Replication dna viral. Medical search. Frequent questions

The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
Although the structures of rotavirus and other members of the Reoviridae have been extensively studied, little is known about the structures of virus-encoded non-structural proteins that are essential for genome replication and packaging. (nih.gov)
The viral envelope joins the plasma membrane of the cell and the viral matrix proteins (bluish) and the viral core (purple) are thrust into the interior of the cell. (rkm.com.au)
The integrated viral genome (or provirus) instructs the cell to produce new viral gemomes (RNA) and new viral proteins. (rkm.com.au)
These viral proteins and viral genomic RNA raft together just beneath the cell membrane and assemble spontaeously into new virus particles. (rkm.com.au)
A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork which helps in terms of the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis. (wn.com)
Viruses are composed of small amounts of DNA or RNA, encapsulated by a protein coat, and may be enclosed in an envelope made of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. (biopharminternational.com)
During Adv DNA replication, host cellular proteins such as nuclear factor I and POU2F1 are used by Adv [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although the exact mechanism by which TRIM5a proteins inhibit retroviral replication is yet unknown, they block an early step of post-entry infection, likely uncoating of the incoming virus. (natap.org)
Progression to malignancy is associated with the expression of viral proteins whose primary function is to drive virus replication by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and the recognition of infected cells by the immune system. (ki.se)
Three Epstein-Barr virus latency proteins independently promote genomic instability by inducing DNA damage, inhibiting DNA repair and inactivating cell cycle checkpoints. (ki.se)
Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
Besides, many viruses can employ the nucleolus or nucleolar proteins to promote different steps of their life cycle such as replication, transcription and assembly. (bvsalud.org)
To elucidate the properties of the nucleolus during AAV2 infection and to assess viral uncoating on a single cell level, we combined immunofluorescence analysis for detection of intact AAV2 capsids and capsid proteins with fluorescence in situ hybridization for detection of AAV2 genomes. (bvsalud.org)
They facilitate many cellular functions, from DNA replication to molecular motion, energy production, and even the production of other proteins. (lu.se)
The method can quickly elucidate the structure of many relevant proteins for humans, and for understanding structures relevant to disease, such as the structures of viral capsids. (lu.se)

My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
It has been well demonstrated that viruses deploy host AS machinery for viral protein productions. (nature.com)
However, knowledge on viral AS is limited to a few disease-causing viruses in model species. (nature.com)
This anti-viral drug inhibits a variety of human herpes viruses, including herpes simplex type 1 (cold sores), type 2 (genital herpes). (healthy.net)
Lytic viruses inject their DNA into host cells and use the host's replication machinery to produce new viral particles. (eurekalert.org)
3 According to the latest draft on regulatory guidance from the European Agency for Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA), potential contaminants may be enveloped or nonenveloped, small or large, DNA or RNA, labile or resistant viruses. (biopharminternational.com)
Viral safety of licensed biological products must be assured by three complementary approaches: (i) thorough testing of the cell line and all raw materials for viral contaminants, (ii) assessing the capacity of downstream processing to clear infectious viruses, and (iii) testing the product at appropriate steps for contaminating viruses. (biopharminternational.com)
Sir,I guess there might be retrotransposon - independent integration in other dsRNA viruses,but after integration we fail to find out the virus RNA genome,as during host genome replication virus RNA genome will be replaced by the DNA from DNA polymerases.Retrotransoson mediated RNA virome integration may not be universal. (virology.ws)
Human Advs are nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses and belong to the Adenoviridae family [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Evidence of the long battle of the mammalian cell to protect its genetic material from the onslaught of viral parasites is the existence of hundreds of endogenous retroviruses within the human genome, archaic viral sequences which no longer produce viruses but continue to be handed down from generation to generation. (natap.org)
About 8 percent of our DNA is viral in origin: remnants of ancient battles between infectious viruses and our ancestors. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Published in Science on March 4, the scientists report that bits of viral DNA embedded in our genome are regulating genes that are integral components of our innate immune system, the first line of defense against pathogens, including viruses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Many viruses originally entered our genomes as part of the process of viral replication," says Elde. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
In areas where these viruses have been studied, some viral groups have much higher viral diversity and prevalence in bats than in sympatric species of rodents. (cdc.gov)
Although bats serve as reservoir hosts with great viral diversity, little evidence exists for corresponding death or illness of bats from viruses (other than lyssaviruses) that have spread into humans and domesticated mammals with high virulence. (cdc.gov)
The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the selection of a broad repertoire of viral strategies for manipulation of the cellular environment. (ki.se)
A fundamental virology background will be achieved by understanding the diversity of viruses, their replication strategies and their interactions with the host in disease. (uoguelph.ca)
As influenza A viruses lack a "proof-reading" mechanism for DNA repair and fail to correct small errors that occur in viral replication, constant genetic mutation is a characteristic feature of all influenza A viruses, including H5N1. (who.int)
Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
either DNA or RNA viruses may have single or double strands of genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)
Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)
the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)
Herpesvirus family members are icosahedral DNA viruses. (medscape.com)
Viral capsids are protein coats found inside viruses that contain and protect the viral genome. (lu.se)

In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
Genomes are linear, double stranded DNA, and are relatively small (between 16-20 kbp)-hence the term pico-virinae. (wikipedia.org)
Within mammalian genomes are reservoirs of viral DNA that have fueled innovation of the innate immune system. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Here we perform a meta-analysis of six genome-wide association studies, imputed using a merged reference panel of 1,000 Genomes and UK10K data, totalling 6,200 cases and 17,598 controls after replication. (cancerindex.org)
The proper copying and repair of DNA to maintain the correct sequence and structure of genomes is critical to the proper function of cells, and repair and replication is frequently disrupted in cancers and targeted by cancer treatments. (birmingham.ac.uk)
In all prior studies on AAV uncoating, viral capsids and viral genomes were not directly correlated on the single cell level, at least not in absence of a helper virus. (bvsalud.org)
Mobile DNA elements and the dynamics of genomes. (lu.se)

These subunits synthesize viral genomic negative-strand DNA, complementary positive-strand RNA, and capped polyadenylated mRNAs. (medscape.com)
A) The double -stranded breaks induced on the genome by nucleases are repaired by a homologous recombination mechanism that occurs between genomic DNA and donor DNA (B) A large number of donor DNA molecules are produced by Algentech's patented replication system (REP), thus contributing to the effectiveness of homologous recombination. (prnewswire.com)

Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication. (wn.com)
Exciting insights into several innate mechanisms by which human cells resist HIV infection and replication were made in the recent past, and were discussed at CROI. (natap.org)
Details of the mechanisms through which the HIV Vif protein targets APOBEC for degradation, thereby allowing HIV replication, were presented by Mehle and coworkers (abstr. (natap.org)
Low virulence coupled with high diversity has led to the suggestion that bats have evolved mechanisms to control viral replication more effectively than have most mammals and that some attribute common to all bats might also explain the apparent low virulence of viral infections in these animals. (cdc.gov)
Our research is defining the normal mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, with the aim of understanding how it is deregulated in cancer cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)
These studies will provide new insights into the key mechanisms facilitating as well as inhibiting viral infectivity. (lu.se)
An APOBEC deaminase that functions as an inhibitor of RETROVIRIDAE replication and inhibits the mobility of RETROTRANSPOSONS via deaminase-dependent and independent mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
Mechanisms for maintaining genetic information during cell division and the generation of genetic variation: replication, mitosis, meiosis, recombination. (lu.se)

Several RNA binding sites, resulting from the quaternary organization of NSP2 monomers, may be required for the helix destabilizing activity of NSP2 and its function during genome replication and packaging. (nih.gov)

DNA replication is the primary event that regulates cellular and viral proliferation. (nih.gov)
We were among the first to develop and exploit sub-cellular systems that allowed SV40 and polyomavirus to complete DNA replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
The RNase H2 complex is also thought to be involved in DNA replication, error repair, and other cellular processes, including helping to prevent inappropriate immune system activation. (medlineplus.gov)
They then used polymerase chain reaction to isolate LCMV DNA from the cloned cells, including the cellular sequence flanking the viral genome. (virology.ws)
Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that both cell lines contain a copy of the viral glycoprotein (GP) gene joined to cellular sequences encoding an IAP (intracisternal A type) retrotransposon. (virology.ws)
Also, viral infection has proved to have a great impact on cellular small RNA expression and gene expression [ 9 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
In order to precisely insert or modify a genetic sequence, existing technologies use nucleases that introduce specific breaks in the target DNA and then rely on the cellular machinery to complete the editing process. (prnewswire.com)

Drugs that block DNA replication can arrest the spread of cancer cells and eliminate viral pathogens. (nih.gov)
Bacterial and viral pathogens are masters of exploiting weak points to establish infection and cause devastating diseases. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Detection and identification of viral pathogens. (utmb.edu)
Dr. Jung leads the Department of Cancer Biology, the Infection Biology Program, and the newly-established Global Center for Pathogen & Human Health Research, which is focused on understanding of viral pathogens and the human immune responses toward preparing and protecting future public health threats. (ccf.org)

To gain insight into the regulation of this promoter, we analyzed protein-DNA interactions by in vivo DMS and DNasel footprinting during the course of adenovirus infection. (princeton.edu)
Nuclear extracts prepared from uninfected cells as well as cells harvested at 5 and 12 hr after infection contained similar levels of MLTF/USF footprint activity, therefore the lack of a detectable interaction early after infection is not due to reduced levels of the factor early in the viral growth cycle. (princeton.edu)
In this way, senescence can be considered a powerful innate defence against cancer and viral infection. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
Adding nutrients to the sea could decrease viral infection rates among phytoplankton and enhance the efficiency of the biological pump, a means by which carbon is transferred from the atmosphere to the deep ocean, according to a new mathematical modelling study. (eurekalert.org)
Their population dynamics are controlled by sunlight, nutrient availability, grazing by tiny planktonic animals (zooplankton) and mortality caused by viral infection. (eurekalert.org)
The models predict that decreased nutrient levels correspond to high viral infection rates among phytoplankton. (eurekalert.org)
On the other hand, increased nutrient levels are predicted to decrease viral infection rates. (eurekalert.org)
The decrease in viral infection rates caused by artificially adding nutrients to the sea could in the future benefit humans by increasing the efficiency of the biological carbon pump, making these proposed ocean geo-engineering schemes more viable," said Dr Rhodes. (eurekalert.org)
Rhodes, C. J. & Martin, A. P. The influence of viral infection on a plankton ecosystem undergoing nutrient enrichment. (eurekalert.org)
Of particular interest was the finding that PC-positive DBs induced an antibody response that blocked the infection of fibroblasts by a PC-positive viral strain more efficiently than sera following immunizations with PC-negative particles. (asm.org)
Using a subviral particle vaccine candidate, we show here that one protein complex of HCMV, termed the pentameric complex (PC), enhances the neutralizing antibody response against viral infection of different cell types. (asm.org)
On infection, HIV spreads through the human body after it incorporates its DNA into the host cells' genome. (genengnews.com)
Moreover, we find that functional viral replication complexes become accessible to integrase-interacting host factors at the nuclear pore, leading to inhibition of infection and demonstrating capsid permeabilization prior to nuclear import. (bvsalud.org)
While adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) capsids have previously been reported to enter the host cell nucleus and accumulate in the nucleolus, both the role of the nucleolus in AAV2 infection, and the viral uncoating mechanism remain elusive. (bvsalud.org)
[ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
Moreover, differences in clinical symptoms during the acute HIV-1 infection may be driven by both viral factors and innate immune responses. (lu.se)
The main goal of this project is to dissect the relationship between HIV-1 viral diversity, evolutionary dynamics, innate immune responses, and acute retroviral syndrome during acute HIV-1 infection, and how they contribute to disease pathogenesis during the acute and chronic stages of infection. (lu.se)
Clear differences in the natural history of acute HIV-1 infection exist between adults and infants both clinically and with respect to viral population dynamics and the nature of the immune response. (lu.se)

Noteworthy, was our demonstration that although termination of DNA replication did not require specific DNA sequences, some DNA sequences did promote pausing of DNA replication forks in vivo (and DNA polymerase in vitro), and some sequences, such as thosewithin the termination region for SV40 DNA replication, did promote formation of catenated intertwines during separation of sibling chromosomes. (nih.gov)
DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule. (wn.com)
This hybrid DNA - retrotransposon linked to LCVM sequences - then integrated into the host genome. (virology.ws)
To test whether the pieces of viral DNA were indeed important for immunity, the scientists used the gene-editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 in cell culture to remove one by one several of these viral sequences, each located near known immune genes. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The mechanism is simple: the DNA fragment (donor DNA) carrying the genetic modification or sequence to be inserted has at its ends sequences homologous to the DNA strand to be modified. (prnewswire.com)
Bioinformatic analyses of DNA- and protein sequences. (lu.se)

In neonates, the inflammation is usually caused by congenital viral, bacterial, or protozoal infections. (medscape.com)
Chorioretinitis associated with congenital viral infections like CMV tends to be stable or improve in infancy, whereas chorioretinitis associated with asymptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis (CTP) progresses for years after birth and is more likely to be clinically significant at an older age. (medscape.com)
Taken together, the results indicate that ancient viral DNA has become important for mounting a proper defense against today's viral infections. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)
See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)
In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)

On the other hand, the action of UDG on uracil-containing phi29 DNA impaired in vitro viral DNA replication, which was prevented by the presence of protein p56. (nih.gov)
We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
As a post-doctoral fellow with Paul Berg, I developed a subcellular system that allowed simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA to continue replication in vitro. (nih.gov)
In vitro , acyclovir triphosphate stops replication of herpes viral DNA. (nih.gov)
DNA replication can also be performed in vitro (artificially, outside a cell). (wn.com)

These DNA and RNA fragments may be mistaken for the genetic material of viral invaders, triggering immune system reactions in multiple body systems that cause severe brain dysfunction (encephalopathy), skin lesions, and other signs and symptoms of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)
Small RNAs include microRNA (miRNA), siRNA, tRFs, piRNA, and rasiRNAs, which regulate gene expression in a wide range of processes such as viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)
miRNAs regulate gene expression in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes such as in immune response and viral replication [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
DNA vaccines , including DNA delivery device technologies and DNA expressed immune modulators. (nih.gov)
Further, when cells lacking the viral DNA element near the AIM2 immune defense gene were infected with virus, their ability to execute an effective immune response was greatly reduced. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
It's likely no accident that innate immune systems reclaimed some of these viral remnants", says Elde. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
reviewed antiviral immune responses in bats and suggested the possibility that bats might be able to control viral replication through innate immunity. (cdc.gov)
When a bat is confronted by a viral antigen, the proportional increase in metabolism for raising an immune response may be trivial compared to the very large increase in the metabolic costs of flight. (cdc.gov)
Previous studies by us and others have suggested that differences in disease progression rate may be associated with both viral parameters, such as diversity or infecting subtype and host immune responses. (lu.se)

If prophages become active, they can exit the bacterial chromosome and enter the lytic cycle, where they undergo DNA copying, protein synthesis, phage assembly, and lysis. (wikipedia.org)
We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
We demonstrated that DNA synthesis occurs discontinuously only on one arm of replication forks (the arm where the direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of fork movement) through the repeated initiation, synthesis and joining of Okazaki fragments (transient nascent DNA chains of 40 to 300 nucleotides). (nih.gov)
Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands results in replication forks growing bidirectional from the origin. (wn.com)
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common laboratory technique, cyclically applies such artificial synthesis to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA. (wn.com)
Moreover, these motions occur in mostly conserved nucleotides from structural regions (i.e., priming loop, pseudo-triloop, and U43 bulge) that biochemical and mutational studies have shown to be essential for P binding, protein-priming, pgRNA packaging, and DNA synthesis. (nist.gov)
The timing of the disassembly of the HIV-1 capsid is essential for efficient viral cDNA synthesis and transport into the nucleus. (bvsalud.org)
These operations are made possible by recent advances in DNA synthesis and DNA sequencing, providing standardized DNA "parts," modular protein assemblies, and engineering models. (cdc.gov)

In the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA first integrates into the bacterial chromosome to produce the prophage. (wikipedia.org)

We examine the impact that processes such as transcription and replication have on genome stability. (birmingham.ac.uk)
It has been demonstrated that E1 and E2 are involved in viral transcription and replication. (genome.jp)

These results indicate that DNA replication participates in the regulation of adenovirus late gene expression by facilitating the binding of a transcription factor to the major late promoter. (princeton.edu)
Replication defective adenovirus vectors with low sero-prevalence and low T-cell reactivity in the relevant human populations. (nih.gov)

The new viral particles push out the cell surface (plasma membrane) and bud from the cell. (rkm.com.au)
APOBEC3G present in cells producing new viral particles is packaged into virions and transferred to the next round of target cells. (natap.org)
In infectious HIV-1 particles, the capsid protein (CA) forms a cone-shaped shell called the capsid, which encases the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). (bvsalud.org)

Protein p56 encoded by the Bacillus subtilis phage phi29 inhibits host uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) activity. (nih.gov)
Fig. 4: Nb8205, which binds FluPol A at the dimer interface, inhibits cRNA to vRNA replication and virus growth. (nature.com)

Using the phi29 DNA amplification system, we found that phi29 DNA polymerase is also able to carry out the extension of the dA:dUMP pair and replicate past uracil. (nih.gov)
2) a donor DNA amplification vector that relies on a viral replication system. (prnewswire.com)

Results from our lab, as well as from other labs, led to the identification of all of the various DNA replication intermediates in SV40 replication. (nih.gov)
Deoxycytidine (dC) within single stranded viral cDNA replication intermediates is deaminated by APOBEC3G to deoxyuridine (dU). (natap.org)

We recently discovered a high internal DNA pressure of tens of atmospheres in HSV-1 capsids, resulting from tight genome confinement and repulsive DNA-DNA interactions. (lu.se)
Many of the studies were centered around viral protein capsids. (lu.se)
In another paper, we developed methods to predict large cubic symmetrical protein assemblies, such as viral capsids, from sequence. (lu.se)

Thus, our data support a model in which protein p56 ensures an efficient viral DNA replication, preventing the deleterious effect caused by UDG when it eliminates uracil residues present in the phi29 genome. (nih.gov)

The viral DNA enters the nucleus through a nuclear pore and integrates (joins) with the DNA of the host cell. (rkm.com.au)
The viral DNA then integrates into the host's genome, becoming a permanent part of the cell. (virology.ws)
Dr. Loyter contends that while HIV integrates its DNA into the human genome, it inserts enough DNA to replicate but avoids host genome instability, which could lead to programmed death of the infected cells. (genengnews.com)
This enzyme is essential for conversion of the viral RNA to proviral DNA, which integrates in the host DNA and results in viral replication. (who.int)

The RNA genome of retroviruses is converted to a DNA form during viral replication by the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase. (virology.ws)
Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)

This viral enzyme converts acyclovir into acyclovir monophosphate, a nucleotide analogue. (nih.gov)
This complex is a ribonuclease, which means it is an enzyme that helps break down molecules containing RNA, a chemical cousin of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)

The greater antiviral activity of acyclovir against HSV compared with VZV is due to its more efficient phosphorylation by the viral TK. (nih.gov)
Surprisingly, this antiviral activity is something new and is distinct from the G-to-A editing function described above, as HIV DNA reverse transcripts found do not contain frequent G-to-A changes. (natap.org)
It exhibits potent antiviral activity against VIF PROTEIN deficient HIV-1 through the creation of hypermutations in the VIRAL DNA. (bvsalud.org)

The non-structural protein NSP2 of rotavirus, which exhibits nucleoside triphosphatase, single-stranded RNA binding, and nucleic-acid helix-destabilizing activities, is a major component of viral replicase complexes. (nih.gov)
It is selective for SINGLE-STRANDED DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single or DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. (bvsalud.org)

the region where replication forks terminate directs the mode of separation for the two sibling molecules. (nih.gov)
In particular, the RNase H2 complex normally helps break down molecules in which one strand of RNA is combined with one strand of DNA (RNA-DNA hybrids) when these molecules are no longer needed. (medlineplus.gov)
This in turn increased the number of viral DNA molecules integrated into the infected cells, which put the cells into panic mode, causing self-destruction. (genengnews.com)
This raised the possibilities that small molecules might be developed to enhance the capability of human TRIM5a _to block HIV replication. (natap.org)
Synthetic biology is playing an increasing role in the commercial bioeconomy as providers of biological designs, optimized biological molecules, laboratory suppliers of customer-specified DNA, RNA, enzymes and cell-cloning services, and in drug development. (cdc.gov)

In previous studies, we suggested that this inhibition is likely a defense mechanism developed by phage phi29 to prevent the action of UDG if uracilation occurs in DNA either from deamination of cytosine or the incorporation of dUMP during viral DNA replication. (nih.gov)
The difference between lysogenic and lytic cycles is that, in lysogenic cycles, the spread of the viral DNA occurs through the usual prokaryotic reproduction, whereas a lytic cycle is more immediate in that it results in many copies of the virus being created very quickly and the cell is destroyed. (wikipedia.org)
Viral assembly and budding occurs at the plasma membrane. (medscape.com)
In these target cells deamination occurs, causing G-to-A mutations (and less often C-to-T mutations) when the dU is copied on the next DNA strand. (natap.org)

Fig. 2: Mutations at the interface of the FluPol A dimer inhibit cRNA to vRNA replication. (nature.com)
This could be a turning point, the scientists believe, as current treatments do not eradicate HIV but rather inhibit virus replication and delay onset. (genengnews.com)

Find that Viral miRNAs Mimic Human. (genengnews.com)

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a viral disease, common across the world, and associated with several extraintestinal manifestations including vasculitis. (hindawi.com)

Thin-section specimens (C and D), fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, show numerous extracellular virions with slices through strands of viral nucleocapsids. (medscape.com)
DNA is made up of two strands and each strand of the original DNA molecule serves as a template for the production of the complementary strand, a process referred to as semiconservative replication . (wn.com)
Tiny machines made from strands of DNA can build copies of themselves, leading to exponential replication. (wn.com)
The technique produces a large amount of donor DNA strands, thus multiplying the efficiency of modifications introduced: a technological leap that finds applications in crop improvement, gene therapy and synthetic biology. (prnewswire.com)

Replication competent viral vectors (e.g. (nih.gov)
Strategies for gene therapy and production of medicines via genetically-modified organisms (expression vectors and viral vectors). (lu.se)

A viral polymerase complex composed of polymerase basic subunit 1, polymerase basic subunit 2, and polymerase acidic subunit synthesizes negative-strand viral RNA, capped polyadenylated mRNAs, and complementary positive-strand RNA. (medscape.com)

They developed a mix of peptides along with the protease inhibitor Ro 31-8959 that penetrated infected cells and stimulated the activity of the viral integrase. (genengnews.com)

The DNA within the nuclei of our cells carries the information to generate the machinery of the cell, the cell itself, our tissues and then the whole human. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Results showed BRCA1 changes shape in order to protect vulnerable DNA until the copying machinery can be restarted. (birmingham.ac.uk)

The way the DNA is structured, wrapped and read is fundamental to how and when the blueprint genes are read. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Abnormal functioning of this complex may disrupt transcription, DNA replication, DNA repair, cell death (apoptosis), or other processes. (medlineplus.gov)
Dr. Loyter and his team thus increased integration of HIV DNA into human genome so that it led to apoptosis. (genengnews.com)

Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
2) What are the requirements for DNA replication and transcription at the beginning of mammalian development? (nih.gov)

We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
Replication and transcription occur in the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
Thogotoviruses undergo replication and transcription within the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] High levels of M1 protein, which is encoded by an alternative splicing of the segment 6 of the viral genome, induces genome segments to be exported from the nucleus of the virion through nuclear export protein (NEP protein). (medscape.com)
Inside the viral core the viral RNA is converted to viral DNA which is ferrie to the nucleus of the cell. (rkm.com.au)
While each DNA blueprint, or gene, encodes for a different machine or structure, the genome, the collection of DNA wrapped up inside the nucleus, is much more active than a quiet library of neatly stacked blue-prints. (birmingham.ac.uk)
We further show that native CA co-immunoprecipitates with vRNP components, providing a basis for retention of eGFP-tagged and untagged CA by sub-viral complexes in the nucleus. (bvsalud.org)

How could a DNA copy of this virus be produced and be inserted into the host genome? (virology.ws)

Most prominently, DNA polymerase synthesizes the new DNA by adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand. (wn.com)
This unusual story began in 1979 with the report that DNA complementary to the RNA genome of LCMV can be detected in about 1 in 10 3 to 10 4 infected cells. (virology.ws)

Lysogenic cycles can also occur in eukaryotes, although the method of DNA incorporation is not fully understood. (wikipedia.org)

This is accomplished in 3 ways: 1) competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, 2) incorporation into and termination of the growing viral DNA chain, and 3) inactivation of the viral DNA polymerase. (nih.gov)

RNA splicing plays important roles in viral replication and virus-host interactions 38 . (nature.com)
Promoters, enhancers and physical interactions between regions of DNA are important in ways that are only now becoming apparent, directing phases of development, and often perturbed in cancers. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Detailed analysis of the splicing junctions showed clusters of AS events occurred in two regions of the virus genome, demonstrating that transcriptome analysis could gain valuable insights into viral splicing. (nature.com)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the Herpesviridae family. (medscape.com)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. (genome.jp)

Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. (wikipedia.org)
The viral nucleic acid can be single-or double-strand DNA or RNA. (biopharminternational.com)

Additionally, UDG and apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease treatment of viral DNA isolated from phi29-infected cells revealed that uracil residues arise in phi29 DNA during replication, probably as a result of misincorporation of dUMP by the phi29 DNA polymerase. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, transfection activity of uracil-containing phi29 DNA was significantly higher in cells that constitutively synthesized p56 than in cells lacking this protein. (nih.gov)
RNA-DNA hybrids are formed during DNA copying (replication) and are found in all cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Such disruptions are thought to lead to the accumulation of unneeded DNA and RNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Eighteen years later, the authors subcloned these cells to produce cell lines containing LCMV DNA. (virology.ws)
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) works by blocking HIV replication at various steps but does not eliminate the infected cells. (genengnews.com)
In resting cells, APOBEC3G is found in a small protein complex and blocks HIV replication. (natap.org)
For example, HIV-1 enters the cells of Old World monkeys but the rhesus monkey version of TRIM5a blocks viral replication much more efficiently than by human TRIM5a. (natap.org)
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) attaches to target cells and releases the capsid, an essential component of the viral core that contains viral RNA, into the cytoplasm. (bvsalud.org)

The recent incursions of African swine fever (ASF), a severe, highly contagious, transboundary viral disease that affects members of the Suidae family, in Europe and China have had a catastrophic impact on trade and pig production, with serious implications for global food security. (mdpi.com)
There's the pleasure of knowing that we need to hear "viral" in "contagious" in order to get the joke about shared behavior on and off the Internet, tweeting and yawning (and the satisfaction of knowing that she knows that we know that in stopping short of an explicit coronavirus allusion she is making a point). (nybooks.com)

The viral pentameric protein complex consisting of glycoprotein H (gH)/gL/UL128-131A (PC) is considered to be an important vaccine component. (asm.org)

Anatomy22

Organisms46

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs92

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes80

Information Science3

Health Care2

Proteins16

Viruses28

Genomes7

Genomic2

Mechanisms10

Genome replication1

Cellular7

Pathogens4

Infection19

Sequences6

Infections7

Vitro5

Immune10

Synthesis8

Bacterial1

Transcription and replication2

Adenovirus2

Particles3

Inhibits2

Amplification2

Intermediates2

Capsids3

Efficient viral1

Integrates4

Retroviruses2

Enzyme2

Antiviral activity3

Single-stranded2

Molecules5

Occurs4

Inhibit2

MiRNAs1

Hepatitis1

Strands4

Vectors2

Composed of polymerase1

Integrase1

Machinery2

Genes1

Apoptosis2

Mammalian2

Nucleus7

Host genome1

Complementary2

Occur1

Incorporation1

Interactions2

Insights1

Double-stranded DNA virus2

Strand2

Cells9

Contagious2

Glycoprotein1