• Research into Gene Expression & Epigenetics aims to understand how our genes and the way they are regulated influence who we are. (umassmed.edu)
  • This first comprehensive analysis includes genes and proteins and their relation to human disease, repeated sequences, comparative genome-wide studies of mammalian orthologous chromosomal regions and rearrangement breakpoints, reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes and the events leading to existing species, rates of variation, and lineage-specific and lineage-independent evolutionary events such as expansion of gene families, orthology relations and protein evolution. (nih.gov)
  • Three introns were identified in the rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon and zebrafish genomic sequences, and the intron locations correspond closely to those in the mammalian TNFSF 13b genes. (usda.gov)
  • The team in Beijing "fully recombined" the mouse's genes through a process whereby its chromosomes were broken down into various segments and then put back together in a new set-up. (zmescience.com)
  • The human sex chromosomes, X and Y, used to be nearly identical, but now the Y has lost 90% of the genes it once shared with the Y, and some have speculated that the Y chromosome will disappear in less than five million years. (pandasthumb.org)
  • This means that in addition to the single-copy coding genes on the Y chromosome, the highly repetitive, but still poorly understood, ampliconic regions are likely also affected by natural selection. (pandasthumb.org)
  • What can you say about the function of the 27 genes located on the Y chromosome. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Although not part of this study, I can say that the 27 genes on the Y chromosome can generally be divided into those that function in many tissues, and those that now primarily function in the testes. (pandasthumb.org)
  • When we think about the population of our common ancestors, what this tells us is that, although there has certainly been variation in male reproductive success, and that this varies across populations, the genes on the Y chromosome continue to be preserved because they serve an important function. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Fission yeast is a single-celled organism with chromosomes very similar to those in humans, and uses the same genes to maintain those chromosomes. (usc.edu)
  • Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies were both seeking ways of specifically altering the mammalian genome, Capecchi with a view to inserting new genes into cells and Smithies in the hope of correcting genetic defects that lead to disease. (nobelprize.org)
  • Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping efforts in alcohol (ethanol) research are beginning to generate promising data that may ultimately lead to the identification of genes influencing alcohol addiction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • New Data Opens New Opportunities for Research, Conservation and Animal Breeding By Lisa Howard June 21, 2019 A team of researchers has carried out a detailed study of the genomes. (ucdavis.edu)
  • The BN rat sequence is the third complete mammalian genome to be deciphered, and three-way comparisons with the human and mouse genomes resolve details of mammalian evolution. (nih.gov)
  • In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • Mammalian genomes are much more complex than yeast genomes, and complete chromosomal rearrangements in mammals have remained unsuccessful," said lead author Li Wei, a researcher with the Institute of Zoology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, for the state-owned Science and Technology Daily . (zmescience.com)
  • We first ran statistical models that let us alter the number of males and females that contributed their genomes (the non-sex chromosomes, chromosome X, chromosome Y, and mtDNA ) to the next generation. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Together with our echidna sequence, the genomes of the two species allow us to detect the ancestral and lineage-specific genomic changes that shape both monotreme and mammalian evolution. (edu.au)
  • In particular, the silencing of the sex chromosomes is a hallmark of mammalian meiosis, and yet its function and mechanism remains poorly understood. (cornell.edu)
  • During this time, she become interested in germ cell biology and genome integrity, and transitioned into this area to study the roles of DNA repair proteins in mammalian meiosis. (cornell.edu)
  • Despite its importance, meiosis is still only poorly understood and hence of great interest from a basic research point of view. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • iii) we develop new tools to study meiosis in mammalian oocytes in order to open new venues for research for the Department and for the meiosis community. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • As an egg cell, or oocyte, matures inside a woman's ovary, it undergoes a type of cell division called meiosis, in which the pairs of chromosomes inside it are lined up and fished apart, and half of them are expelled. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the only extant mammalian outgroup to therians (marsupial and eutherian animals) and provide key insights into mammalian evolution1,2. (edu.au)
  • Down syndrome is a common chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy (an extra copy) of chromosome 21 and affecting 1 in 600 live births. (cbhd.org)
  • [ 1 ] They described a child with midline fusion defects, and subsequent cytogenetic studies revealed a chromosomal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. (medscape.com)
  • In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of a single, lagging chromosome is sufficient to activate the checkpoint, producing a delay at the metaphase-anaphase transition until the last spindle attachment is made. (columbia.edu)
  • Bacterial artificial chromosome clones have been isolated from a trout library to further facilitate genomic characterization. (usda.gov)
  • A Pennsylvania State University-led team describes a strategy for sequencing mammalian Y chromosomes in a manner that's speedier and more affordable than bacterial artificial chromosome-based approaches used in the past. (genomeweb.com)
  • Checkpoint-defective cells show premature sister-chromatid separation in the presence of spindle inhibitors and an elevated rate of chromosome mis-segregation events in the absence of these agents. (columbia.edu)
  • Failure to control the timing and frequency of recombination events results in mis-segregation, or non-disjunction, of chromosomes that results in embryos that are either not viable (resulting in miscarriage) or in offspring with genetic disorders such as trisomy 21, or Down syndrome. (cornell.edu)
  • In 1973, I continued these studies on the replication and structure of SV40 chromosomes at Harvard Medical School where they culminated in promotion to Full Professor with tenure in 1985. (nih.gov)
  • Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
  • 2) What are the requirements for DNA replication and transcription at the beginning of mammalian development? (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
  • We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Noteworthy, was our demonstration that although termination of DNA replication did not require specific DNA sequences, some DNA sequences did promote pausing of DNA replication forks in vivo (and DNA polymerase in vitro), and some sequences, such as thosewithin the termination region for SV40 DNA replication, did promote formation of catenated intertwines during separation of sibling chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • We isolated a strain from an ob/ob mouse and performed whole-genome sequencing, which yielded a chromosome of ~5.1 Mb and three plasmids of ~160 kb, ~6 kb, and ~4 kb. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition, it is of medical relevance: depending on the age of the woman, 10% to more than 50% of human eggs are aneuploid due to chromosome segregation errors during the first and second meiotic division. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated (S phase), and both copies are joined by a centromere, resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
  • During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluorescence-labeled DNA probes constructed from three whole house mouse (Mus domesticus) chromosomes were hybridized to metaphase spreads from deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) to identify homologies between the species. (tamu.edu)
  • We just had a paper published over at PLoS Genetics entitled, "Natural selection reduced diversity on human Y chromosomes. (pandasthumb.org)
  • The research group Aquatic Ecology studies, among other things, climate change effects on aquatic systems, regime shifts in shallow lakes, dispersal, and migration of aquatic organisms, population genetics, predator-prey interactions, effects of pesticides and endocrine disruptors and sustainable fisheries. (lu.se)
  • We are interested in various aspects of the genetics of sex differences, including sexual selection and sexual conflict, the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and sex chromosome evolution. (lu.se)
  • Throughout the life of a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes undergo drastic conformational rearrangements that play essential roles in almost all nuclear processes, including gene expression, DNA repair and cell division. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • A different individual susceptibility effect was observed in both parameters and confirmed with the chromosome aberrations levels induced by arsenic in the same donors. (europa.eu)
  • The authors of the report did not include a comment in their summary of the report, but a positive effect was also observed in terms of an increase in chromosome aberrations. (europa.eu)
  • Rats were exposed by inhalation at 50, 100, 200, or 400 ppm, and chromosome aberrations (GLP and similar to OECD guideline 475) and induction of micronuclei (GLP, and similar to OECD guideline 474) were assessed. (europa.eu)
  • The prokaryotes - bacteria and archaea - typically have a single circular chromosome, but many variations exist. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps, to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single linear chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Working against a background of skepticism, they independently discovered that they could use a natural mechanism, revealed decades before by Joshua Lederberg in bacteria, to introduce short sequences of manipulated DNA into the chromosomes of mammalian cells growing in the laboratory. (nobelprize.org)
  • Complete loss of the mitotic checkpoint results in embryonic lethality owing to chromosome mis-segregation in various organisms. (columbia.edu)
  • In an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test performed similarly to OECD guideline 476, L5178Y/ TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells were exposed to sodium arsenate at concentrations of 26, 34, 46, 61 and 81 μg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation and the exposure duration was 3 hours. (europa.eu)
  • Research published in 2013 established, in principle, possible in vitro dosage compensation treatments to treat trisomy 21, that is, silencing of the extra copy of chromosome 21. (cbhd.org)
  • 1989). Propylene oxide was also tested in an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay (McGregor et al. (europa.eu)
  • A large deletion several megabases (Mb) in length, easily detected using conventional chromosome analysis, is usually associated with severe phenotypic expression, including multiple malformations. (medscape.com)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity, Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • Whether partial loss of checkpoint control leads to more subtle rates of chromosome instability compatible with cell viability remains unknown. (columbia.edu)
  • The research, "Small molecule modulation of splicing factor expression is associated with rescue from cellular senescence," is published in the journal BMC Cell Biology . (sciencedaily.com)
  • We sought to identify members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) because of their important roles in the regulation of mammalian B cell survival and antibody production. (usda.gov)
  • But owing to errors in cell division, some men cannot make mature sperm with the proper chromosome count. (riken.jp)
  • They used CRISPR to manipulate the chromosomes contained by a unique reproductive stem cell - the mouse which they created specifically for this experiment. (zmescience.com)
  • Because loss of genome integrity and deregulation of cell division is associated with cancer, this is a fundamental form of cancer research. (usc.edu)
  • Fission yeast is a simple, single-celled organism with chromosomes very similar to those in humans, and has proven to be an important model for cell division. (usc.edu)
  • We were able, for the first time, to keep track of all the kinetochores throughout cell division - so there's not a single time point where it's ambiguous where that part of the chromosome is - and that's really a breakthrough in the field, achieving this in these very large and light-sensitive cells," says Jan Ellenberg, who heads the research group. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Tomo used software that had been previously developed in Jan's lab, which allowed him to programme a laser scanning microscope to find the chromosomes in the egg cell's vast inner space, and then film them during cell division. (scienceinschool.org)
  • The oocyte is a big cell, but the chromosomes sit in only a small part of that cell, and that's what we were interested in. (scienceinschool.org)
  • By focusing the microscope only on the part of the cell where the chromosomes are, Tomo was able to obtain high-resolution images at short intervals of only one and a half minutes, which gave him a very clear picture of the process. (scienceinschool.org)
  • The sphingomyelin that accumulates in the lysosomes of Niemann-Pick disease-affected cells is thought to arise from the degradation of the cells and their organelles because it is a major component of all mammalian cell membranes. (medscape.com)
  • This research is a breakthrough in bioengineering technology, helping to understand the impact of large-scale remodelling of mammalian chromosomes, and to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind growth and development, reproductive evolution, and even the creation of a species. (zmescience.com)
  • Previously, variance in male reproductive success (meaning some men fathering many children, and some men fathering few or none), was thought to explain this similarity, but we show that an additional force, natural selection, is needed to reduce diversity across Y chromosomes to the levels we observe. (pandasthumb.org)
  • We found that, accounting for population-specific variation in male reproductive success (boxed results below), the number of sites predicted to be affected by purifying selection on the human Y chromosome fell in between the number of single-copy coding sites and the total number of sites in the ampliconic regions. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Chromosome errors in human eggs shape natural fertility over reproductive life span. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Jay Siddharth is the chief scientific officer of Bioseutica B.V. leading research programs in the areas of Protein biochemistry, API, Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Immunology. (researchgate.net)
  • We do research in different research groups at the Department of Biology. (lu.se)
  • Ogura's method builds on a recent discovery by Tomoya Kitajima and Hirohisa Kyogoku at the RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research. (riken.jp)
  • Research is focused on studying the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae , the bacterium that causes cholera, and Francisella tularensis , the bacterium that causes tularemia. (utsa.edu)
  • Brieño-Enriquez M.A., Moak S., Toledo M., Filter J.J., Gray S., Barbero J.L., Cohen P.E. , and Holloway J.K. Cohesin removal along the chromosome arms during the first meiotic division depends on a NEK1-PP1γ-WAPL axis. (cornell.edu)
  • Factors involved in prediction of prognosis include the extent of the deletion, the occurrence of complex chromosome anomalies, and the severity of seizures. (medscape.com)
  • The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mouse is a well-established model for the study of mammalian embryology, and parallel comparison between mouse and human samples can be very informative and lead to a better understanding of human embryogenesis. (nature.com)
  • The sperm and egg normally each contain a single copy of all 23 human chromosomes. (riken.jp)
  • This mouse's genome has 19 pairs of chromosomes, one fewer than natural, and it's all due to the meddling of human scientists. (zmescience.com)
  • We show that human Y chromosomes are much more similar to each other than expected. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Purifying selection - that removes harmful mutations - acting on many sites of the Y chromosome, resulted in a population of Y chromosomes as similar to one another as the the Y chromosomes we observed in the real human data. (pandasthumb.org)
  • Accurate duplication and segregation of our chromosomes is critical for human development and well-being. (usc.edu)
  • Big data and cloud computing are propelling research in human-computer interface within academia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of the research group is to advance the scientific understanding of how human activities, such as habitat loss, habitat conversion, and climate change, affect biodiversity and how this feeds back on the generation of ecosystem services, like pollination or biological control. (lu.se)
  • The Belmont Report : Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. (who.int)
  • National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (who.int)
  • Using Xenopus egg extracts (XEEs) we have shown that disruption of mitotic SUMOylation causes chromosome segregation defects. (ku.edu)
  • SUMOylated Topo IIα C-terminus (CTD) interacts with Haspin kinase and recruits chromosome passenger complex (CPC) to the mitotic centromeres. (ku.edu)
  • Aurora B mislocalization on chromosomes utilizes the Haspin-H3T3P pathway and is a key factor for the mitotic delay. (ku.edu)
  • 2015). Chromosome substitution strain assessment of a Huntington's disease modifier locus . (up.pt)
  • As part of this project, a novel chromosome translocation was identified, which provides a model for Robertsonian translocation. (usc.edu)
  • Other changes in chromosome 4 can involve a ring structure or translocation. (medscape.com)
  • SWR1 complex (ySWR1 in yeast, and hSRCAP in humans) is a 1.1 MDa multi-subunit complex that utilizes ATP to replace canonical H2A histones with the Htz1 variant (H2A.Z in mammalian cells). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In yeast and mammalian cells, the catalytic disruption of Topo IIα is reported to induce a delay in mitosis. (ku.edu)
  • Professor Forsburg studies how chromosome duplication and maintenance contributes to overall genome stability using a simple model genetic system, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe . (usc.edu)
  • Mapping movement: the coloured lines chart the movement (purple to yellow) of kinetochores (green dots) as microtubules hook onto them to separate the chromosomes (cyan). (scienceinschool.org)
  • When data were combined from BXD RI, B6D2F 2 and short- term selected line (STSL) mapping studies, verification was obtained for two QTLs, one on Chromosome (Chr) 9 (proximal-mid) and another on Chr 2 (distal), and suggestive verification was obtained for QTLs on Chrs 2 (proximal), 3, 4, 7, and 15. (elsevierpure.com)
  • She then completed postdoctoral training at the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis at the University of Miami and went to a Research Assistant and then a tenure-track Assistant Professor appointment in the Department of Neuroscience at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. (columbia.edu)
  • Worked as JSPS overseas research fellowship postdoctoral researcher at UC Berkeley, Pennsylvania State University. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • By Lisa Howard June 21, 2017 What if researchers could go back in time 105 million years and accurately sequence the chromosomes of the first placental mammal? (ucdavis.edu)
  • Chromosome-Level Genome Sequence of Leishmania (Leishmania) tropica Strain CDC216-162, Isolated from an Afghanistan Clinical Case. (cdc.gov)
  • The formation of such a unique chromosome complex may have been facilitated by the unusually extensive interactions between the multi-X and multi-Y chromosomes that are shared by the autosomal homologues in humans. (edu.au)
  • By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their answer was to use shorter chromosome sequences and reduce the total number of chromosomes to 19 pairs, one fewer than mice have naturally. (zmescience.com)
  • The offspring of these pairs contained the manipulated chromosomes of their parents, showcasing that the effects of such gene editing can extend through the generations. (zmescience.com)
  • What appears to be more likely are new opportunities to research the particular cellular pathologies of trisomy 21 and thereby develop individual postnatal treatments for certain symptoms and comorbid conditions, such as the higher risk for leukemia found in people with DS. (cbhd.org)
  • We provide evidence that the monotreme sex chromosome complex originated from an ancestral chromosome ring configuration. (edu.au)
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like the child's rod pulling a toy fish by its magnet, a microtubule catches a chromosome by its kinetochore - a cluster of protein and genetic material at the centre of the chromosome's X shape. (scienceinschool.org)
  • In each of these cells, after DNA duplication, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during crossing over. (scienceinschool.org)
  • We have successfully overcome the technical difficulty by reducing the oocyte size," says Atsuo Ogura of the RIKEN BioResource Research Center, who led the study. (riken.jp)
  • We use a combination of field-based research, including individual tracking, and laboratory experiments where we can control the availability of cues and study physiological and behavioural responses in individuals. (lu.se)
  • Three Peromyscus linkage groups were assigned to chromosomes, based on linkage homology with Mus. (tamu.edu)
  • Strong linkage was observed with markers located on Chromosome (Chr) 12, in a 2-cM interval between D12Mit136 and D12Mit153. (pasteur.fr)
  • Hilz S., Modzelewski A.J., Cohen P.E. , and Grimson A. The roles of microRNAs and siRNAs in mammalian spermatogenesis. (cornell.edu)
  • In 2017, they reported that the large size of oocytes-the biggest cells in the mammalian body-made them more prone to chromosome-distribution errors. (riken.jp)
  • Learn more about our research centers, which focus on critical issues in public health. (columbia.edu)
  • Beyond the laboratories, research centers and classrooms, USC Dornsife serves as a dynamic intellectual resource that is woven into the fabric of our communities. (usc.edu)
  • SSCs are adult-tissue stem cells in the mammalian testis that balance self renewing and differentiating fate decisions to give rise to and sustain the entire spermatogenic lineage. (utsa.edu)
  • [7] The strategy is analogous to X chromosome silencing in mammalian females by its use of the X-inactivation gene ( XIST ). (cbhd.org)
  • All that fluid cytoplasm sloshing around inside the oocyte seemed to encumber the ability of chromosomes to divvy themselves up properly. (riken.jp)
  • Academic Commons provides global access to research and scholarship produced at Columbia University , Barnard College , Teachers College , Union Theological Seminary and Jewish Theological Seminary . (columbia.edu)