Responses cytokine receptor 1997 receptors interleukin 1 type i. Medical search. Frequent questions

Exposure to acute and chronic stressors sensitizes the proinflammatory response of microglia to a subsequent immune challenge. (jneurosci.org)
Hippocampal microglia were isolated 24 h later and stimulated with LPS ex vivo to probe for stress-induced sensitization of proinflammatory responses. (jneurosci.org)
Previous IS potentiated gene expression of NLRP3 and proinflammatory cytokines to LPS, that is, microglia were sensitized. (jneurosci.org)
Intracerebral disulfide HMGB-1 mimicked the effect of the stressor, because microglia isolated from HMGB-1-treated rats expressed exaggerated NLRP3 and proinflammatory cytokine expression after LPS treatment, whereas fully reduced HMGB-1 had no effect. (jneurosci.org)
Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
Eady and Cove have suggested that increased permeability of the follicular wall secondary to the release of the proinflammatory and cell-differentiating cytokine interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) may be all that is necessary to initiate the intradermal inflammatory process that characterizes inflammatory lesions [ 4 ]. (escholarship.org)
Progression of this disease occurs due to a combination of factors, including the presence of periodontopathic bacteria, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines including inter- leukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF- β ) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) (2,3). (bvsalud.org)

Aberrantly expressed cytokines in the bone marrow (BM) niche are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of survival and expansion of leukemic stem cells. (haematologica.org)
Antigen binds to IgE (bound to tissue mast cells and blood basophils), trigger the release of mediators (histamine, chemotactic factors, etc.), and synthesize other mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, interleukins). (ceufast.com)
The inflammatory process which results in acne lesions is complex, involving interactions among multiple cell types and many soluble mediators. (escholarship.org)
2021 ). They exert multiple biological functions, including limiting excessive inflammatory responses, regulating metabolism and immune cell functions, decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory factors, increasing anti-inflammatory mediators, and promoting tissue repair and homeostasis (Miao et al. (springer.com)
2021 ). Moreover, the resolution of inflammation is not passive as it engages a biosynthetically active process, regulated by specific mediators and receptor-signaling pathways and driven by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) (Serhan and Petasis 2011 ). (springer.com)

As the two major cell types in the spleen, B cells and T cells produce cytokines and chemokines [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Pancreatic acinar cell injury triggers the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (32, 36, 39, 41, 82). (pancreapedia.org)
This review aims to describe the roles of key cytokines and chemokines in commonly used experimental models of pancreatitis and how the cytokine profile is affected by the choice of a specific model. (pancreapedia.org)
Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are positively charged polypeptides with highly conserved cysteine (C) residues within the N-terminal sequence, classifying them as 'C', 'CC', 'CXC' or 'CX3C' types (102, 143). (pancreapedia.org)
In the context of AP, the most extensively investigated chemokines are CC-ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP-1), CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1, also known as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant or CINC in rat and keratinocyte cytokine or KC in mouse), and CXC-ligand 2 (CXCL2, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha or MIP2a). (pancreapedia.org)
PGE 2 can bias the adaptive immune response away from an effective T H 1-like pattern ( 16 ), and can enhance expression of T H 2-like chemokines by innate immunocytes ( 16 , 17 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)

Fig. 3: Infection with MCMV induces glucocorticoid-dependent PD-1 expression in spleen NK cells. (nature.com)
Pristane administration induces macrophage activation [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Intrahippocampal application of 0.77 nmol of bicuculline methiodide, which induces EEG seizures but not cell loss, enhanced IL-1β immunoreactivity and microglia, although to a less extent and for a shorter time compared with kainate. (jneurosci.org)

The cytokines of a possible significance in that range include interleukin 17 family (IL-17) containing the group of IL-17A-F ligands and IL-17RA-E receptors. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
The cytokines involved in thymocyte development and selection include interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-7. (medscape.com)

Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
Morphine has been shown to negatively impact macrophage function by impairing the proliferation of macrophage progenitor cells, inhibiting cytokine secretion leading to decreased chemotaxis, hindering the ability of macrophages to directly phagocytize pathogens, and inhibiting nitric oxide production. (uspharmacist.com)

On the other hand the p38 pathway is normally strongly turned on by most environmental strains pro-inflammatory cytokines such as for example interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis aspect α (TNF-α) both playing a significant function in the legislation from the inflammatory response. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
3 In CML, several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, 5 4 IL-1β, 6 and TNF-α, 4 have been shown to be up-regulated in patient serum. (haematologica.org)
A significant number of illnesses of individuals with alcoholic liver diseases can be explained readily by a high level of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines[ 1 ]. (wjgnet.com)

This protein is a receptor for interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA). (wikipedia.org)
To determine whether HMGB-1 signaling is necessary for stress-induced sensitization of microglia, the HMGB-1 antagonist BoxA was injected into the cisterna magna before IS. (jneurosci.org)
This effect was blocked by coinjection of 1 μg (hr)IL-1β receptor antagonist or 0.1 ng of 3-((+)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonate, selective antagonists of IL-1β and NMDA receptors, respectively. (jneurosci.org)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ) stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

Several days to weeks into the disease, development of immune anergy - or compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome - has been described in patients (74), associated with infection of pancreatic necrosis and multi-system organ failure. (pancreapedia.org)
Humans with variants of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes show increased susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease[ 2 ]. (wjgnet.com)

During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
4] After allergen exposure, that produced exceptionally large quantities of airway inflammation is orchestrated mainly by cytokine IL-9. (cdc.gov)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates pleiotropic roles in immune regulation, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and oncogenesis. (sbhsciences.com)
Cytokines are known to regulate the migration of neutrophils and macrophages during inflammation. (hindawi.com)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) seems to regulate both plasmacytoma development in BALB/c mice and oil granuloma formation in C57BL/6 mice during pristane-induced inflammation [ 10 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
The Role of Cytokines and Inflammation in the Genesis of Experimental Pancreatitis. (pancreapedia.org)
Kligman and others believed that neutrophils were the first immune cells involved in the follicular inflammation, and for many years neutrophils along with the pathogen Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ) were regarded as the fundamental instigators of the inflammation in acne [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] More recent research refines our understanding of the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris and suggests a more complex pathophysiology than previously suspected. (escholarship.org)
Long studied as a key component of the immune response, IκBζ emerges as an important regulator of inflammation, cell proliferation and survival. (oncotarget.com)
NF-κB ( Nuclear Factor kappa B ) is a ubiquitous family of transcription factors involved in biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, proliferation and apoptosis [ 1 - 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)

These are strongly turned on by growth elements serum phorbol esters also to a lesser level by ligands of heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors cytokines osmotic tension and microtubule disorganization (Lewis 1998). (healthandwellnesssource.org)
Secreted autoantibodies specific to receptors or receptor ligands can activate or inhibit receptor functions. (hindawi.com)

Here we found that the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell function by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was required for host survival after infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). (nature.com)
Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor-activated WD-repeat Gβ interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), comigrates with it into the nucleus and suppresses GR-induced transactivation of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes. (rupress.org)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine receptor that belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family. (wikipedia.org)
This gene along with interleukin 1 receptor, type II (IL1R2), interleukin 1 receptor-like 2 (IL1RL2), and interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) form a cytokine receptor gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 2q12. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, mice in which the receptor gene for TNFα has been knocked out are resistant to alcohol-induced liver injury[ 5 ]. (wjgnet.com)

T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)

1. DamaniaB (2004) Oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses: comparison of viral proteins involved in tumorigenesis. (prelekara.sk)
In addition to these autoantibodies, patients with thymoma-associated MG produce autoantibodies to various neuromuscular antigens, including antibodies to the skeletal muscle calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor of sarcoplasmic reticulum) and antibodies to cytoplasmic filamentous proteins (particularly titin) or neurofilaments. (medscape.com)
IκBζ, an atypical member of the nuclear IκB family of proteins, is expressed at low levels in most resting cells, but is induced upon stimulation of Toll-like/IL-1 receptors through an IRAK1/IRAK4/NFκB-dependent pathway. (oncotarget.com)
The gut needs to produce a strong protective immune response to resist the invasion of pathogenic antigens, while similar reactions to harmless antigens such as dietary proteins or symbiotic microorganisms, may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)

The resulting early cellular response, consisting of glandular infiltration with neutrophils and monocytes, appears to exacerbate pancreatic injury and is at least in part responsible for early onset organ failure seen in some cases of AP (85, 86). (pancreapedia.org)

The loss of TNF α receptor 1/2 resulted in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells into the spleen, but only neutrophil recruitment was inhibited in the peritoneal cavity. (hindawi.com)
LT α is also required for the recruitment of dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages to the mesentery in response to pristane [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
The migration of inflammatory leukocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, to the peritoneal mesentery has been shown to be promoted in LAT −/− (lack mature T cells) mice but inhibited in μ MT (lack mature B cells) mice during the pristane-induced immune response [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Phagocytosis of invading pathogens by macrophages is a key component of this initial response. (uspharmacist.com)
As with macrophages, opioids also impair cytokine production, migration, and microbial clearance capacity of neutrophils. (uspharmacist.com)
In addition, mice exposed to smoke have increased levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in circulation and in the heart/aorta tissue, have increased macrophages in the arterial walls, and have decreased levels of adiponectin, an EC-protective protein. (biomedcentral.com)
A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)

however, there is evidence that there is reduced interleukin (IL)-8 and keratinocyte-derived cytokine production, resulting in impaired chemotaxis. (uspharmacist.com)

Various immune factors, including both innate and adaptive immune responses, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory acne. (escholarship.org)

These reactions are local or systemic anaphylactic inflammatory responses which are IgE-mediated and underlie all atopic diseases (Thomas, 1997). (ceufast.com)
Depending on the genetic background of the model, pristane injection can trigger a local inflammatory response (lipogranuloma), erosive arthritis that resembles rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, followed by autoantibody formation and many clinical manifestations [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Therefore the application of immunotherapy has driven the treatment of brain tumors to the study of the response of intratumoral and systemic immune cells and cytokines to these malignancies 10 - 12 . (researchsquare.com)
A recent example of the importance of adipocyte function to have profound systemic effects is provided by the report that mice specifically lacking insulin signaling in adipocytes (FIRKO mouse) are not only lean, leptin sensitive, and obesity resistant ( 1 ), but live almost 20% longer than wild-type control animals ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Recently, cytokines and their receptors have been located in many other tissues, including the peripheral and central nervous systems ( Hopkins and Rothwell, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)

The innate immune system functions as the first-line barrier and the most rapid response mechanism to prevent the invasion of microorganisms, whereas the adaptive immune system may take days to weeks to develop the appropriate responses of the T and B lymphocytes. (uspharmacist.com)

[ 4 ] MG is caused by autoantibodies to postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (anti-AChRs) at the neuromuscular junction, causing weakness of skeletal muscles. (medscape.com)
The observation that most autoantibodies in traditionally autoantibody-mediated diseases are of the IgG isotype and carry somatic mutations strongly suggests T-cell help in the autoimmune B-cell response. (hindawi.com)

The T-helper 1 responses are more specific, and the body develops antibodies to these allergens when the T-helper 1 system is activated. (ceufast.com)

Endorphin is the ligand for mu receptors and has a significant impact on analgesia, respiratory inhibition, and heart rate reduction. (uspharmacist.com)
Dynorphin is the ligand for kappa receptors and is responsible for analgesic properties, and it can induce anxiety with its weak respiratory inhibition effects. (uspharmacist.com)
5-9 Mechanistically, this is believed to occur through mu opioid receptors, as inhibition of phagocytosis was reversed in a study looking at mu opioid receptor knockout mice. (uspharmacist.com)

It is an important mediator involved in many cytokine induced immune and inflammatory responses. (wikipedia.org)
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) was initially cloned as a mediator of plasmacytoma cell proliferation and was later found to exhibit a wide variety of biological effects in neural cells as well as in the hematopoietic and immune systems (1). (cellsignal.com)
Here, high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) protein was explored as a potential mediator of stress-induced microglial priming and whether HMGB-1 does so via the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat, pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. (jneurosci.org)

The soluble form of IL-6R can bind its ligand and induce cellular responses by association with gp130, thus acting as an IL-6 agonist. (sbhsciences.com)
Interestingly, the association of IL-6 with the soluble form of IL-6R alpha is capable of eliciting a biological response in cells that express only the membrane gp130. (sbhsciences.com)

The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
The potential therapeutic applications emerging from the roles of these cytokines will be discussed as well. (cdc.gov)
Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. (mdpi.com)
Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)

1 The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase and triggers a cascade of aberrant downstream signaling pathways leading to clonal outgrowth of CML cells and subsequent disease manifestation. (haematologica.org)
These hormones, the pathways controlling their production, and their receptors are promising targets for managing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Several the leading causes of death in every region pathophysiological pathways of association of the world [ 1 ]. (who.int)

TNF α is mainly secreted by primitive neutrophils and participates in the inflammatory response involved in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
As noted, Kligman and subsequent researchers suggest that neutrophils are the first immune cells in acne lesions [ 1 , 2 ]. (escholarship.org)

Extracellular stimuli that activate cell surface receptors modulate glucocorticoid actions via as yet unclear mechanisms. (rupress.org)
Thus, convulsant and/or excitotoxic stimuli increase the production of IL-1β in microglia-like cells in the hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)

In vitro studies demonstrate that IL-1α can be synthesized by sebocytes and follicular keratinocytes without the presence of microorganisms [ 8 , 9 ]. (escholarship.org)

Mechanistically, endogenous glucocorticoids produced shortly after infection induced selective and tissue-specific expression of the checkpoint receptor PD-1 on NK cells. (nature.com)

Endotoxin levels are less than or equal to 1 EU / 1 μg mIL-11. (cellsignal.com)

Also, cytokine arrays revealed that mice exposed to smoke do not undergo the switch from the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile (that develops when the mice are initially exposed to second-hand smoke) to the adaptive response. (biomedcentral.com)

CCL2 acts predominantly via the CC-receptor CCR2, although it also binds to CCR4 (138), whereas CXCL1 and CXCL2 both act via CXCR2 (125). (pancreapedia.org)

IL-11 belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type subfamily of long-chain helical cytokines, including IL-6, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M, and cardiotrophin-1, which all share the glycoprotein gp130 as a signal transducing receptor component. (cellsignal.com)
Its biological activities are shared by IL-6-family of cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M. IL-6 exerts its biological activities through interaction with specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. (sbhsciences.com)

Enkephalin is the ligand for delta receptors and has no significant analgesic effect. (uspharmacist.com)

In response to cerulein (a CCK-8 ortholog widely used to elicit early pancreatitis responses in isolated acini an ex-vivo pancreatitis model), murine pancreatic acinar cells upregulate mRNA expression of both CXCL1 and CXCL2 within 90 min, with a supramaximally stimulating cerulein concentration of 0.1 mM producing 8 fold increase in CXCL1 and 10 fold increase in CXCL2 expression (87). (pancreapedia.org)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) control many mobile events from complicated programmes such as for example embryogenesis cell differentiation and proliferation and cell death to short-term changes necessary for homeostasis and severe hormonal responses. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
Out of the 313 unique human cytokines evaluated, 11 were found to expand cell numbers ≥2-fold in a 7-day culture. (haematologica.org)
The number of cell types expressing IL-6 R does not reflect the spectrum of cell types that can respond to IL-6. (sbhsciences.com)
This concerns a direct influence on cancer cells in a primary focus, influence on formation of secondary foci, and also modulation of mechanisms of cell anticancer response. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
An allergen is defined as something that can induce IgE-mediated and T-helper 2 cell immune response. (ceufast.com)
Early childhood exposure to bacterial/viral infection can shift the T-helper 2 cell responses to the more specific T-helper 1 responses. (ceufast.com)
The "hygiene hypothesis" suggests that in more developed countries where there are fewer children per family, cleaner indoor environments, and early vaccination and antibiotic usage, children may be deprived of the ability to develop this natural "shifting" towards the T-helper 1 cell response. (ceufast.com)
These cells can be characterized in their developmental progression by changes in expression of 3 cell surface markers: CD4, CD8, and the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. (medscape.com)
Together with acinar cell death releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as histones, high-mobility group box1 protein (HMGB1) and ATP (60), this initiates an acute, sterile (43) inflammatory response, in a manner that shares similarities with the molecular/signaling events observed in sepsis (113). (pancreapedia.org)
76 patients were confirmed germinoma, 29 mixed germ cell tumor, 4 teratoma, 9 malignant teratoma, 6 endodermal sinus tumor, 20 choriocarcinoma and 1 embryonal carcinoma. (researchsquare.com)
Classification of central nervous system germ cell tumors according to the World Health Organization divides them into germinoma and non-germinoma germ cell tumors(NGGCTs), with 6 different types of the latter, which includes teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor), chorionic epithelioma (also called choriocarcinoma) and mixed germ cell tumors(GCTs) 7 (including above components sometimes teratoma and germinoma as well). (researchsquare.com)
Using immunocytochemistry and ELISA, we investigated the production of interleukin (IL)-1β in the rat hippocampus after focal application of kainic acid inducing electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures and CA3 neuronal cell loss. (jneurosci.org)

ABSTRACT The Arab world is experiencing an epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (who.int)

Initiation of the Jak/Stat pathway in response to IL-11 requires Jak1 and leads predominantly to the activation of Stat3 (3,4). (cellsignal.com)
This glucocorticoid-PD-1 pathway limited production of the cytokine IFN-γ by spleen NK cells, which prevented immunopathology. (nature.com)
Fig. 6: The glucocorticoid-PD-1 regulatory pathway is required for protection against infection with MCMV. (nature.com)

Increasing number of reports concerning the contribution of cytokines in the process of tumors formation and development has been observed last years. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), characterized by the recurrent growth of benign tumors of the respiratory tract, is caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), predominantly types 6 and 11. (biomedcentral.com)

The presence of cytokines in CNS has raised many questions about their function and mechanisms of action. (jneurosci.org)

Allergic reactions are mediated through the T-helper 2 responses which activate eosinophils and IgE production. (ceufast.com)

Major DEGs were associated with lipid metabolism and immunological response of tumor tissue. (degruyter.com)
This chronic inflammatory disease results from the response to bacteria in dental biofilm and may remain confined to the gingival tissues with minimal tissue alterations or this disease may progress to extreme periodontal destruction with the loss of attachment and alveolar bone. (bvsalud.org)

The clinical significance of these events is highlighted by the utility of cytokine measurements in predicting outcome in human acute pancreatitis (116). (pancreapedia.org)
To date, 40 Campylobacter species and subspecies have been isolated from a wide variety of animal or human sources (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Finally, to address the functional role of this cytokine, we measured the effect of human recombinant (hr)IL-1β on seizure activity as one marker of the response to kainate. (jneurosci.org)
In tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-stimulated human aortic endothelial cells, beta-sitosterol was found to significantly inhibit vascular adhesion molecule 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. (drugs.com)

Fig. 4: Specific combinations of cytokines and corticosterone act together to induce PD-1 expression on NK cells. (nature.com)

Recent progress in the study of innate immunity identifies two key factors relevant to acne: β defensins and toll-like receptors (TLRs). (escholarship.org)

Fig. 1: Organ-specific glucocorticoid regulation of the production of IFN-γ by NCR1 + ILCs in the spleen and liver after infection with MCMV. (nature.com)
The site-specific response refers to molecules in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract that direct T-helper 2 cells to certain tissues which can react to allergens in those specific areas. (ceufast.com)
At their best, they usually rely on some mysterious things called ionic pumps, that perform active transport, powered by little motors, under instructions from molecules that act on their specific receptors. (raypeat.com)

We and others have discovered factors that control the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes to the peritoneal mesentery in response to pristane [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

An allergy is "an acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance (allergen) that does not normally cause a reaction" (Thomas, 1997, pp. 66-67). (ceufast.com)

Host resistance to endotoxic shock requires the neuroendocrine regulation of group 1 innate lymphoid cells. (nature.com)

1. What Makes Up Your Immune System? (squareonepublishers.com)
The present results suggest that the CNS innate immune system can respond to an acute stressor as if it were cellular damage, thereby releasing the danger signal HMGB-1 in the brain to prime microglia by acting on the NLRP3 inflammasome, in preparation for a later immune challenge. (jneurosci.org)
Although the complete mechanism of the interaction between opioids and opioid receptors on the immune system is not fully elucidated, this review aims at furthering this discussion. (uspharmacist.com)
Additionally, opioid peptides may be released from the nervous system with differing functionality on the immune system (TABLE 1) . (uspharmacist.com)
As mentioned, the innate immune system is our first-line defense against invading pathogens, and opioids, specifically morphine, have been shown to significantly impair various aspects of this response. (uspharmacist.com)

IL-11 acts on cells expressing gp130 and the IL-11 receptor (IL-11R) α subunit. (cellsignal.com)
Upon binding of IL-6 to the receptor (alpha subunit), gp130 is homodimerized and is subsequently involved in down-stream signal processes binding tyrosine kinases and activating STAT1 and STAT3 transcriptional factors. (sbhsciences.com)

by normal individuals cause broncho-constriction in Cytokines often have overlapping biological activities, patients with asthma. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy34

Organisms8

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs150

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes39

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Proinflammatory9

Mediators5

Chemokines8

Induces3

Include interleukin2

Secretion3

Inflammatory cytokines3

Antagonist3

Tumor necro1

Anti-inflammatory2

Inflammation10

Ligands2

Glucocorticoid receptor2

Antigen1

Gene3

Effector1

Proteins4

Monocytes1

Macrophages9

Chemotaxis1

Innate and adaptive immune responses1

Systemic4

19951

Lymphocytes1

Autoantibodies2

Antibodies1

Inhibition3

Mediator3

Soluble2

Roles4

Pathways4

Neutrophils2

Stimuli2

Microorganisms1

Selective1

Endotoxin1

Adaptive1

Binds1

Leukemia inhibi2

Ligand1

Murine1

Cell12

Abstract1

Pathway3

Tumors2

Mechanisms1

Allergic reactions1

Tissue2

Human4

Induce1

Identifies1

Specific3

Recruitment1

Abnormal1

Regulation1

Immune System5

Gp1302

Biological activities1