Replication cloning molecular. Medical search. Frequent questions

These immune assays will be advanced by the development of standardized viral stocks, such as HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMC), that i) express a reporter gene, ii) are representative of globally diverse subtypes and iii) are engineered to easily exchange envelope (env) genes for expression of sequences of interest. (plos.org)
By using the molecular clone, different aspects of the viral lifecycle could be simulated, manipulated and studied under laboratory conditions. (phys.org)
This concerns the transmission of the virus by the Varroa mite, the course of the infection and the viral replication in different stages of development of honey bees. (phys.org)
Two of the most important aspects to understand about viral diseases is their replication and their transmission. (auburn.edu)
Melegari, M, Scaglioni, PP & Wands, JR 1998, ' Cloning and characterization of a novel hepatitis B virus x binding protein that inhibits viral replication ', Journal of virology , vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 1737-1743. (elsevierpure.com)
Therefore, developing molecular tools, such as reporter- carrying versions of flaviviruses , for studying viral replication and screening antiviral compounds represents a top priority. (bvsalud.org)
The laboratory has cloned and sequenced the three genomic segments and identified the viral genes. (cuny.edu)
This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of viral RNA packaging and replication. (cuny.edu)
Structural basis of molecular motor regulation in a viral capsid. (cuny.edu)
In addition to encoding the structural and enzymatic genes common to all retroviruses, HTLV-1 also encodes several accessory genes which contribute to viral replication and the maintenance of gene expression. (wustl.edu)
Stool samples from outbreaks are the primary source of viral RNA, however, the small quantities of stool available and the difficulties associated with manipulating RNA makes the construction of cDNA clones essential for in vitro studies and transfection of these viruses. (soton.ac.uk)
It forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. (gfpvector.com)
HIV-1 IN also binds the karyopherin TNPO3, however the significance of this interaction during viral replication remains to be explored. (biomedcentral.com)

These findings suggest a scenario where collisions between DNA replication and transcription are frequent, leading to increased genetic variability, as seen by the increase SNP levels at chromosome subtelomeres and in DGF-1 genes containing putative origins. (biomedcentral.com)
Cloning is frequently employed to amplify DNA fragments containing genes, but it can be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters , non-coding sequences, chemically synthesised oligonucleotides and randomly fragmented DNA. (bionity.com)
Here, we describe reverse genetic methods that include the design and validation of infectious clones of Zika, Kunjin, and Dengue viruses harboring different reporter genes for infection , rescue, imaging, and morphology using super-resolution microscopy . (bvsalud.org)
The Q33 and BM13 genomes are organized in functionally related clusters with genes encoding functions such as DNA replication and packaging, morphogenesis, and host cell lysis. (omicsdi.org)
Recent advances have been made in the of host factors, polymorphisms, and candidate genes associated characterization of the immune response to low-molecular- with occupational asthma may improve our understanding of weight agents. (cdc.gov)

Life cycle of virus- synthesis and Genome replication of viruses. (edu.gh)
Here we have mapped sites of DNA replication initiation across the T. cruzi genome using Marker Frequency Analysis, which has previously only been deployed in two related trypanosomatids. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome replication is responsible for accurate transmission of genetic information through cell division cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
As originally proposed in 1963, cells rely on two genetic elements to duplicate their genome: the replicator, a DNA region where replication begins (now named the replication origin), and the initiator, a protein or a protein complex that recognizes the replicator [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Accurate genome replication is critical for the viability of any organism. (neb.com)

Find out more at Oxford Genetics - Sigma's partner for cloning and expression vectors for molecular biology and synthetic biology applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)

In addition, DNA ligase has extensive use in molecular biology laboratories for recombinant DNA experiments (see Research applications). (wikipedia.org)
Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together to form recombinant DNA. (wikipedia.org)
To date, the cystoviruses are the only segmented dsRNA viruses that can be manipulated by recombinant genetic techniques, making them an excellent model for the study of the molecular biology of viruses of this type. (cuny.edu)
Whereas the recombinant HIV-1 IN protein is sufficient to catalyze the 3' processing and strand transfer activities for in vitro integration, functional interactions between IN and host cell factors are required during the early events of HIV-1 replication in vivo [ 10 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Topics covered include cell structure and function, DNA replication and the flow of genetic information, enzyme function, metabolism and physiology of microorganisms, plants, and animals. (sfu.ca)
Lastly students will study and perform different molecular genetic techniques used in laboratories today: pipetting, DNA gel electrophoresis, PCR and DNA cloning. (graceland.edu)
A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
Mechanisms for maintaining genetic information during cell division and the generation of genetic variation: replication, mitosis, meiosis, recombination. (lu.se)
Gene technology: basic and applied molecular genetic methods. (lu.se)
Like compounds from biological sources and low-molecular-weight nonoccupational asthma, occupational asthma is probably the chemicals cause occupational asthma after a latent period of result of multiple genetic, environmental, and behavioral exposure. (cdc.gov)
[ 1 ] Three biovars (with minor genetic variations) have been identified within the Y pestis clone-Antiqua, Medievalis, and Orientalis. (medscape.com)

BIOL3310 Molecular Genetics with Lab - 4 s.h. (graceland.edu)

Thus, these modified E. coli strains are used as workhorses for molecular cloning and plasmid production. (zymoresearch.com)
The second method uses chloramphenicol, an antibiotic that halts protein synthesis and decouples it from plasmid replication, when culturing strains containing a plasmid with a relaxed origin of replication. (zymoresearch.com)
QIAfilter Plasmid Kits are intended for molecular biology applications. (qiagen.com)

Molecular characterization of a new abortive infection system (AbiU) from Lactococcus lactis LL51-1. (omicsdi.org)

In the classical restriction and ligation cloning protocols, cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps: fragmentation, ligation, transfection, and screening/selection. (bionity.com)
Investigation of the role of XIP in hepatitis B virus replication in differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells revealed that XIP expression reduces wild-type hepatitis B virus replication to levels observed following transfection with an HBx-minus virus. (elsevierpure.com)
Lordsdale NLV full length clone and Manchester SLV clones fused to GFP were used in transfection studies using a vaccinia T7 expression system. (soton.ac.uk)
Transfection of these clones indicated that the nonstructural proteins are expressed in this system. (soton.ac.uk)

Cells contain several types of DNA polymerase, some of which are required for replication of DNA, and are indispensable for multipliation and division of cells. (definitions.net)
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in DNA replication, assisting in the process of duplicating DNA strands accurately and efficiently. (definitions.net)
DNA polymerase also possesses proofreading capabilities, allowing it to correct any potential mistakes made during the replication process. (definitions.net)
DNA polymerases are widely used in molecular biology laboratories, notably for the polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and molecular cloning. (definitions.net)
b) DNA polymerase is an enzyme involved in DNA replication. (mcqexams.com)
Its principle is based on the use of DNA polymerase which is an in vitro replication of specific DNA sequences. (intechopen.com)
This foreshadowed future discoveries of many DNA polymerase families, each serving specific cellular requirements for DNA replication and repair. (neb.com)
One specific amplification protocol, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique that employs thermophilic polymerases to exponentially amplify specific DNA segments (3) and enables a range of applications from human and pathogen diagnostics to molecular cloning in biology labs around the world. (neb.com)
PCR puts the same basic demands on a polymerase as a cell puts on its replication system. (neb.com)
Using the base-pairing and active site molecular checkpoints described above, Taq DNA polymerase is incredibly accurate, but proofreading enzymes can have even higher fidelity. (neb.com)

The source of this chimeric molecular clone is the HIV-1 NY5 isolate (5´) and the HIV-1 LAV isolate (3´) cloned directly from genomic DNA. (hivreagentprogram.org)
and (i i) to develop (epi)genomic powerful molecular and/or cell biology and close col aboration to create synergies methodologies, profiling strategies, and functional genomics tools, recent progress and better exploit and further expand bioinformatics tools and resources that in understanding of the cancer (epi) unique research tools and expertise. (who.int)

Various mechanisms have been implicated, but the molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. (medscape.com)
The need to understand the molecular mechanisms in species has made the PCR an indispensable tool for understanding the functioning of these biological systems. (intechopen.com)
Molecular mechanisms for regulation of gene expression at different levels: remodeling of chromatin, initiation of transcription, nuclear transport and signalling, and RNA interference. (lu.se)
Elevated excitability and its ac- and the molecular mechanisms of memory. (lu.se)
Our objective was to characterize the molecular epidemiology and AMR mechanisms of this pathogen. (who.int)
Environmental factors that can detect specific IgE antibodies against most low-molecular- affect the initiation of occupational asthma include the intrinsic weight agents has resulted in a search for alternative or characteristics of causative agents as well as the influence of the complementary physiopathologic mechanisms leading to airway level and route of exposure at the workplace. (cdc.gov)

Furthermore the in vitro replication of T. gondii (RH strain) was enhanced when macrophages were treated with rTgPrx. (biomedcentral.com)

one successful approach, for example, tested T4 DNA ligase fused to several alternative DNA binding proteins and found that the constructs with either p50 or NF-kB as fusion partners were over 160% more active in blunt-end ligations for cloning purposes than wild type T4 DNA ligase. (wikipedia.org)
These findings culminated in the central dogma of molecular biology, that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. (addgene.org)

Replication of double stranded DNA. (edu.gh)
Here we demonstrate that the introduction of a DNA double-stranded break (DSB) adjacent to the approximately 70-base-pair (bp) repeats upstream of the transcribed VSG gene increases switching in vitro approximately 250-fold, producing switched clones with a frequency and features similar to those generated early in an infection. (nih.gov)
DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication, and usually function in pairs while copying one double-stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded DNAs in a process termed semiconservative DNA replication. (definitions.net)

[Molecular cloning] refers to the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it in vivo . (bionity.com)
We performed in vivo assays in rabbits to study virus replication kinetics in several tissues at the early stage of infection, and to estimate the minimum infective dose. (biomedcentral.com)
1990. Cell replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) activity of low molecular weight chlorinated paraffins in the rat liver in vivo. (cdc.gov)

Two infectious clones were developed, a wild-type virus which infects both cotton and Nicotiana benthamiana systemically, and a virus clone which produces Green Fluorescent Protein on a protein produced by the subgenomic RNA. (auburn.edu)
Validation of flavivirus infectious clones carrying fluorescent markers for antiviral drug screening and replication studies. (bvsalud.org)

Replication of this virus can be detected by using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. (jove.com)
A successful strategy was assessed to increase the stability of rescued reporter virus and permit antiviral drug screening based on quantitative automated fluorescence microscopy and replication studies. (bvsalud.org)

Some strains are more optimized for protein expression than for efficient DNA replication. (zymoresearch.com)
In practice, however, a number of other features are desired and a variety of specialised cloning vectors exist that allow protein expression, tagging, single stranded RNA and DNA production and a host of other manipulations that are useful in downstream applications. (bionity.com)

Trans cleavage experiments were performed using full length clones of Manchester SLV, Southampton NLV, Lordsdale NLV, Jena virus and FCV against Manchester SLV, Southampton NLV and Jena NLV protease mutant clones. (soton.ac.uk)

They have complementary skills in the fields of molecular and cellular virology, immunology, and physiopathology of infectious diseases. (europa.eu)
HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
A study of cellular processes involved in the Central Dogma: DNA replication, transcription and translation. (graceland.edu)
On our BSc Pharmacology degree you will learn how drugs are made into medicines and how drugs and other chemicals interact at the molecular, cellular and systems levels in the body. (northampton.ac.uk)
In studying our pharmacology programme, you will gain an in-depth understanding of the principles and biological action of drugs and chemicals, at the molecular, cellular and systems level and their use as medicines for the treatment of diseases. (northampton.ac.uk)
These findings show that the vast majority of HIV-1 proviruses within expanded T cell clones, including intact proviruses, may be transcriptionally silent at any given time, implying that infected T cells may be able to be activated to proliferate without inducing the expression of the integrated provirus or, alternatelively, may be able to proliferate without cellular activation. (frontiersin.org)
We propose that one of the physiologic functions of the cellular protein XIP is to negatively regulate HBx activity and thus to alter the replication life cycle of the virus. (elsevierpure.com)

The partners in this collaborative research project consortium have long-term expertise in studying HIV-1/SIV replication and pathogenesis. (europa.eu)

Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
In all other eukaryotes, clear consensus sequences for origins are elusive, perhaps indicating there are no cis elements to initiate replication in most of these cells and organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
The 5´ fragment of proviral NY5 (5´ SmaI in flanking sequences to 3´ Eco RI) and the 3´ fragment of proviral LAV (5´ Eco RI to 3´ Nru I in flanking sequences) were blunt-end cloned into pUC18 at the Pvu II site after removal of polylinker sites. (hivreagentprogram.org)

We hypothesized that only a small fraction of cells within the AMBI-1 clone are activated to produce virus particles during cell division while the majority remain latent despite division, ensuring their survival. (frontiersin.org)
We found that 2.3% of cells within the AMBI-1 clone contained unspliced HIV-1 RNA. (frontiersin.org)
The fraction of cells within clones that contained HIV-1 RNA was not different in clones with intact (median 2.3%) versus defective (median 3.5%) proviruses ( p = 0.2). (frontiersin.org)
Increased thyroid cell replication predisposes single cells to somatic mutations of the TSH receptor. (medscape.com)
According to the usage, origins have been classified as constitutive (fired at same position in different cells of a population), flexible (fired stochastically in different cells) and dormant (fired as consequence of replication stress) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Modern cloning vectors include selectable markers (most frequently antibiotic resistance markers) that allow only cells in which the vector, but not necessarily the insert, has been transfected to grow.Additionally, the cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers which provide blue/white screening (via α-factor complementation) on X-gal medium. (bionity.com)
It is a single standard DNA or RNA tagged with a radioactive molecule, which is complementary to the DNA in a clone of cells. (mcqexams.com)
DNA replication assays showed that phage c21 (c2-like) and phage p2 (936-like) can still replicate in cells harboring AbiQ. (omicsdi.org)
ARP-114 can be propagated in STBL2™ cells and grown at 37°C. Larger molecular clones may benefit from growth at 30°C. This construct may also be grown in other competent cells. (hivreagentprogram.org)
Production of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Associated Retrovirus in Human and Nonhuman Cells Transfected with an Infectious Molecular Clone. (hivreagentprogram.org)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)

As a biochemist you study the way living organisms - from viruses and bacteria to mammals, plants and other higher organisms - function at the molecular level. (kent.ac.uk)
The resulting molecular clone enables us to produce artificial viruses, which are identical and genetically defined," explained Lamp. (phys.org)
Studies of the molecular biology and replication cycle of the human enteric caliciviruses has been severely hampered due to the inability to propagate these viruses in tissue culture. (soton.ac.uk)

DNA polymerases ensure accurate replication using a series of molecular checkpoints, at the site of nucleotide incorporation and beyond (1). (neb.com)

This gene was also found to confer phage resistance to L. lactis MG1363 when it was cloned into an expression vector. (omicsdi.org)

In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)

was also a source of persistent viremia on ART, begging the question of how the AMBI-1 clone can survive despite infection with a replication-competent, actively-expressing provirus. (frontiersin.org)
These results highlight the role of T. gondii derived redox enzymes as important immune modulators and potentially indicate a role for AAM in modulating immunopathology and promoting parasite replication during T. gondii infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Macrophages sit at the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and they serve a number of functions, during protozoan infection controlling parasite replication is chief amongst them. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)

Cloning is utilized in a wide array of biological experiments and technological applications such as large scale protein production. (bionity.com)
Name an eukaryotic organism that has plasmids, and can be used as a host in gene cloning experiments. (mcqexams.com)

Cloning of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. (edu.gh)

In order to avoid these significant losses in the United States, a strong molecular understanding of the virus should be developed in order to inform disease and vector management. (auburn.edu)
Which cloning vector was discovered for the first time? (mcqexams.com)
The first widely used Cloning vector $$pBR322$$ that contains around 4300 base pairs. (mcqexams.com)

Propagating and Detecting an Infectious Molecular Clone of Maedi-visna Virus that Expresses Green Fluorescent Protein Stefán R. Jónsson 1 , Valgerdur Andrésdóttir 1 1 Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland We describe a molecular clone of maedi-visna virus that expresses GFP and is fully infectious. (jove.com)
The first aim of this thesis is to further our understanding of CLRDV replication and systemic spread in plants by developing an infectious clone of the virus. (auburn.edu)
In contrast, the replication levels of the duck hepatitis B virus, a hepadnavirus that lacks the x open reading frame, were unchanged in the context of XIP expression. (elsevierpure.com)
The virus produced by this molecular clone utilizes CXCR4 as a co-receptor. (hivreagentprogram.org)
Acknowledgment for publications should read "The following reagent was obtained through the NIH HIV Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH: Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1), Strain NL4-3 Infectious Molecular Clone (pNL4-3), ARP-114, contributed by Dr. M. Martin. (hivreagentprogram.org)

Chemically synthesised oligonucleotides can also be used if the target sequence size does not exceed the limit of chemical synthesis.Isolation of insert can be done by using shotgun cloning,c-DNA clones,gene machines(artificial chemical synthesis). (bionity.com)

Methods for gene identification and analysis of gene structure: cloning, PCR, restriction mapping, in situ hybridisation, DNA sequencing. (lu.se)

Mutations within a full length clone of Lordsdale NLV were corrected to produce an authentic full length clone and used in in vitro transcription and translation studies. (soton.ac.uk)
In addition, an infectious full length clone of FCV(urbana) was adapted so that a guanosine nucleotide was engineered in front of the first 5' nucleotide to result in an increased efficiency of in vitro transcription and translation products in a rabbit reticulolysate system. (soton.ac.uk)

Initially, the DNA fragment to be cloned needs to be isolated. (bionity.com)
Whether you are performing your first cloning experiment or constructing multi-fragment DNA assemblies, NEB ® has the solution for you. (neb.com)

In addition to being an Emeritus Fellow of St. Edmund's College, Alexander is a past chair of the Molecular Immunology Programme and head of the Babraham Institute Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development at Cambridge. (tamu.edu)

After origin firing, bidirectional replication forks travel until they reach termination sites. (biomedcentral.com)
The required sequence elements differ according to host, but invariably include an origin of replication, and a selectable marker. (bionity.com)

By using a molecular clone, they have simulated the course of disease in a targeted way under laboratory conditions. (phys.org)
This course consists of a series of laboratory exercises designed to familiarize the student with the basic methods in biochemistry and molecular biology, and to demonstrate concepts taught in biochemistry lecture courses. (uwo.ca)

An enzyme that assists DNA replication. (definitions.net)

The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high-throughput molecular technology, high speed computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills. (intechopen.com)
1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)

Mutations that abrogated the hbz mRNA or disrupted a stem-loop in hbz mRNA, or mutations that eliminated or truncated the HBZ protein were introduced in a functional molecular clone of HTLV-1. (wustl.edu)

To date, few examples of an expanded clones containing replication-competent proviruses exist, although it is suspected to be common. (frontiersin.org)
ARP-114 is a full-length replication-competent, infectious HIV-1, subtype B, strain NL4-3 molecular clone. (hivreagentprogram.org)

The first is the antibiotic selection required for any molecular cloning experiment. (zymoresearch.com)

This CLRDV-GFP clone was imaged by fluorescent microscopy and was detected infecting cotton plants systemically 28 days post infiltration. (auburn.edu)

The Section comprises two identify specific molecular changes low- and middle-income countries. (who.int)

Collision between replication and transcription is considered especially problematic, as each are catalyzed by large multiprotein machines, and can occur co-directionally, when the replication fork and transcription machinery are moving in the same direction, or on the leading strand and is head-on, when the fork and transcription are moving towards each other. (biomedcentral.com)

And other bacteria defend the community, building molecular weapons that shoot competitors with toxins. (the-scientist.com)

For reference most cloning programs will import a .gb (Genbank) file and will show all of the plasmids features automatically when downloaded and imported. (sigmaaldrich.com)

New sections have been added on the use of DNA as an organizing stratagem in self-assembly, silicon nanowires, comments on the new success toward human cloning, the achievement of self-replication in a primitive set of electromechanical robots, recognition in the extra chapters of the acceleration toward alternative forms of nanoelectronics. (mexmat.ru)
2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)

With the second edition of his highly successful textbook 'Nanophysics and Nanotechnology', the author has once more provided a unique, self-contained introduction to the physical concepts, techniques and applications of nanoscale systems by covering its entire spectrum from the latest examples right up to single-electron and molecular electronics. (mexmat.ru)

Anatomy21

Organisms41

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs83

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes92

Information Science4

Health Care2

Viral13

Genes5

Genome5

Vectors for molecular1

Recombinant4

Genetic8

Genetics1

Plasmid3

Characterization1

Transfection4

Polymerase10

Genomic2

Mechanisms6

Vitro replication1

Proteins2

Double stranded3

Vivo3

Infectious clones2

Fluorescence microscopy2

Protein Expression2

Cleavage1

Cellular7

Pathogenesis1

Sequences3

Cells11

Viruses3

Polymerases1

Expression vector1

Cell and mol1

Infection4

Experiments2

Eukaryotic1

Vector3

Virus5

Synthesis1

Restriction1

Transcription and translation2

Fragment2

Programme1

Origin2

Laboratory2

Enzyme1

Biological2

Mutations1

Competent2

Experiment1

Fluorescent1

Comprises1

Occur1

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Human8

Applications1