org)
Several molecular mechanisms may count for this AR re-activation in CRPC, including AR gene amplification/overexpression, AR mutation, the presence of AR splice variants, enhanced AR co-regulators signaling, alterations in steroid metabolism, growth factor and/or cytokine induced AR activation etc [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)

This gene along with interleukin 1 receptor, type II (IL1R2), interleukin 1 receptor-like 2 (IL1RL2), and interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) form a cytokine receptor gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 2q12. (wikipedia.org)
The condition is caused by mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1, an essential component in the formation of elastic fibers. (tno.nl)
We have also confirmed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene (NAG-1) is a major molecular target of AST during its antitumorigenic action, which has a strong correlation with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway during its action ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Currently there is intense interest to define the mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in regulating β-cell function, including insulin gene transcription. (diabetesjournals.org)

19(1): 52, 2019 Jan 14. (bvsalud.org)

We and others have discovered factors that control the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes to the peritoneal mesentery in response to pristane [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
A few of these inflammatory responses, such as inflammatory cell recruitment, can be modulated by alcohol exposure [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (cdc.gov)

Epub 1997/01/01. (smw.ch)

The development of CIA is dependent on both cellular and humoral immune responses to IIC ( 6 ), and various cytokines are thought to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis through the activation of immune system ( 6 , 7 ). (aai.org)
Although the complete mechanism of the interaction between opioids and opioid receptors on the immune system is not fully elucidated, this review aims at furthering this discussion. (uspharmacist.com)
The immune system consists of many cell types and is highly integrated within other tissues. (nature.com)
1. What Makes Up Your Immune System? (squareonepublishers.com)

Significantly, the actions of both GLP-1 and forskolin were abolished by the selective Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) inhibitor, FK506, as well as by the chelation of intracellular Ca 2+ by BAPTA (bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane- N,N,N ′ ,N ′-tetraacetate). (diabetesjournals.org)
Recent research has revealed that many particles and crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular pattern-recognition receptor. (cdc.gov)

Both glucose and GLP-1 stimulate insulin promoter activity, stabilize proinsulin mRNA, and increase proinsulin biosynthesis ( 14 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
4 ) found that uPA mRNA seems to be up-regulated in endometriotic glands and endometrial stroma as well as PAI-1 mRNA in endometriotic and endometrial stroma from women with endometriosis. (ispub.com)

I have been involved in the study of the host response to the pathogenic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum for over 25 years. (uc.edu)

Sex hormones may further amplify this hyperimmune response to infection in susceptible persons, tions (Table) (7,8). (cdc.gov)
Mechanistically, endogenous glucocorticoids produced shortly after infection induced selective and tissue-specific expression of the checkpoint receptor PD-1 on NK cells. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Organ-specific glucocorticoid regulation of the production of IFN-γ by NCR1 + ILCs in the spleen and liver after infection with MCMV. (nature.com)
Fig. 6: The glucocorticoid-PD-1 regulatory pathway is required for protection against infection with MCMV. (nature.com)
In contrast to vaccination, natural infection in humans and experimental infections in animals induce strong secretory IgA responses in the naso-pharynx and in the lungs. (frontiersin.org)
Immune responses to influenza virus infection. (smw.ch)

In addition, expression of M2 in primary murine B cells leads to secretion of high levels of IL-10 along with enhanced proliferation and survival. (prelekara.sk)

CD4 + T cells are key in mediating the host protective and homeostatic responses. (frontiersin.org)
In these studies, CD4 + T cell-depleting and blocking antibodies caused remission from disease in a number of CD and UC patients examined, suggesting a prominent role of CD4 + T cells in propagating disease ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
STAT4 also signals activation of the TF T-bet, a lineage-defining factor for Th1 differentiation, which upregulates the IL-12 receptor, IFN-γ expression, and causes further expansion of Th1 cells (Figure 1 ) ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. (medscape.com)
This glucocorticoid-PD-1 pathway limited production of the cytokine IFN-γ by spleen NK cells, which prevented immunopathology. (nature.com)
Fig. 4: Specific combinations of cytokines and corticosterone act together to induce PD-1 expression on NK cells. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: MCMV-induced IFN-γ production by spleen NK cells is regulated by a glucocorticoid-PD-1 axis. (nature.com)
Host resistance to endotoxic shock requires the neuroendocrine regulation of group 1 innate lymphoid cells. (nature.com)
As the two major cell types in the spleen, B cells and T cells produce cytokines and chemokines [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
This concerns a direct influence on cancer cells in a primary focus, influence on formation of secondary foci, and also modulation of mechanisms of cell anticancer response. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
2 Previous studies have evaluated the opioid receptors on a wide array of immune cells. (uspharmacist.com)
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is critical for homeostasis of invariant γδ T cells in the murine epidermis. (nature.com)
Hayday, A.C. γδ T cells and the lymphoid stress-surveillance response. (nature.com)
Reactivation of the gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) from latently infected B cells has been linked to plasma cell differentiation. (prelekara.sk)
2 1 There is growing evidence to suggest that primitive CML cells affect the bone marrow (BM) niche, contributing to deregulated cytokine levels. (haematologica.org)
Another important mechanism for the progression of colorectal cancer is the ability of the transformed cells to invade and traverse the basement membrane, which in turn facilitates the conversion of adenomas into carcinomas and then metastases ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Glucose and GLP-1 also synergistically activated NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells)-mediated transcription from a minimal promoter construct containing tandem NFAT consensus sequences. (diabetesjournals.org)
Glucose metabolism is central to the regulation of β-cell function ( 11 ), and GLP-1 is a potent hormonal incretin that has been shown to markedly enhance the stimulatory effects of glucose on β-cells ( 12 , 13 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The role of Th17 cells in type I diabetes (TID) remains largely unknown. (rupress.org)
Aim: To evaluate the involvement of Th2 cells in different periods of the active phase of experimental periodontal disease and expression of the R1 subunit of the receptor for IFN-γ during the early and advanced progression of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
Differentiation into Th1 depends on the presence of IFN-γ and IL-12, which bind to receptors on the surface of CD4 T cells 5 . (bvsalud.org)
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the study subjects were stimulated with M. leprae antigens (WCL, MLSA, and PGL-1). (bvsalud.org)

New insights into the responder/nonresponder divide in rectal cancer: Damage-induced Type I IFNs dictate treatment efficacy and can be targeted to enhance radiotherapy. (rochester.edu)
CD73 and PD-L1 dual blockade amplifies antitumor efficacy of SBRT in murine PDAC models. (rochester.edu)
Liu Y, Zhang S, Li DW and Jiang SJ: Efficacy of anti-interleukin-5 therapy with mepolizumab in patients with asthma: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. (spandidos-publications.com)

Animal models with recombinant IL-2-secreting strains of BCG have shown an enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity and local immune response when compared with BCG alone [14-16]. (blogspot.com)

Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are cytokines essential for vertebrate antiviral defense, including against herpesviruses. (mdpi.com)
Neutralizing antiviral B cell responses. (smw.ch)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is known to be synergistic with IL-2 since the 1980's, and has therefore been the subject of considerable cancer research. (blogspot.com)

Membrane IL-1 type II receptor forms a 60 kDa soluble IL-1 receptor type II upon proteolytic cleavage from various cell types after activation with secondary, IL-1 induced cytokines. (bdbiosciences.com)
The soluble IL-1 type II receptor consists of 398 amino acids and 29 amino acids within a short cytoplasmic domain. (bdbiosciences.com)

uPA, PAI-1 and interleukin-6 were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in non oncological diseases (n=34) and in healthy individuals (n=20) and correlated with vitamin E treatment after operations. (ispub.com)

In the present study, we studied the effect of M. leprae antigens on transcription factors STAT-4, STAT-6 and CREB and their correlation with Th1/Th2 cell mediated immune responses in leprosy. (bvsalud.org)
It is a specific modulator of T-cell function and depresses cell-mediated immune responses by inhibiting helper T-cell function. (medscape.com)

Depending on the genetic background of the model, pristane injection can trigger a local inflammatory response (lipogranuloma), erosive arthritis that resembles rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, followed by autoantibody formation and many clinical manifestations [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Susceptibility loci for lupus: a guiding light from murine models? (jci.org)

Stange, J. & Veldhoen, M. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in innate T cell immunity. (nature.com)

CCL2 acts predominantly via the CC-receptor CCR2, although it also binds to CCR4 (138), whereas CXCL1 and CXCL2 both act via CXCR2 (125). (pancreapedia.org)

Our results show that uPA, PAI 1, and interleukin-6 values were significantly higher in non oncological gynecological cases in comparison with healthy individuals (8.3 times, 3.8 times, and 9.8 times, respectively, P≤ 0.0001). (ispub.com)
uPA, PAI-1, and interleukin-6 were significantly higher after abdominal gyneocological operation than before operation in the group of patients who were not treated with vitamin E after operation (P≤ 0.0001). (ispub.com)
uPA and interleukin-6 decreased significantly after abdominal gyneocological operation in the patients treated with vitamin E in comparison with the group of patients without such treatment (P≤ 0.0001). (ispub.com)

CIA can be induced in susceptible rodents by intradermal injections of homologous or heterologous native type II collagen (IIC), a major component of cartilage Ags. (aai.org)

Glucose metabolism activates this pathway by means of increasing [Ca 2+ ] i via L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by affecting the electrical activity of the cell. (diabetesjournals.org)

Interleukin 1 receptor, type I (IL1R1) also known as CD121a (Cluster of Differentiation 121a), is an interleukin receptor. (wikipedia.org)

SD-208, a TGF-β receptor 1 specific inhibitor, blocks this TGF-β induced biology. (oncotarget.com)

2003). Here cannabinoids are defined as ingredients of the cannabis plant or other compounds that bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, and Table 1 summarizes their pharmacological properties. (420magazine.com)

The findings indicate that in the CNS: (1) sgp130 is able to block IL-6 trans-signaling, (2) trans-signaling is important for IL-6 cellular communication with selective cellular and molecular targets, and (3) blocking of trans-signaling alleviates many of the detrimental effects of IL-6. (jneurosci.org)

March 1, 1998. (cdc.gov)

An important unifying theme in autoimmune diseases is a high prevalence in women (Figure 1) (4,5). (cdc.gov)

Priolo and Lagana 2001 ) the most common is ectodermal dysplasia 1 (OMIM 305100), an X-linked hypohidrotic form (HED), which occurs in the general population with a frequency of one per 17,000 live births. (springer.com)

The downstream signal transduction toward Eda-A1 involves the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Clevers 2006 ) and requires lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (Lef-1) for activation of the Ed1 ( Ta ) expression (Durmowicz et al. (springer.com)
It is also known that alcohol, at least in part, exerts its anti-inflammatory response via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathway resulting in increases of glucocorticoids [ 10 ]. (cdc.gov)

TNF α is mainly secreted by primitive neutrophils and participates in the inflammatory response involved in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 4 is one of the most serious medical problems, affecting ∼1% of all people worldwide, irrespective of race. (aai.org)

There were no significant associations between CDK2AP1 expression and estrogen receptor status, tumour grade and tumour type. (cancerindex.org)

however, there is evidence that there is reduced interleukin (IL)-8 and keratinocyte-derived cytokine production, resulting in impaired chemotaxis. (uspharmacist.com)

Anatomy38

Organisms26

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs107

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes44

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Immunol1

Ligands4

Cytokines interleukin2

Inflammatory cytokine2

Human IL-1 receptor1

Role in the inflammatory response2

Stimulation4

Pattern-recogniti1

Pancreatic10

Macrophage6

Tumor13

Adaptive11

Glucocorticoid receptor2

Macrophages10

19901

Regulate3

Inhibit1

Additionally3

Proteins4

Induces3

Interferon5

Induction5

Dendritic cells2

Lymphocytes1

Inflammation7

Antigen-prese2

Protein13

Pathogens4

Genes2

Mice7

Cytokine induced2

Gene4

20191

Recruitment2

Epub1

Immune system4

Intracellular2

MRNA2

Pathogenic1

Infection6

Secretion1

Cells22

Efficacy3

Antitumor1

Antiviral2

Synergistic1

Soluble2

ELISA1

Cell mediated2

Lupus2

Immunity1

Predominantly1

Significantly3

Homologous1

Activates1

Differentiation1

Inhibitor1

Bind1

Selective1

19981

Autoimmune diseases1

20011

Pathway2

Rheumatoid2

Expression1

Chemotaxis1