• DNA gyrase supports replication and transcription with its unique supercoiling activity, whereas Topo IV preferentially relaxes (+) supercoils and is a decatenating enzyme required for chromosome segregation. (rcsb.org)
  • Two such fundamental processes that keep the wheels of life turning are Replication and Transcription. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • DNA Replication and RNA Transcription, although seemingly complex terms, hold within them concepts that are beautifully precise, methodical - true marvels of nature. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • However, as similar as they may appear to those newly introduced to these concepts, replication and transcription have unique roles to play in cellular activity. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • This interplay forms the foundation of processes like Replication and Transcription. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • Streptomyces-produced quinolone and coumarin antibiotics, such as novobiocin, interfere with a protein called gyrase that assists in the normal separation of double-stranded DNA during replication of DNA or transcription of messenger RNA. (icr.org)
  • It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase prevents transcription and protein synthesis. (pharmacistspharmajournal.org)
  • These drugs inhibit the DNA transcription in bacteria by inhibiting the DNA gyrase enzyme . (studyread.com)
  • Firstly, it works as a bactericidal by inhibiting the bacterial DNA gyrase enzyme, which is essential for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. (lybrate.com)
  • It is found in all bacteria and is involved in replication, repair, recombination, and DNA transcription. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Ofloxacin prevents DNA gyrase from functioning, which is necessary for DNA replication, transcription, and repair. (arlakbiotech.com)
  • Norfloxacin inhibits the action of DNA gyrase in DNA replication, transcription, repair, recombination and transposition. (medicscientist.com)
  • DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme which controls DNA topology and assists in DNA replication, repair, deactivation, and transcription. (sdrugs.com)
  • Bacterial DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils into chromosomal DNA and relaxes positive supercoils introduced by replication and transiently by transcription. (york.ac.uk)
  • Removal of these positive supercoils is essential for replication fork progression and for the overall unlinking of the two duplex DNA strands, as well as for ongoing transcription. (york.ac.uk)
  • Desogestrel binds intracellular progesterone receptors in progesterone responsive tissue and the resultant complex interacts with DNA and results in either gene transcription or gene repression. (medindex.am)
  • This interferes with DNA replication and repair processes as well as transcription and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Dr. Pommier also discovered that the natural compound, ecteinascidin 743 (commercialized as Yondelis) and its analog trabectedin acts by alkylating DNA and killing cancer cells by trapping transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) (Takebayashi et al, Nature Med 2001). (cancer.gov)
  • It inhibits the action of the enzyme DNA gyrase, which is important for the replication of bacterial DNA (genetic information substance). (lifetimepills.com)
  • Sparfloxacin inhibits the supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase which is an enzyme essential for DNA replication thus promoting the breakage of DNA structures. (ekbd.net)
  • This agent binds to the DNA/DNA-gyrase complex and inhibits the A subunits of the enzyme thereby preventing the bacterial chromosome from rejoining. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Fluoroquinolone antibiotics target bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme which reduces DNA strain during replication. (p212121.com)
  • DNA gyrase is a class of Type II Topoisomerases that plays an important role in bacterial viability. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Wang, J.C. Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • He was the first to show that topoisomerases are trapped by DNA damage (by oxidative base lesions, base alkylation, DNA nicks) (Pourquier et al. (cancer.gov)
  • Recently, Dr. Pommier demonstrated that misincorporated ribonucleotides (the most frequent DNA alteration) trap topoisomerases, which convert them to toxic and mutagenic nicks by TOP1 (Kim et al. (cancer.gov)
  • 2018). While studying the tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase (TDP1 and TDP2) repair pathways for the excision of topoisomerases from DNA, Dr. Pommier revealed that TDP1 repairs a broad range of 3'-blocking lesions in addition to TOP1 (Murai et al. (cancer.gov)
  • It accomplishes this by preventing the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase, which is in charge of bacterial DNA replication. (welzo.com)
  • The test derivatives were additionally docked for the B-subunit of enzyme DNA gyrase from E. coli at the ATPase binding site to study the molecular interactions using Schrodinger maestro v11.5 software. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result of semi-conservative replication, the new helix will be composed of an original DNA strand as well as a newly synthesized strand. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's quite an intricate dance aimed at making sure every new chromosome is equipped with one old and one new strand of DNA - this is referred to as semi-conservative replication. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • J.H.Taylor confirmed semi conservative replication of DNA in Vicia faba chromosomes in 1963. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • The differences between DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is due to the location, complexity, and size of the cell. (socratic.org)
  • Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of Topo IV ParC subunit (ParC-CTD) from Bacillus stearothermophilus and provide a structure-based explanation for how Topo IV and DNA gyrase execute distinct activities. (rcsb.org)
  • Although the topological connectivity of ParC-CTD is similar to the recently determined CTD structure of DNA gyrase GyrA subunit (GyrA-CTD), ParC-CTD surprisingly folds as a previously unseen broken form of a six-bladed beta-propeller. (rcsb.org)
  • The gyrA gene encodes the gyrase subunit A protein (GyrA). (bvsalud.org)
  • A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • You can think of the bacterium as a cell wall (think of the cell wall as a tiny plastic bag) filled with various proteins, enzymes and other molecules, plus a long strand of DNA , all floating in water . (howstuffworks.com)
  • 4] Failure of DNA to properly separate during these processes results in a bacterium not being able to divide normally or produce functional proteins. (icr.org)
  • Their mode of action is both bacteriostatic and bactericidal, inhibiting DNA gyrase and therefore DNA unwinding and replication. (aquavet.gr)
  • Gemifloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase, which allows the untwisting required to replicate one DNA double helix into two. (illnesshacker.com)
  • For example, one of the 1,000 enzymes in an E. coli's DNA might know how to break a maltose molecule (a simple sugar) into its two glucose molecules. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Any cell has enzymes that help it digest food, add to the cell wall, duplicate DNA strands, produce energy molecules, and so on. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Two double-stranded DNA molecules. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • DNA replication is an intricate dance of molecules, a fundamental process essential to life. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • The goal of the study is to identify innovative plant-based medicinal molecules that specifically target DNA gyrase B activity. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • We demonstrate that at least 300 gyrase molecules are stably bound to the chromosome at any time, with ~12 enzymes enriched near each replication fork. (york.ac.uk)
  • Dwell times of ~2 s were observed for the dispersed gyrase molecules, which we propose maintain steady-state levels of negative supercoiling of the chromosome. (york.ac.uk)
  • To address how gyrase copes with these topological challenges, we used high-speed single-molecule fluorescence imaging in live Escherichia coli cells. (york.ac.uk)
  • In a cell, DNA replication begins at specific locations, or origins of replication, in the genome which contains the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quinolones inhibit two enzymes that are required for bacterial DNA synthesis, i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part of biological inheritance. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is essential for cell division during growth and repair of damaged tissues, while it also ensures that each of the new cells receives its own copy of the DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since folic acid is essential for the formation of purine and thymidine nuclear bases, their availability depletes leading to the hindrance of DNA replication and bacterial growth . (studyread.com)
  • Negative supercoiling of bacterial DNA by DNA gyr B is essential in replication which further influences all the metabolic activities. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • It works by inhibiting the DNA gyrase enzyme, which is essential for bacterial DNA replication. (buynoprescriptionrxxonline.com)
  • This broad spectrum anti-biotic is effective in inhibiting the synthesis of enzymes called DNA gyrase, which are essential to the process of replication and division of bacterial cells. (safetymedpharma.com)
  • DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to start DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • A type of RNA polymerase, it sets the starting point for replication by adding small RNA primers. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • Adds deoxyribonucleotides to 3'OH of RNA primers/end of growing DNA strand. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus will be stopped by DNA gyrB inhibition. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • This inhibition leads to a decrease in DNA synthesis during bacterial replication, resulting in cell growth inhibition and eventually cell lysis. (medindex.am)
  • Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands, accommodated by an enzyme known as helicase, results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DNA strand in E. coli contains about four million base pairs , and these base pairs are organized into about 1,000 genes . (howstuffworks.com)
  • To make an enzyme that it needs, the chemical mechanisms inside an E. coli cell make a copy of a gene from the DNA strand and use this template to form the enzyme. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Meselson and Stahl in 1958 and J.Cairns in 1963 experimentally verified that the DNA of E.coli replicates semi conservative manner. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • Most of the active derivatives have shown good docking scores in comparison to the standard drugs against DNA gyrase from E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The component targets include enzymes necessary for bacterial cell-wall synthesis, the bacterial ribosome, and enzymes necessary for nucleotide synthesis and deoxyri-bonucleic acid (DNA) replication. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The study employs DNA gyrase as its target and provides information on potential therapeutic targets. (biomedicineonline.org)
  • Molecular results obtained by DNA sequencing are listed in Table 2 [2]. (cdc.gov)
  • DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The double helix describes the appearance of a double-stranded DNA which is thus composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other and twist together to form. (wikipedia.org)
  • During replication, these strands are separated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most prominently, DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each (template) strand. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA exists as a double-stranded structure, with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic double helix. (wikipedia.org)
  • The star enzyme that plays a critical role in synthesizing new DNA strands by following the older DNA as a template. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • These are essentially the core building blocks of new DNA strands. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • On the other hand, RNA is a single chain of nucleotides primarily involved in protein synthesis following the master plan outlined by DNA. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells have telomeres at the end of DNA thus they are replicated. (socratic.org)
  • An artist in its own right, Ligase dutifully connects Okazaki fragments (short sequences produced at the lagging strand) during replication. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • The actual job of the phosphodiester bonds is where in DNA polymers connect the 5' carbon atom of one nucleotide to the 3' carbon atom of another nucleotide, while the hydrogen bonds stabilize DNA double helices across the helix axis but not in the direction of the axis. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is now well established that DNA Replication occurs semi conservatively, copying each strand of DNA separately, to produce two new DNA double helices. (biologyexams4u.com)
  • Briefly put, both DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) carry genetic information of all life forms guiding their biological functions. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • Propeller breakage is due to the absence of a DNA gyrase-specific GyrA box motif, resulting in the reduction of curvature of the proposed DNA binding region, which explains why ParC-CTD is less efficient than GyrA-CTD in mediating DNA bending, a difference that leads to divergent activities of the two homologous enzymes. (rcsb.org)
  • DNA, a double-stranded molecule, is the primary genetic material directly responsible for development and inheritable traits. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • Moreover, replication ensures that genetic information stays consistent and the life story written in our genes continues for another generation. (aboutdarwin.com)
  • These nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds, creating the phosphate-deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nucleobases pointing inward (i.e., toward the opposing strand). (wikipedia.org)
  • A section of the DNA strand, called a gene , tells the cell how to manufacture one enzyme. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The process of manufacturing an enzyme from a gene on the DNA strand is amazing -- see How Cells Work for details. (howstuffworks.com)