Therefore, there remains great interest in the development of superior agents for HCV therapy, which are targeted to unique aspects of viral replication in order to enhance specificity and decrease the likelihood of development of side effects. (xiahepublishing.com)
Elucidating these mechanisms and identifying which cellular factors are exploited by the retroviruses and which hinder their life cycle, will certainly lead to the discovery of new ways to inhibit viral replication and to improve retroviral vectors for gene transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins3
The E (envelope), M (membrane), and C (capsid) proteins of the virus are three viral proteins that are connected to virions. (doctor-dr.com)
The replication proteins are produced by the cleavage of the positive-sense genomic ssRNA from a polyprotein, which is translated into all structural and non-structural proteins. (doctor-dr.com)
We observed the proteins internalization within macrophages and their capacity to eradicate the intracellular mycobacterial infection at a low micro-molar range. (frontiersin.org)
Vitro3
In this study, we report the development and characterization of an in vitro system for studies of replication of the endogenous plasmids from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. (upenn.edu)
The in vitro replication products consist mostly of the supercoiled form of the plasmids. (upenn.edu)
Density labeling experiments also indicate that cyanobacterial plasmid synthesis in vitro occurs by a semiconservative replication. (upenn.edu)
Induce2
Many enveloped viruses induce multinucleated cells (syncytia), reflective of membrane fusion events caused by the same machinery that underlies viral entry. (princeton.edu)
Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. (biomedcentral.com)
Facilitate2
These syncytia are thought to facilitate replication and evasion of the host immune response. (princeton.edu)
Although younger individuals are less prone to develop severe disease, they are susceptible to mild COVID-19 or asymptomatic infection and may facilitate circulation of the virus and the potential for further mutation. (nature.com)
Herpes1
Important prototypes of this family comprise human herpesviruses, such as Human herpesvirus (HHV)-1 and -2 (known as herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2), and animal herpesviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Machinery1
There is much evidence that mitochondria are semiautonomous, semiself-replicating, highly dynamic organelles, endowed with their own circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that spans 16.6 kb and intramitochondrial replication and translational machinery [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Conventional1
Considering the urgent demand for faster methods to quantify neutralizing antibody titers in patients with coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19), developing an analytical model or method to replace the conventional virus neutralization test (NT) is essential. (bvsalud.org)
Single-stranded1
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus that infects approximately 170 million people worldwide. (xiahepublishing.com)
Infection7
While the molecular biology of the two viruses has been characterized in great detail, the absence of robust cell culture models for HBV and/or HDV infection has limited the investigation of virus-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
Furthermore, TB prognosis is significantly aggravated during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. (frontiersin.org)
Modulation of CCR5 activity contributes to a non-pathogenic course of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in several African non-human primate species that are long-term natural hosts of SIV and avoid immunodeficiency upon the infection. (wikipedia.org)
In individuals infected with HIV, CCR5-using viruses are the predominant species isolated during the early stages of viral infection, suggesting that these viruses may have a selective advantage during transmission or the acute phase of disease. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, at least half of all infected individuals harbor only CCR5-using viruses throughout the course of infection. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, the virus has an extremely high mutation rate, and thus there is a high prevalence of viral variants in infected individuals, and ultimately a high frequency of chronicity of infection. (xiahepublishing.com)
Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Stages2
However, while the late stages of the retrovirus life cycle, consisting of virus replication and egress, have been partly unraveled, the early steps remain largely enigmatic. (biomedcentral.com)
A schematic view of early and late stages of the retroviral replication cycle is represented. (biomedcentral.com)
Membrane4
The primary surface protein of the viral particle, the E protein (50 kD), likely interacts with viral receptors and facilitates fusion of the virus-cell membrane. (doctor-dr.com)
The release of the virus' RNA genome into the cytoplasm is caused by the fusion of the host endosomal membrane with the viral membrane. (doctor-dr.com)
Together with quantitative cell biology approaches, the screen reveals an essential role for biophysical aspects of the membrane, particularly cholesterol-rich regions, in spike-mediated fusion, which extends to replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 isolates. (princeton.edu)
Our findings potentially provide a molecular basis for positive outcomes reported in COVID-19 patients taking statins and suggest new strategies for therapeutics targeting the membrane of SARS-CoV-2 and other fusogenic viruses. (princeton.edu)
Transmission2
OBJECTIVES: Visiting restaurants and bars, particularly when doing so indoors, can increase transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, among people who are not fully vaccinated. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective strategies to prevent and control the clinical signs and transmission of these viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome3
The genome is translated as a substantial polyprotein, which is then broken down into at least ten distinct products by cellular proteases and a serine protease that is encoded by a virus. (doctor-dr.com)
A genome-length minus-strand RNA is produced at the start of replication, and this minus-strand RNA acts as a template for the production of further plus-strand RNAs. (doctor-dr.com)
Marburg virus (MARV) is a lipid-enveloped virus harboring a negative sense RNA genome, which has caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. (uci.edu)
Vaccines1
DIVA vaccines include genetically engineered gene-deleted viruses, for example gE − virus, and subunit or vectored vaccines based on a viral envelope glycoprotein such as gD. (biomedcentral.com)
Fusion1
The virion becomes mature and fusion competent when the prM protein is cleaved in the Golgi. (doctor-dr.com)
Life cycle2
The surge in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research in order to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a better understanding of the retroviral life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
understanding epstein-barr virus life cycle with proteomics: a temporal analysis of ubiquitination during virus reactivation. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Immune1
These receptors are located on the surface of host immune cells whereby they provide a method of entry for the HIV-1 virus to infect the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Prognosis1
plasma epstein-barr virus dna for pediatric burkitt lymphoma diagnosis, prognosis and response assessment in malawi. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Cells1
The virus penetrates the neuroparenchyma by piercing the capillary walls of the brain and disperses itself through vascular endothelial cells in the substantia nigra, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and medulla oblongata areas of the brain. (doctor-dr.com)
Host1
Viral internalisation into the host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis or apoptotic mimicry is mediated by the viral envelope protein E's attachment to host receptors. (doctor-dr.com)
Large1
Herpesviruses constitute a large and diverse family of enveloped viruses and are composed of three subfamilies, Alpha- , Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae . (biomedcentral.com)
Form1
The maturation of the virus into an infectious form depends on the M protein, a 26 kDa tiny proteolytic fragment of prM protein. (doctor-dr.com)
Early1
Fully elucidating the early steps of retrovirus replication is therefore crucial not only for identifying new antiretroviral drugs, but also for improving the design of retroviral vectors for gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Entry1
The mosquito bite, which contains virus, is the point of entry for the JE virus. (doctor-dr.com)
Year1
Coronavirus-induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a zoonotic virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has rapidly spread during the last year and a half, infecting over 100 million humans and causing more than two million deaths worldwide. (nature.com)
Development2
In view of its role in the induction of protective immunity, gD has been tested in new vaccine development strategies against both viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
x-linked lymphoproliferative disease type i (xlp i) is caused by mutations in the sh2d1a gene and characterized mainly by hypogammaglobulinemia and abnormal response to epstein-barr virus with a high predisposition to b-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma development. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Cancer1
epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a human γ-herpesvirus associated with cancer, including burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal, and gastric carcinoma. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Result1
If not efficiently prevented, asymptomatic infections in combination with reduced mask wearing and social distancing could result in significant continuing circulation of the virus 5 . (nature.com)
People1
When people travel or live close to animals and birds that have the JE virus, they unintentionally get infected themselves. (doctor-dr.com)